The document discusses immunization in Nepal across multiple sources. It provides background on Nepal's national immunization program and progress towards vaccination goals. Several studies are summarized that evaluate vaccination coverage rates across Nepal and identify factors influencing coverage, such as education, access to healthcare, and awareness of immunization programs. Coverage rates for individual vaccines are provided from national reports and surveys in specific districts. Challenges like maintaining cold chain equipment and needle reuse are also mentioned.
This slides helps to know the history of Immunisation along with the present programs & conditions. This also consists of Immunisation Schedule of Nepal along with features of some vaccines.
This slides helps to know the history of Immunisation along with the present programs & conditions. This also consists of Immunisation Schedule of Nepal along with features of some vaccines.
This ppt contains all the information about Revised NationalTuberculosis Control programme (RNTCP) It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an umbrella programme for prevention and control of malaria and other vector borne diseases. Under the programme, it is ensured that the disadvantaged and marginalised sections benefit from the delivery of services so that the desired National Health Policy and Rural Health Mission goals are achieved. The Directorate of NVBDCP under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, is the nodal agency responsible for planning, coordination, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of NVBDCP programme at all levels.
After the successful NSP 2017-2025,Goi is lauching NSP 2017-2025 for elimination of TB on 24th march( World TB day ) 2017. Module is on MOHFW site but i have try to keep it brief,hope its ll be useful specially for academic and administrative purposes.
Building primary care infrastructure in rural Nepalnyayahealth
This is an overview of Nyaya Health's work in Nepal, starting with some basics of Nepal's health, economics, and history. This talk was given by Jason Andrews at UCSF/San Francisco General Hospital on 6/4/2009.
This ppt contains all the information about Revised NationalTuberculosis Control programme (RNTCP) It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an umbrella programme for prevention and control of malaria and other vector borne diseases. Under the programme, it is ensured that the disadvantaged and marginalised sections benefit from the delivery of services so that the desired National Health Policy and Rural Health Mission goals are achieved. The Directorate of NVBDCP under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, is the nodal agency responsible for planning, coordination, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of NVBDCP programme at all levels.
After the successful NSP 2017-2025,Goi is lauching NSP 2017-2025 for elimination of TB on 24th march( World TB day ) 2017. Module is on MOHFW site but i have try to keep it brief,hope its ll be useful specially for academic and administrative purposes.
Building primary care infrastructure in rural Nepalnyayahealth
This is an overview of Nyaya Health's work in Nepal, starting with some basics of Nepal's health, economics, and history. This talk was given by Jason Andrews at UCSF/San Francisco General Hospital on 6/4/2009.
For the most part, the BCG Potential Test (or BCG Online Test, BCG Reasoning Test) is a different version of the McKinsey Problem Solving Test. They serve the same purpose, test the same skills, and offered by top two firms in the same industry.
For more detail: http://mconsultingprep.com/bcg-potential-test/
Factors Influencing Immunization Coverage among Children 12- 23 Months of Age...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Knowledge and Practice of Immunization amongst the care-givers of 12-23 month...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Can you please go over the power point you’ve provided & make sureTawnaDelatorrejs
Can you please go over the power point you’ve provided & make sure these 3 corrections required are successfully completed please? If you can add in more cited references please.
13
Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations
Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University
PSY-550: Research Methods
Dr. Shari Schwartz
May 19, 2021
Introduction
Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review
Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%.
The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied ...
