IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Relationship of Antenatal Care with the Prevention of Maternal Mortality amon...iosrjce
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of antenatal care with the prevention of
maternal mortality among pregnant women in Bauchi state. An ex-post facto research design was used to study
308 subjects drawn from six local government areas in Bauchi state. The subjects were drawn through stratified
random sampling techniques. A close ended questionnaire was used to obtain responses from the subjects. Data
collected for this study were analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and inferential
statistics of person product moment correlation analysis, 0.05 level of significance was used for all tests of
significance. Two research questions were asked and two hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance.
Findings showed that, significance relationship existed between level of awareness and the prevention of
maternal mortality among pregnant women in Bauchi state; significant relationship existed between level of
utilization of antenatal care services among pregnant women and prevention of maternal mortality in Bauchi
state. Based on the findings above, the following recommendations were made: health professionals should
intensify enlightenment campaign on the benefits of antenatal care in Bauchi state. Pregnant women should be
encouraged to attend antenatal care services regularly as soon as possible for early detection of risk factors,
resulting to maternal mortality. Government should provide adequate facilities and equipment of antenatal care
in Bauchi state
A Clinical Study on Maternal and Fetal Outcome in Multiple Pregnancies in Wom...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Immunisation and Immunodeficiency, as part of the Immunology MRCP 1 course. These are slideshows only. The demonstration with video presentation and explanation that goes along with these slides, as well as free example exam questions and the paid full e-lecture can be viewed at https://www.123doc.com/electures/immunology/
Need To Protect Childbearing Age Girls against Rubellapaperpublications3
Abstract: Rubella, though a mild skin infection but show disastrous effects during pregnancy and causes damage to fetus. The disease is vaccine- preventable diseases can manifest with severe Teratogenic effects in fetus known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) due to primary maternal infection such as heart disorders, blindness, deafness or other life threatening organ disorders. During pregnancy, explore to disease can lead to disastrous results such as bad obstetric history (BOH), repeated pregnancy loss (RPL) or may cause deformities in fetuses whereas it also responsible for infertility and maternal mortality. In the study124 teenage girls and 176 women of different background were selected, out of them 3.23% girls and 11.36 % women were found susceptible and were at risk to have Rubella infection. In the study it was detected that immunity against Rubella was decreasing with increasing age, i.e. the vaccination in childbearing age should be included in schedule.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on the Knowle...ijtsrd
Malnutrition and Tuberculosis chronic infectious disease are both problems of considerable magnitude in the most underdeveloped regions of the world. Malnutrition can leads to secondary immunodeficiency that increase the host susceptibility to infection. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on the knowledge and practice regarding dietary pattern among mothers of children with tuberculosis admitted in pediatric ward. Quasi experimental with two groups pre test post test design was used for 60 mothers at IPD and OPD of pediatric department and purposive sampling technique was used. Self structured questionnaire was used to assess knowledge and checklist for practice. In post test experimental group mothers have 63.3 average knowledge, 26.6 poor knowledge and 10 good knowledge while in the control group, 53.3 poor knowledge, 46.6 average knowledge and non hove good knowledge. In experimental group mean score was 17.9 1.96 while in control group mean score was 11.8 2.99. At the “p” value 0.05, the calculated t value 3.21 was compared with the tabulated value 2.01 . In post test experimental group, mothers have 53.3 good practice, 46.6 average practice and none have poor practice while in the control group, 63.33 average practice, 23.3 poor practice and 13.3 good practice. In experimental group mean score was 19.13 1.99 while in the control group, mean score was 14.06 2.85.At the “p” value 0.05, the calculated t value 3.28 was compared with the tabulated value 2.01 . These finding reveals that the planned teaching program on dietary pattern was effective. Mrs. Anchal Tiwari | Mrs. Anugrah Charan | Dr. Sarika Gupta "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Dietary Pattern among Mothers of Children with Tuberculosis Admitted in Pediatric Ward at KGMU Hospital, Lucknowv" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38591.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/38591/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-program-on-the-knowledge-and-practice-regarding-dietary-pattern-among-mothers-of-children-with-tuberculosis-admitted-in-pediatric-ward-at-kgmu-hospital-lucknowv/mrs-anchal-tiwari
Relationship of Antenatal Care with the Prevention of Maternal Mortality amon...iosrjce
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of antenatal care with the prevention of
maternal mortality among pregnant women in Bauchi state. An ex-post facto research design was used to study
308 subjects drawn from six local government areas in Bauchi state. The subjects were drawn through stratified
random sampling techniques. A close ended questionnaire was used to obtain responses from the subjects. Data
collected for this study were analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and inferential
statistics of person product moment correlation analysis, 0.05 level of significance was used for all tests of
significance. Two research questions were asked and two hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance.
