1) Public administration is closely related to public policy management. Some experts even identify public administration as public policy management. 2) Public policy management is controlled by the ruling government wherever it is. 3) In a narrow sense, public administration is the administration of government. Therefore, it is never in an empty political space.

1. ADMINISTRASI PUBLIK DAN KEBIJAKAN
PUBLIK
PROF. DR. IRFAN RIDWAN MAKSUM, MSI.,

2. PENDAHULUAN
• Administrasi Publik amat erat dengan manajemen kebijakan
publik. Bahkan terdapat pakar yang mengidentikan bahwa
administrasi publik itu adalah manajemen kebijakan publik.
• Manajemen kebijakan publik, dimanapun dikendalikan oleh
pemerintah yang berkuasa.
• Dalam arti sempit administrasi publik adalah administrasi
pemerintahan.
• Oleh karena itu tidak pernah dalam ruang hampa politik.

3. • Robert Presthus (1975):
Public Administration is concerned with the
institutional framework of government, its
socio-economic and political milieu, and the
behavior of individuals who man the
bureaucratic machine.
• Levine et al. (1990):
Issues of public administration can be
arrayed on a continuum that runs from
macro to micro.
• James W. Davis,Jr. in Stillman,Ed. (1978):
“…Public administration can be best identified with the executive branch
of government.”

4. • Public administration may be defined as all processes,
organizations, and individuals (the later acting in official
positions and roles) associated with carrying out laws and
other rules adopted or issued by legislatures, executives, and
courts.
(George J. Gordon, 1982)

5. BEBERAPA TOKOH-TOKOH
ILMU ADMINISTRASI PUBLIK DAN TULISANNYA
• Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924): The Study of Administration (1886) yang terkenal
dengan konsep the dichotomy politics-administration
• Gulick, Luther and Urwick, Lyndall (eds)’(1937) Papers on the Science of
Administration. Terkenal dengan konsep POSDCORB
• Waldo, Dwight (1948) The Administrartive State: Conclusion

6. SIAPA YANG TERLIBAT
DALAM PROSES
ADMINISTRASI PUBLIK• Dalam adminsitrasi publik (di negara yang demokratis) yang terlibat tidak hanya
administrator tetapi juga banyak pihak lain yang berkepentingan (stakesholders)
baik secara langsung maupun secara tidak langsung.
• Administrasi publik merupakan elemen dinamis dari Organisasi negara bangsa
baik di Negara Federal maupun Kesatuan.
• Administrasi publik mengikuti konteks organisasi negara bangsa tersebut berada
yang menjadi lingkungan baik internal maupun eksternalnya.

7. AKTOR DAN INSTITUSI DALAM
PROSES KEBIJAKAN
Organisasi Masyarakat Organisasi Negara
Organisasi Internasioanl
Aktor Kebijakan

8. PUBLIC POLICY COMMUNITY
Policy Researcher/
Center
Other Stakeholders Policy Analyst/
Center
Government Agencies

9. STRUKTUR NEGARA DAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK
• Negara-negara modern dicirikan dengan adanya landasan konstitusi.
• Terdapat negara-negara berbentuk Kesatuan terdesentralisir, bercorak
permerintahan Republik dan Presidensiil. Terdapat pula federal. Ada sebagian
kecil hanya sentralisasi belaka.
• NEGARA TERDESENTRALISIR BERARTI Terdapat pemerintah pusat dan
pemerintah daerah. Terdapat kebijakan pusat dan kebijakan daerah. Manajemen
kebijakan berarti dapat berada di Pusat dan dapat pula di daerah. Kapasitas
negara amat dipengaruhi oleh seberapa harmoni Pusat dan Daerah disamping
antar-sektor di Pusat.
• Institusi Negara bangsa menjadi faktor penentu manajemen kebijakan publiknya.

10. WHAT IS PUBLIC POLICY ?
1. J.E.Anderson , 1975 :
Public policy is a purposive course of action followed by govern-ment in dealing
with some topic or mater of public concern
2. D.Easton , 1953 :
Public policy is the authoritative allocation of values for the whole society
3. T.R.Dye , 1978 :
Public policy is whatever govrnments choose to do or not to do
4. C.L.Chochran & E.F.Malone , 1995 :
Public policy consists of political decisions for implementing pro-grams to
achieve societal goals

11. 5. William Jenkins’ ( 1978 )
Public policy -- “ as a set of interrelated decisions taken by a political
actor or group of actors concerning the selection of
goals and the means of achieving them within a
specified situation where those decisions should , in
principle, be within the power of those actors to achieve “