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding New Born Care among Pos...ijtsrd
In many communities around the world, newborn deaths are so common that children are not even named until they survive their first month of life. Children are an embodiment of our dreams and hopes for the future. For a nation to grow and progress, the well being and the health of the children is of crucial importance. Advances in medical research, the advent of new technologies have helped improve the healthcare of both well and sick newborn babies. Further innovation in baby care equipment have made the task of caring for babies much easier. Care practices immediately after delivery play a major role in causing neonatal morbidities and mortalities. Insufficient knowledge of parents regarding essential newborn care leads to decrease in the quality care. The investigators felt a real need to assess the mother's knowledge regarding essential newborn care. The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge of postnatal mothers regarding essential newborn care and to develop a pamphlet on new born care. A descriptive study with non experimental research design was adopted. Sixty postnatal mothers admitted in postnatal ward of SGT hospital ,Gurugram were selected using convenient sampling technique from 16 04 to 22 04 2019. The tool used was structured questionnaire. The study findings revealed that majority 63.3 of the postnatal mothers had satisfactory knowledge scores and only 10 postnatal mothers had inadequate knowledge scores, whereas rest 26.6 of the subjects had inadequate knowledge regarding essential newborn care. A pamphlet regarding essential newborn care was disseminated to postnatal mothers. Ms. Sumyra Nazir | Ms. Monica | Mr. Mohit ""A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding New Born Care among Postnatal Mother's with a View to Prepare a Pamphlet in SGT Hospital Gurugram"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30088.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30088/a-descriptive-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-regarding-new-born-care-among-postnatal-mother%E2%80%99s-with-a-view-to-prepare-a-pamphlet-in-sgt-hospital-gurugram/ms-sumyra-nazir
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers in Jos North Rega...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Knowledge Regarding Immunization among Mothers of Under Five Childrenijtsrd
Introduction Immunizations is one of the most successful and core effective public health investigation to bring future generation healthy. According to Health and Family welfare Dept of India, the under five child mortality rate was 28 per 1000 live births 2021 and six killer disease are among the major cause for death of children. Method and material A quantitative survey research design was used to assess the knowledge regarding immunization among mothers of under five children. The study was conducted in Doiwala Block in Dehradun.108 under five children mothers were selected by Non probability Convenient sampling technique. Data was analysed by using descriptive and inferential analysis method Results Research finding reveals that less than half 39.81 of mother’s had good knowledge, 33 30.55 mothers had very good knowledge, and very less 8.33 had excellent knowledge regarding benefits of immunization for children Conclusion Based on the research findings it was concluded that maximum mothers not have excellent knowledge regarding advantages of child immunization in rural area, to achieve 100 immunization of children, we have need awareness programme for mothers in rural community areas. Ms. A. Dimri | Mr. A Bijalwan | Ms. A. Gurung | Ms. A Semwal | Ms. A. Kalura | Mr. Atul Kumar | Mr. Suresh Chander "Knowledge Regarding Immunization among Mothers of Under Five Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50512.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/50512/knowledge-regarding-immunization-among-mothers-of-under-five-children/ms-a-dimri
Ijsrp p8825 Caregiver factors influencing seeking of Early Infant Diagnosis (...Elizabeth kiilu
Caregiver factors influencing seeking of Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) of HIV services in selected hospitals in Nairobi County, Kenya:A qualitative Study
13 Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood ImmunizatioChantellPantoja184
13
Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations
Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University
PSY-550: Research Methods
Dr. Shari Schwartz
May 19, 2021
Introduction
Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review
Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%.
The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied from 84% and 76% in Africa and 97% and 94% in the European countries. In India, the routine has been lower than in the rest of the countries. Following the 2013 outbreak in Israel, many paren ...
13 Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood ImmunizatioCicelyBourqueju
13
Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations
Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University
PSY-550: Research Methods
Dr. Shari Schwartz
May 19, 2021
Introduction
Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review
Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%.
The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied from 84% and 76% in Africa and 97% and 94% in the European countries. In India, the routine has been lower than in the rest of the countries. Following the 2013 outbreak in Israel, many paren ...