Findings showed that, significance relationship existed between level of awareness and the prevention of
maternal mortality among pregnant women in Bauchi state; significant relationship existed between level of
utilization of antenatal care services among pregnant women and prevention of maternal mortality in Bauchi
state. Based on the findings above, the following recommendations were made: health professionals should
intensify enlightenment campaign on the benefits of antenatal care in Bauchi state. Pregnant women should be
encouraged to attend antenatal care services regularly as soon as possible for early detection of risk factors,
resulting to maternal mortality. Government should provide adequate facilities and equipment of antenatal care
in Bauchi state
A Clinical Study on Maternal and Fetal Outcome in Multiple Pregnancies in Wom...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Immunisation and Immunodeficiency, as part of the Immunology MRCP 1 course. These are slideshows only. The demonstration with video presentation and explanation that goes along with these slides, as well as free example exam questions and the paid full e-lecture can be viewed at https://www.123doc.com/electures/immunology/
Need To Protect Childbearing Age Girls against Rubellapaperpublications3
Abstract: Rubella, though a mild skin infection but show disastrous effects during pregnancy and causes damage to fetus. The disease is vaccine- preventable diseases can manifest with severe Teratogenic effects in fetus known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) due to primary maternal infection such as heart disorders, blindness, deafness or other life threatening organ disorders. During pregnancy, explore to disease can lead to disastrous results such as bad obstetric history (BOH), repeated pregnancy loss (RPL) or may cause deformities in fetuses whereas it also responsible for infertility and maternal mortality. In the study124 teenage girls and 176 women of different background were selected, out of them 3.23% girls and 11.36 % women were found susceptible and were at risk to have Rubella infection. In the study it was detected that immunity against Rubella was decreasing with increasing age, i.e. the vaccination in childbearing age should be included in schedule.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on the Knowle...ijtsrd
Malnutrition and Tuberculosis chronic infectious disease are both problems of considerable magnitude in the most underdeveloped regions of the world. Malnutrition can leads to secondary immunodeficiency that increase the host susceptibility to infection. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on the knowledge and practice regarding dietary pattern among mothers of children with tuberculosis admitted in pediatric ward. Quasi experimental with two groups pre test post test design was used for 60 mothers at IPD and OPD of pediatric department and purposive sampling technique was used. Self structured questionnaire was used to assess knowledge and checklist for practice. In post test experimental group mothers have 63.3 average knowledge, 26.6 poor knowledge and 10 good knowledge while in the control group, 53.3 poor knowledge, 46.6 average knowledge and non hove good knowledge. In experimental group mean score was 17.9 1.96 while in control group mean score was 11.8 2.99. At the “p” value 0.05, the calculated t value 3.21 was compared with the tabulated value 2.01 . In post test experimental group, mothers have 53.3 good practice, 46.6 average practice and none have poor practice while in the control group, 63.33 average practice, 23.3 poor practice and 13.3 good practice. In experimental group mean score was 19.13 1.99 while in the control group, mean score was 14.06 2.85.At the “p” value 0.05, the calculated t value 3.28 was compared with the tabulated value 2.01 . These finding reveals that the planned teaching program on dietary pattern was effective. Mrs. Anchal Tiwari | Mrs. Anugrah Charan | Dr. Sarika Gupta "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Dietary Pattern among Mothers of Children with Tuberculosis Admitted in Pediatric Ward at KGMU Hospital, Lucknowv" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38591.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/38591/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-program-on-the-knowledge-and-practice-regarding-dietary-pattern-among-mothers-of-children-with-tuberculosis-admitted-in-pediatric-ward-at-kgmu-hospital-lucknowv/mrs-anchal-tiwari
Presentación realizada para la materia de Fundamentos de Mecatrónica de la Licenciatura en Ingeniería en Mecatrónica de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla en el periodo de Otoño 2011, donde se abarca la relación entre ciencia e ingeniería, la historia de la mecatrónica, su definición y sus principales tendencias.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers in Jos North Rega...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Factors Influencing Immunization Coverage among Children 12- 23 Months of Age...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Evaluation of Immunization Coverage among Children between 12 - 23 Months of ...QUESTJOURNAL
Introduction:Immunization is one of the well known and most effective method of preventing childhood diseases. Aims And Objectives:1) To describe socio-demographic profile of children between 12-23 months of age attending immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. 2) To Evaluate the factors affecting immunization status among children between 12-23 months of age attending immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional and descriptive type. Place of study was immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. Study duration was from 1 September to 30 November 2016. Results: In the present study 110 Children were studied in which maximum number were 19 months of age. Majority were hindu (79.9%) male(63.6%) of Urban locality(92.7%). Education of the parents was found to be significantly associated with the immunization status of children. Conclusion: Increasing the literacy status of the parents can alone can bring a major difference in immunization coverage among Children.