12. • “Anything a government chooses to do or not to do” (Dye 1972)
• “Policy expresses a general set of objectives or a desired state of
affairs” (Kay, 2006)
• ‘Public policy is a choice made by a government to undertake some
course of action.’ (Howlett and Ramesh’s, 2003)
LANJUTAN

13. SIKLUS KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK
Formulasi Implementasi Evaluasi
Internal Environment
External Environment
Feedback

14. POLICY CYCLE DALAM MODEL SISTEM POLITIK
EASTON
INPUT KONVERSI OUTPUT
FEEDBACK
DEMAND
SUPPORT

15. NAKAMURA DAN SMALLWOOD
• FORMULASI
• IMPLEMENTASI
• EVALUASI

16. THE POLICY CYCLE AND THE INFORMATION CYCLE
Problem Definition
Forecasting needs,
defining targets
Decision
analysis
Defining nature
size, distributions
of problem
Political
feasibility analysis
Summative
evaluation
Formative
evaluation
Opinion polls,
surveys,
etc.
Policy Design
Agenda
Setting
Termination
Impact
Policy
Legitimation
Implementation
Source : W.Persons, 1997, public policy

17. • the choice of objectives;
• the choice of reasons for (in)action;
• the choice of policy instruments;
• The choice of how to respond to the consequences of
policy outputs
(Adrian Kay, 2006)
POLICY IS ABOUT CHOICE:

18. PUBLIC POLICY TYPOLOGY
1. C.L.Chochran & E..Malone , 1995 :
1.1 Patronage / Promotional Policies: berbagai tindakan pemerintah yang menarik individu-
individu atau kelompok untuk melakukan berbagai kegiatan (program) yang biasanya tidak
akan dilakukan tanpa imbalan yang diberikan. These can be classified into three types :
subsidies ; contracts; and licences.
1.2 Regulatory Policies: Kebijakan yang menjadi dasar bagi pemerintah melakukan
pengawasan terhadap kegiatan masyarakat tertentu ( ‘negative forms of control’). They
include : invironmental pollution; civil & criminal penalties; consumption of tobacco, alcohol;
consumer protection ; employee health and safety.
1.3 Redistributive Policies: Dalam rangka mengelola perekonomian negara secara
keseluruhan, berbagai teknik dilakukan pemerintah bisa dengan perpajakan atau dengan
moneter. They tend to beneft one group at the expense of oher groups through the
reallocation of wealth.

19. TO BE CONTINUED .............
2. J.P.Lester & J.Stewart,Jr , 2000. ( Following T.J.Lowi & Others )
2.1. Liberal or Conservative Policies. Difahami banyak kalangan bahwa kebijakan dapat
bersifat mengusung perubahan di satu sisi dan di sisi lain dapat pula bersifat
mempertahankan keadaan yang telah ada.
2.2 Substantive or Procedural Policies : Kebijakan publik secara substansial, berisi pada
persoalan-persoalan publik yang berkembang. Seringkali kita temui berbagai kebijakan
yang berisi mengenai tata cara bertindak oleh berbagai badan pemerintah atau masyarakat,
berisi prosedur-prosedur.

20. • Pengetahuan (Knowledge, theory, data)
• Kewenangan (Authority and Power)
• Kepentingan (political and economic Interest)
Kebijakan yang baik didukung oleh pengetahuan, informasi, data dan bukti yang
memadai
Evidence based policy atau knowledge based policy
(Eko Prasojo: 2012)
TIGA FAKTOR PENTING FORMULASI
KEBIJAKAN

21. IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF POLICY PROBLEMS
( W.N.DUNN , 1981 )
1. Interdependent : Policy problem in one area frequently affect policy problems in other areas. In
reality policy problems are not independent entities; they are parts of whole systems of problems.
2. Subjective : The external conditions that give rise to a problem are selectively defined, classified,
explained and evaluated. Although there is a sense in which problems are objective , but they are
typically intrepreted in markedly different ways. Policy problems are mental artifacts that come about by
transforming experience through human judgment.
3. Artificial : Policy problems are possible when human beings make judgments about desirability of
altering some problematic situation. Policy problems are products of subjective human judgment… and
also come to be accepted as legitimate definitions of objective social conditions… and are therefore
socially constructed, maintained, ans changed.
4. Dynamic : There are many different solutions for a given problem as there are definitions of that
problem. Problem and solutions are in constant flux, hence problems do not stay solved.

22. AGENDAS, ALTERNATIVES, & PUBLIC
POLICY (J. KINGDON)
“THE AGENDA…IS THE LIST OF SUBJECTS OR PROBLEMS TO WHICH GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, AND
PEOPLE OUTSIDE OF GOVERNMENT CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THOSE OFFICIALS, ARE PAYING
SOME ATTENTION AT ANY GIVEN TIME.”