EVALUATION OF VACCINE ADHERENCE AND ROLE OF A CLINICAL PHARMACIST IN PAEDIAT...PARUL UNIVERSITY
Background: Immunization is one of the decisive factors in preventing various life threatening diseases. Vaccines have thrived as one of the most successful healthy intervention on that have diminished the occurrence of various infectious diseases and improved the quality of life in the population. Although the vaccine coverage has been gradually increasing, the average total immunization coverage is far less than desired outcome. Objective: The objective of our study were to enhance the quantity of vaccine delivered in the paediatric care setting, to improve Awareness of vaccination at community level by a more active involvement of clinical pharmacist on vaccination errors and missed opportunities in paediatric care setting, to analyse the extent of knowledge, attitude and practice of parents to minimize vaccination errors and avoid vaccine misconception thereby improving vaccine adherence. Results: It is a prospective observational study was conducted on 253 paediatric subjects upto 3years of age for a period of six months in a secondary care hospital, Hyderabad. The study was divided into Pre- intervention and post-intervention phases and was performed using a KAP questionnaire. The socio- demographic details were collected by using data collection form and their knowledge, Attitude and practice levels were assessed by using KAP questionnaire regarding child vaccination. Out of 253 subjects were enrolled in the study, the percentage distribution of the respondents age showed that the age group of 25-29 were predominant. The respondents with single child were observed to be more with a frequency of 132 out of 253 who received complete awareness about vaccination. Majority of the respondents were under graduates which was the main reason for lack of knowledge on immunization. Of the total 253 study population, male child were 128(50.50%) and female child were 125(49.40%). In the study, the majority of the children were neonates (103) which is 40.71%. majority of children were immunized with polio (75.49%) and least was varicella (3.55%). Of the total population, delayed or missed vaccine was 72 out of 253 i.e. 28.40% which was observed in both the genders. Missed vaccine opportunities were mostly observed for PCV, Rotavirus, and MMR. Conclusion: This study lead to optimal disease prevention through vaccination in multiple population groups while maintaining high levels of Safety and the clinical pharmacist’s interventions certainly will be helpful in providing education on immunization and improving immunization rates in the underdeveloped and developing countries. KAP questionnaire can be used in future researches on immunization and allow for better understanding of relation between mothers knowledge and immunization of children.
UTILIZATION OF IMMUNIZATION SERVICES AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE I...AM Publications
Immunization is the key strategy to curb communicable diseases which are the number one killer of children under five. Immunization prevents mortalities of approximating three million children under five annually. This study aimed to assess utilization of immunization services among children under five of age in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.
Implementation of Literature Research and Design Sam.docxsheronlewthwaite
Implementation of Literature Research and Design Sampling to Vaccines
Stephanie Dennison
Chamberlain University
NR 505: Advanced Research Methods
December 2018
Running head: VACCINATIONS
Running head: VACCINATIONS
Implementation of Literature Research and Design Sampling to Vaccines
In this section of the paper, the author will continue to delve into the evidence-based proposal project. The author will discuss ten single study research articles related to the topic of vaccines. The author will then identify the quantitative approach and discuss the selected design further. The author will then discuss the target population and how the research will be gathered. The PDSA Change Model will be described in great detail along with how it is applicable to the research.
Research Literature Support
In this section, the author will disseminate research studies consistent with the childhood vaccination topic. For healthy children 2 months and older (P), how does parental education about vaccines (I) compared to no supplemental education about vaccines (C) increase the number of vaccinated children (O) in a six-week time period (T)? We will explore this PICOT question and find support from previous studies.
Jin et al. (2018)published a study that aimed to review the immunization status of cochlear implant recipients, assess if adding a vaccine specialist made a change in vaccine compliance, and elucidate any barriers to vaccine compliance. This study implemented the quantitative approach. Chart review and a telephone survey were used to obtain vaccination status and collect data. The results were that ninety-eight percent of children were vaccinated before surgery as opposed to sixty-seven percent prior to the vaccine specialist consultation. A strength of this study was the inclusion of one hundred and sixteen children. One limitation of this study was the fact that data was collected via a telephone survey. The parents could have been dishonest about whether their child was vaccinated or not.