SOCIO-CULTURAL AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS INFLUENCING CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION PR...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Abstract: Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions with proven strategies to reach
the vulnerable populations. It is also a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life threatening infectious diseases.
It also prevents illness, disability and deaths from vaccine preventable diseases averting estimated 2-3 million deaths
each year.
Method: A descriptive survey research design was adopted, one hundred 100 nursing mothers were used for the
study. The instruments used for the study was a self-structured questionnaire. Simple random sampling technique
was used to select the sample for the study. Data collected were analysed using frequency, counts and percentage
table for demographic information.
Result: The findings of the study revealed that behaviour/attitude of healthcare workers and lack of enough
information were determinants of incomplete routine immunization, while life style, religion and belief were not
determinants of incomplete routine immunization. However, level of education, distance to health facility, life style,
religion and belief were jointly determinants of incomplete routine immunization among nursing mothers in Jericho
specialist hospital.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study; it is therefore recommended that State Government and
Philanthropists should assist in building more health care facilities close to the communities for easy accessibility.
Effort should be geared towards public campaign using local dialect to encourage them to complete routine
immunization. In addition, community mobilization should be strengthening especially among nursing mothers to
be fully informed about the merits of completing the routine immunization and to avert childhood morbidity and
mortality in our society.
AIM AND OBJECTIVE: • To compare and assess the clinical features and outcome of pneumonia occurring in infants with traditional child rearing practices and in infants without traditional child rearing practices. • To assess the influence of individual traditional child rearing practices with the outcome of pneumonia occurring in infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: : For this study detailed clinical history was taken. Infants with clinical and radiological evidence of pneumonia were selected as per the selection criteria The study. After eliciting necessary history some children were excluded using exclusion criteria. Detailed questionnaires were asked to mother / care taker which included details regarding various traditional child rearing practices. . RESULTS: On comparing and analyzing the clinical parameters and outcome of pneumonia in infants between traditional child rearing practices and without traditional child rearing practice. it is found that increased morbidity pattern of pneumonia in infants associated with traditional child rearing practices is high while comparing non traditional child rearing infants CONCLUSION: In my study increased morbidity in the infants is attributed to traditional child rearing practice, mortality was very less probably due to increased vaccination status and also due to increasing literacy rate in mothers.
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CAR...Earthjournal Publisher
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE OF NORTHEAST INDIA.
Daiji Gogoi Mohan, Mayuri Gogoi,Naba Kumar Hazarika
IRO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018, 1(1):1-5.
13 Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood ImmunizatioChantellPantoja184
13
Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations
Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University
PSY-550: Research Methods
Dr. Shari Schwartz
May 19, 2021
Introduction
Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review
Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%.
The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied from 84% and 76% in Africa and 97% and 94% in the European countries. In India, the routine has been lower than in the rest of the countries. Following the 2013 outbreak in Israel, many paren ...
13 Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood ImmunizatioCicelyBourqueju
13
Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations
Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University
PSY-550: Research Methods
Dr. Shari Schwartz
May 19, 2021
Introduction
Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review
Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%.