23. AGENDA SETTING PROCESS
( T.A.BIRKLAND , 2006 )
AGENDA SETTING :
- is the process by which problems and alternative solutions gain or lose
public and elite attention ;
- group competition to set the agenda is fierce because no society or poli-
tical instituions have the capacity to address all possible alternatives to
all possible problems that arise at any one time ;
- group must therefore fight to earn their issues places among all the
other issues sharing the limited space or to prepare for the time when a
crisis makes their issue more likely to occupy a more prominent on the
agenda.
* An agenda is a collection of problems, understandings of causes, symbols, solutions, and
other elements of public problems that come to the attention of members of the public and
their governmental officials.
23

24. • Analisis kebijakan merupakan peninjauan atas sebuah rencana
kebijakan (ex ante) atau atas sebuah hasil kebijakan (ex post).
• Analisis kebijakan dilakukan dengan pendekatan ilmu kebijakan
melalui definisi masalah kebijakan, membangun tujuan kebijakan,
membangun opsi-opsi kebijakan, menganalisis implementasi dan
mengevaluasi kebijakan.
• Biasanya berdurasi waktu pendek atau sangat pendek.
• Dilakukan oleh analis kebijakan dengan output policy advice.
ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN

25. WHAT PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS IS ?
1. Chochran & Malone , 1995:
Policy analysis describes investigations that produce accurate and useful
information for decision makers
2. Dunn , 1981 :
Policy analysis is an applied social science discipline which uses multiple
methods of inquiry and argument to produce and transform policy -relevant
information that may be utilzed in political setting to resolve policy problems
3. Jenkins-Smith, 1990 :
Policy analysis is a set of techniques and criteria with which to evaluate public
policy options and select among them .... to rationalize the development and
implementation of public policy .... and as the means to greater efficiency and
equity in allocation of public resources

26. CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS
( H.LASSWELL , 1971 )
1. MULTI-METHODS
2. MULTI-DISCIPLINARY
3. PROBLEM-FOCUSED
4. CORCERNED TO MAP THE CONTEXTUALITY OF THE POLICY PROCESS,
POLICY OPTION AND POLICY OUTCOMES
5. WHOSE GOALS IS TO INTEGRATE KNOWLEDGE INTO AN OVERARCHING
DISCIPLINE TO ANALYSE PUBLIC CHOICES AND DECISION MAKING AND
THEREBY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF SOCIETY

27. • Sumber Daya Manusia
• Birokrasi (kelembagaan)
• Komunikasi
• Disposisi (Sikap Mental)
• Diskresi
FAKTOR-FAKTOR IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN

28. DIMENSI EVALUASI KEBIJAKAN
Perumusan
Kebijakan
Implementasi
Kebijakan
Lingkungan
Kebijakan
Kinerja Kebijakan
Evaluasi
Kebijakan

29. MENGAPA DIBUTUHKAN EVALUASI
• Kebijakan yang telah dirumuskan akan menjadi sia-sia jika lingkungan eksternal
berubah
• Evaluasi tepat waktu memberikan kesempatan untuk menyadari masalah-masalah
potensial dalam menghindari situasi kritis.
• Dalam konteks akademik, terutama dalam istilah MANAJEMEN, dapat ditukar balik
dengan konsep Controling. Adakalanya dikatakan, sebagai bagian dari pengawasan.
Pengawasan sendiri adalah upaya memastikan seberapa jauh tujuan-sasaran-
outcome yang diinginkan teraih.

30. APA ITU EVALUASI KEBIJAKAN
•“…the examination of a policy’s effects on the
achievement of its goal…”
•“assesses the effectiveness of public policy in
terms of its perceived intentions and results”

31. POLICY MONITORING AND EVALUATION
•The focus of such analysis is to
examine how policies have
performed against policy goals and
what impact a policy may have had
on a given problem.

32. PENUTUP
• Sebagai sebuah organisasi, negara bergerak karena ada elemen
administrasi.
• Administrasi dalam organisasi publik berjalan karena ada dasar
kebijakan publik yang dibuat.

33. LANJUTAN
• Proses meraih tujuan-tujuan organisasi negara harus didasari oleh
kebijakan publik yang jelas.
• Di satu sisi Kebijakan publik direncanakan, di sisi lain perencanaan
hingga evaluasi dalam ADMINISTRASI NEGARA membutuhkan
kebijakan yang jelas.
• Dengan demikian, FUNGSI-FUNGSI ADMINISTRASI NEGARA dan
kebijakan publik saling terkait satu sama lain HARUS SALING
MENGUATKAN.