Kaufman et al. (2017) conducted a study that aimed to define different ways to communicate interventions for routine vaccinations and integrate them into a hierarchy of vaccination communication. The quantitative approach was used. Through a targeted literature search, primary fieldwork observation, and consultations with stakeholders data was collected including inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the study were the creation of a hierarchy that is categorized by purpose and outlines communication interventions to address gaps in vaccination education. A strength of the study was that data was collected globally during the literature search. The interventions suggested have not been reviewed for accuracy, therefore, the hierarchy could show gaps in evidence.
Weidemann et al. (2017) set out to create a mathematical transmission model to examine differences in childhood vaccination efficacy. Transmission modeling was ...
Organization Structure of Public Health System in Nepal.
Organization Profile (Structure, Functions, Roles, Responsibilities, ToR): http://bit.ly/HealthsystemsNepal
Organization Structure of Public Health System in Nepal | Health System Nepal | Current Health system of Nepal | Organization Structure of Nepalese Health System | Public Health System | Health Governance System in Nepal |Health Organization Profile | https://publichealthupdate.com |
More updates: https://publichealthupdate.com
Short orientation on reproductive health & Reproductive right (Nepali)Public Health Update
Short orientation on reproductive health & reproductive right.
(Note: Slide share can’t support Nepali fonts, if you are interested to read please download it and read clearly in computer after Installing Preeti Fonts)
Thank you.
ACHIEVEMENT AND PROGRESS TOWARDS HEALTH RELATED MDGS IN NEPAL (Draft Seminar ...Public Health Update
This is Draft Seminar paper which will present in my class for partial fulfillment of my Syllabus of BPH 8th semester. ''ACHIEVEMENT AND PROGRESS TOWARDS HEALTH RELATED MDGS IN NEPAL''
A Presentation Presented To orient about HIV, AIDS and STIs for Development of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice for Prevention of HIV and STIs for College Students.
This is a simple and general presentation about the health research which is prepared to present within staffs of Naulo Ghumti Nepal especially for EIHS staffs, objective if this presentation is to orient staffs about research.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. Background
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2
The National Immunization Programme is a high
priority programme (P1) of Government of
Nepal. Immunization is considered as one of the
most cost-effective health interventions. It has
significantly contributed to reduce the burden of
vaccine preventable diseases and child
mortality.
3. 07/06/2013
3
Nepal is one of the countries on track to achieve
the Millennium Development Goal on Child
Mortality reduction. National immunization
Services cover all the districts, municipalities
and Village Development Committees of the
country and is provided free of cost.
5. 1. Anon. Routine Immunization and NID Coverage survey report,1998.
Child Health Division, Department of Health Service,Kathmandu.
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5
Nepal initiated (EPI) in the fiscal year 1978/79. By the
next decade the programme was expanded to all the
75 districts of the country. due to various structural
changes, the programme lagged behind and the
national coverage of immunisation to around 80%
could be reached by the year 2000 only.
By 2004, some VPD, namely neonatal
tetanus, diphtheria and poliomyelitis are reported to
be reduced drastically. However, despite good
coverage, measles and tuberculosis still remain
prevalent. it is stated that approximately 18% of
under-five children’s death in Nepal results from
Vaccine Preventable Diseases.
6. 2. EPI vaccination in Nepal
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(Jha, Kannan et al. 2001)Jha, N., A. T. Kannan, et al. (2001). "EPI vaccination in Nepal."
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 32(3): 547-52.
Objective:
To evaluate the immunization coverage of the Expanded
Program on Immunization (EPI) vaccines in the Sunsari
district of Nepal
Methods
A number of surveys, small or large, have been undertaken
by various agencies for coverage evaluation of immunization
programs. The most commonly used design is the WHO-30
cluster sampling method. Other new methods are the Institute
for Refresh Medical Statistics (IRMS) New Delhi method and
the lot quality assurance sampling method. A total number of
3,332 respondents (69.4% females and 30.6% males) were
interviewed regarding the immunization status of their
7. 07/06/2013
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Results
The children with complete immunization
(BCG, measles and three doses of DPT and
OPV) were 65.7%. The individual coverage by
EPI vaccines (except OPV III and measles)
was more than 80%.