The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied from 84% and 76% in Africa and 97% and 94% in the European countries. In India, the routine has been lower than in the rest of the countries. Following the 2013 outbreak in Israel, many paren ...
Can you please go over the power point you’ve provided & make sureTawnaDelatorrejs
Can you please go over the power point you’ve provided & make sure these 3 corrections required are successfully completed please? If you can add in more cited references please.
13
Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations
Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University
PSY-550: Research Methods
Dr. Shari Schwartz
May 19, 2021
Introduction
Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review
Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%.
The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied ...
EVALUATION OF VACCINE ADHERENCE AND ROLE OF A CLINICAL PHARMACIST IN PAEDIAT...PARUL UNIVERSITY
Background: Immunization is one of the decisive factors in preventing various life threatening diseases. Vaccines have thrived as one of the most successful healthy intervention on that have diminished the occurrence of various infectious diseases and improved the quality of life in the population. Although the vaccine coverage has been gradually increasing, the average total immunization coverage is far less than desired outcome. Objective: The objective of our study were to enhance the quantity of vaccine delivered in the paediatric care setting, to improve Awareness of vaccination at community level by a more active involvement of clinical pharmacist on vaccination errors and missed opportunities in paediatric care setting, to analyse the extent of knowledge, attitude and practice of parents to minimize vaccination errors and avoid vaccine misconception thereby improving vaccine adherence. Results: It is a prospective observational study was conducted on 253 paediatric subjects upto 3years of age for a period of six months in a secondary care hospital, Hyderabad. The study was divided into Pre- intervention and post-intervention phases and was performed using a KAP questionnaire. The socio- demographic details were collected by using data collection form and their knowledge, Attitude and practice levels were assessed by using KAP questionnaire regarding child vaccination. Out of 253 subjects were enrolled in the study, the percentage distribution of the respondents age showed that the age group of 25-29 were predominant. The respondents with single child were observed to be more with a frequency of 132 out of 253 who received complete awareness about vaccination. Majority of the respondents were under graduates which was the main reason for lack of knowledge on immunization. Of the total 253 study population, male child were 128(50.50%) and female child were 125(49.40%). In the study, the majority of the children were neonates (103) which is 40.71%. majority of children were immunized with polio (75.49%) and least was varicella (3.55%). Of the total population, delayed or missed vaccine was 72 out of 253 i.e. 28.40% which was observed in both the genders. Missed vaccine opportunities were mostly observed for PCV, Rotavirus, and MMR. Conclusion: This study lead to optimal disease prevention through vaccination in multiple population groups while maintaining high levels of Safety and the clinical pharmacist’s interventions certainly will be helpful in providing education on immunization and improving immunization rates in the underdeveloped and developing countries. KAP questionnaire can be used in future researches on immunization and allow for better understanding of relation between mothers knowledge and immunization of children.
Maternal Immunization with Tdap Vaccine Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
Maternal
Immunization
with Tdap Vaccine
Agenda
Pertussis:Key facts & Epidemiology
Who is at risk?
Source of Pertussis infection
What is Tdap vaccine?
Recommendations for Maternal Immunization with Tdap vaccine
Safety data on Maternal Immunisation with Tdap vaccine
Summary
Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among HIVPositive Patients in Central Hos...Efe Clement Abel
Abstract: Adherence is the quantified level to which an individual follows a prescribed treatment and a low level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy(ART) adversely affects a patient’s treatment outcome and results in a rebound of plasma viraemia, development of resistant strains of HIV, more rapid immune deterioration, development of AIDS and death. This study is aimed at assessing the level of adherence to ART among HIV-positive patients assessing care in Central Hospital, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study. Data were obtained using a semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and analysed using SPSS version 23. A total of 303 persons were recruited for the study. The mean age of respondents was 36.2±10.8years. Less than half of the subjects (45.5%) were adherent to their ART. Among the non-adherent subjects, the common reasons reported for missing doses of ART were forgetfulness (50.9%), too busy with other things (43.6%) and away from home (35.8%). This study showed that adherence to ART among the study population was poor. Forgetfulness, too busy with other things and being away from home were the most common reason for non-adherence. It is, therefore, recommended that; regular health education should be organised for HIV patients on ART on the importance of being adherent to their ART, regular assessment of adherence to ART should be carried out and a method of reminding patients who are non-adherent to ART on the need to take their ART as at when due should be considered as part of the routine services provided by ART centres.