Conclusion
The result shows that there is positive
relationship between immunization coverage
and educational level of the respondents.
8. 3. A cluster survey for determination of
regular vaccination coverage among
children
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Shah, H. (2008). "A cluster survey for determination of regular vaccination
coverage among children." JNMA J Nepal Med Association 47(170): 91-3.
objective
To determine the coverage of immunization among
children 12-23 months of age in Rautahat District of
Nepal.
Methods
A cross-sectional method was applied with the 30-
cluster sampling method followed by taking a sample
of 210 children. The structured questionnaire
requesting information about socio-economic
characteristics, vaccination, history of
vaccination, doses of vaccines, and vaccination
records were used for collecting data.
9. Results
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The coverage responses according to history
from mothers for BCG, DPTHb-3, Polio3 and
Measles immunizations were
96.7%, 90.0%, 97.6% and 78.1% respectively.
By analyzing the records of the sampled Village
Development Committees (VDCs), the coverage
for the same vaccines was
88.1%, 78.1%, 79.0, 73.8% respectively. The
drop-out of BCG versus measles was also very
high. The District Health Office reports were
remarkably higher than the coverage of
immunizations obtained by the survey, showing
additional number of the target children.
10. 4. Awareness about a national immunization day
programme in the Sunsari district of Nepal.
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N. Jha, S. Pokhrel & R. Sehgal (1999) “Awareness about a national immunization day programme in
the Sunsari district of Nepal”Bull World Health Organ”.; 77(7): 602–606.
The study was carried out during the first NID (6
December 1996) to evaluate the local population's
awareness of the programme and the impact of the
media on such awareness.
A total of 843 respondents were interviewed, 39% of
whom were illiterate.
Two important aspects of the mass campaign (whether a
child previously immunized should be immunized again
in the NID, and whether children should be brought to
the next NID) were clearly understood by the majority of
the people (93.1% and 98.8% of the
respondents, respectively).
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although only a small proportion (24.4%) of
individuals understood the purpose of the
programme. Radio was the single most effective
means of providing information, education, and
communication about NIDs.
12. 5. Rapid Assessment of Perceptions, Knowledge, and
Practices Related to Immunization Injection Safety in
Nepal
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M. D. Bhattarai,1 P. Adhikari, Dr. M. D. Bhattarai, A. Kane, T. Uprety, S. Wittet
Aim
To study perception, knowledge and practices regarding to
immunization injection safety in Nepal
Methods
During March–May 2001, key informant in-depth interviews
and direct observations were conducted with 78
immunization providers and managers. Altogether, 42
immunization venues were visited. Twelve focus group
discussions (FGDs) also were conducted with 122 mothers.
Respondents came from 16 districts across the country and
represent Nepal's ethnic and geographic diversity.
13. Results
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There were sufficient supplies of BCG, DPT, TT, polio
and measles vaccines for the expected number of
clients but lack of regular supply of other required
materials for sterilization. Many managers and field-
level staff complained of needles being repeatedly
used until blunt, causing pain and distress for clients.
A shortage of syringes and needles is seen across
the board in EPI. Respondents also reported
problems maintaining cold-chain equipment;
fortunately, polio vaccine vial monitors (VVM) were
found intact in all cases and none of them indicated
excessive heat exposure.
14. 6. Survey on immunization status in western
Nepal
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Survey on immunization status in western Nepal, with special reference to
kaski, gorkha and myagdi. By Dr. Rohit sainju, Kathmandu research center.
Objective
The study has been successful in its objective of
finding out the immunization coverage of mothers and
infants in the survey sites.
Methods:
50 mothers (with at least one child under five years of
age) were selected from one ward in each of the
three districts. Questionnaires were used to ascertain
the vaccination status of 150 mothers and 196
children under five years of age. Another
questionnaire was used for the health post in-charge
to learn about the problem of vaccination services.
15. Result
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Coverage of BCG was found to be higher than
the national figure (84.5%) in all the survey
sites.
Coverage of DPT is higher than that of the
national coverage in sardikhola kaski (85.2%
vs 76.8%.
The coverage of measles vaccine was lower
than national coverage for the same vaccine in
all three survey sites
TT coverage for the all three survey sites was
found to be far better than the national
16. Immunisation against Japanese Encephalitis in Nepal:
Experience of 1152 subjects
Maj A Henderson*,
BMedSci, MRCP, RAMC
Physician, British Military Hospital, Dharan
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17. 7. Immunization coverage of children in a semi-urban
village panchayat in Nepal, 1985
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Ahluwalia, Indu B.
Helgerson, Steven D.
Bia, Frank J.
funded by the Yale International Committee and in cooperation
with UNICEF, Nepal, used a questionnaire to survey and assess
the immunization status of children 3 years or younger in a
semi-urban panchayat.
Mothers of children ranging in age from less than 1 month to 3
years were questioned both about immunization status of their
children and their own use of health care and specific sources of
information.
54% (124/228) of the children had received at least one vaccine
and only 4% (10/228) had full coverage with the recommended
vaccines (3 doses of DPT and TOPV, one dose of measles and
BCG).
Children born at a hospital were more likely than those born at
home to have been vaccinated.
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More than 70% of the women felt that
vaccinations were good preventive measures.
The study results suggest that health education
about immunization efforts should be focused on
women and these efforts should be intensified.
19. 8. Determinants of child immunization in Nepal: The role of
women’s empowerment
Shanta Pandey, PhD , Hae nim Lee, MSW
07/06/2013
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Objective: examined if women’s empowerment
improved child immunization using data on
1,056 mothers with young children from Nepal.
Methods: The study utilized the 2006 Nepal
Demographic and Health Survey, a nationally-
representative sample of 10,793 women from
8,707 households across Nepal. We selected all
mothers with first child between the ages of 12
and 23 months at the time of interview. This
resulted in a sample of 1,056 mothers.
20. Results:
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Among the measures of women’s empowerment, mothers’
education was significantly associated with child immunization.
The odds of being fully immunized for children of mothers with
secondary education were 5.91 times the odds for children of
mothers without any formal education.
Other measures of women’s empowerment – women’s age at
birth of first child, gap in age between spouses, women’s
knowledge about sexually-transmitted diseases, their role in
intra-household financial, health and mobility decisions, and
their perceptions toward wife beating – were not associated with
child immunization.
Among control variables, mothers who received antenatal care
were 3.31 times as likely to immunize their children as mothers
who did not receive any antenatal care. Other such barriers to
health service use such as cost of care, distance to health
services, and quality of health services were not significant.
21. ANNUAL REPORT 2065/66, Department of Health Service
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The national Immunization coverage of all
antigens in the regular EPI programme did not
improved last year. DPT/Hep-3 and Polio3
coverage has decreased by 1.0 percent and
Measles immunization has decreased by more
than 3.0 percent compared to last fiscal year. TT-
2 to pregnant women has also decreased by 6
percentage.
22. ANNUAL REPORT 2067/68, Department of Health Service
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The national Immunization coverage of all antigens in
the regular EPI programme was improved compared to
last fiscal year 2065/66 (2008/2009). BCG, DPT-Hep
B-Hib-3, Polio3 and Measles coverage has increased
by 9, 1, 2 and 11 percent respectively during last fiscal
year. TT-2 to pregnant women has also increased by
8.0 percent. Currently NIP provides vaccination against
TB (BCG), diphtheria‐pertussis‐tetanus‐hepatitis B
andhaemophilus influenza
(DPT‐HepB‐HiB), poliomyelitis (OPV) and measles
throughout the country andJE vaccine in high risk post
campaign districts through routine immunization.