Factors contributing to malnutrition among HIV positive children aged between...iosrjce
The objective of the study was to identify factors contributing to malnutrition among HIV positive
children aged between 6 and 60 months. The study utilized a non experimental descriptive design. It was a
hospital based study conducted at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospital pediatric wards. A total of 30 children and
30 caregivers were recruited through convenience sampling. The children had a confirmed diagnosis of
malnutrition, confirmed HIV positive, aged between 6 and 60 months and had to have a present caregiver
during data collection. There were no dropouts. The main outcome measure were anthropometric measurements
of the children namely; height, weight and mid upper arm circumference and the various stressors contributing
to malnutrition. Twenty-two (73.33%) children were males and 8 (26.66%) were females. Contributing factors
to malnutrition identified were presence other illnesses such as diarrhea, pneumonia, tuberculosis and
kwashiorkor, 19 (63.33%), low socioeconomic status (earned less than USD$100 dollars per month), 16
(53.33%), coming from a family with more than 5 dependants 11 (36.67%), not being on ART 15 (50%), and
birth weight below or equal to 2500g 6 (20%). The major contributing factors to malnutrition were
extrapersonal stressors (54.83) interpersonal stressors (30.28%) and intrapersonal stressors (29.76%).
Similar to Knowledge and Practice of Immunization amongst the care-givers of 12-23 months children in a rural area of West Bengal. (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
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Introduction:
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It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
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Knowledge and Practice of Immunization amongst the care-givers of 12-23 months children in a rural area of West Bengal.
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 10, Issue 6 Ver. II (Nov - Dec. 2015), PP 125-127
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1062125127 www.iosrjournals.org 125 | Page
Knowledge and Practice of Immunization amongst the care-givers
of 12-23 months children in a rural area of West Bengal.
Dr. Sagar Karmakar 1
, Dr. Tanushree Mondal 2
1
(RMO cum Clinical Tutor, Department of Ophthalmology, Midnapore Medical College,Paschim Midnapore,
India)
2
(Assistant Director of Medical Education and Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine,
IPGME & R, Kolkata, India)
Abstract: Despite the fact that childhood immunization has been an important part of maternal and child
health services since 1940 current level of coverage of 'fully-immunized' children under the national
immunization programme is quite low. This is a cross sectional observational study done in 30 clusters selected
from 82 villages to identify the practice of routine immunization among 12-23 months old children and assess
its knowledge among their care givers. Care givers were enquired about different aspects of routine
immunization of their children by using a pre-tested semi-structured schedule, immunization card checked, scar
of BCG seen. Knowledge of care-givers regarding the various aspects of routine immunization was very poor.
Only 36% of care-givers exactly knew that under five children were the candidates for Routine Immunization.
Knowledge about correct age and dose of BCG was 15% and 27% which was quite unimpressive, that for OPV
was 4.5% and 5%, for DPT was 5.68% and 8% and for measles 18% and 33%. 44% people had no knowledge
about contraindication of vaccines. Reasons for non-immunization /partial immunization were mostly obstacles
(31.8%); others were misconception (11.2%). Knowledge regarding correct day of Routine Immunization was
much better (65%). Poor knowledge regarding routine immunization reflects need of emphasised health
education and also improvement of literacy status. In spite of such dearth of knowledge, the practice was
satisfactory. This was probably because of blind faith on health workers.
Keywords: - Routine immunization (RI), knowledge, practice.
I. Introduction
Immunization is one of the best indicators to evaluate the health outcomes and services distributed
across social and economic groups1
. It is also one of the most cost- effective interventions to prevent a series of
major illnesses, particularly in environments where children are undernourished and die from preventable
diseases1
. Given the extensive social benefits of immunization, any inequities in the knowledge that leave out
large section of the most deprived populations are a cause of serious policy concern. There is evidence of
inequities in immunization in India, despite the fact that childhood immunization has been an important part of
maternal and child health services since the 1940s1
. The current level of coverage of 'fully-immunized' children
under the national immunization programme is quite low as pointed out by several studies2-7
. The main reasons
identified for poor coverage include the inadequacy of information, education and communication (IEC)
activities8
. The importance of knowledge/awareness about routine immunization as a factor for its success is
brought out by previous studies and "not aware of the needs of vaccination" is the main reason for children not
being fully immunized1,8,9
. Inadequacy of community participation was also an important factor for poor
coverage. In our state this type of studies conducted are few in number. Our study was conducted to identify the
practice of immunization among 12 to 23 months old children and assess the knowledge of routine
immunization among their care givers.
II. Material And Methods
A cross sectional observational community based study was carried out between July 2013 to March
2014. The present study was conducted in a rural area using WHO 30 cluster sampling method by which a total
of 30 clusters was selected out of 82 villages. From each cluster 7 children and their care givers were selected.
Thus the total number of children and their care givers surveyed were 210. According to WHO module any
house having two children both of them was included. In every house the Immunization schedule was filled. The
data on one dose each of BCG and measles; three doses of DPT/ OPV were collected. Accuracy on
immunization data was improved by checking the immunization cards, and when cards were unavailable,
mothers reporting of having given a vaccine or not was recorded. Further, scar of BCG vaccine was checked for
each child included in the study. The care-givers were asked, which day of the week routine immunization for
children is carried out in govt. facilities. Universally Wednesday is designated as the day of Routine
Immunization. So credit was given if a care-provider answered Wednesday. Under five children were the
2. Knowledge and Practice of Immunization amongst the care-givers of 12-23 months children in a…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1062125127 www.iosrjournals.org 126 | Page
candidates for vaccination in our routine immunization programme. A question was put to the care-givers to
name the diseases which can be prevented by the vaccines under routine immunization programme. Single
administration of B.C.G. and Measles and three times administration of O.P.V. and D.P.T. were considered as
correct dose of those vaccines.
III. Results
The analysis of the data regarding the background characteristics revealed that of all the studied
household, most (62.9%) belonged to Hindus while 37.1% belonged to Muslims. 55.2% of the household
belonged to people of general caste while schedule caste and tribe constituted 37.7% and 7.1% respectively.
64.6% had a joint family. It was noticed that about 14.8% of care-givers interviewed were illiterate while 45.6%
were primary school passed. Care-givers literate up to middle class level were 28.3% and only 11.3% with
above middle class education. Among children 58.6 % were male and 41.4 % were female. In our study
institutional delivery was the most common practice i.e. 67.1%. 75.4% of home deliveries were conducted by
trained birth attendant. 68.1% of children belonged to first order of birth, 29.5% and 2.4% belonged to second
and third orders respectively. 83.8% and 11.9% children were completely and partially immunized while only
4.3% were unimmunized. 83.7% of male and 83.9% of female were completely immunized.
Knowledge of care-givers regarding the various aspects of routine immunization was very poor. 36%
of care-givers exactly knew that under five children were the candidates for R.I. Among the 6 vaccine
preventable diseases only 61.9% named polio, 61% measles, 52.5% T.B., very few named diphtheria, whooping
cough and tetanus and none identified all the six vaccine preventable diseases. Knowledge about correct age and
dose of BCG was 15% and 27% that for OPV was 4.5% and 5%, for DPT was 5.68% and 8% and for measles
18% and 33%. Less than half of the care-givers knew correct age of DPT and measles. 44% people had no
knowledge about any contraindication while 37.5% and 35.2% knew about fever and cough and cold
respectively. Regarding adverse effects of vaccines 54% people knew about fever and 24.8% knew about
diarrhoea. Reasons for non-immunization/partial immunization were mostly obstacles (31.8%); others were
misconception (11.2%) and sick baby on day of R.I. (20.4%)
The coverage for BCG and OPV 1 were almost equal, coverage for OPV 2 and DPT 2 are slightly
more in our study, but as we progressed to DPT 3 and OPV 3 the coverage became much more than NFHS 3,
which showed that dropout rates for our study was much less. Coverage for measles was much more in our
study. 83.7% of male children in our study were completely immunized which was much more (>20%) than
that of NFHS 3. in our study, 4.1% of males were unimmunized in comparison to 7.2% in NFHS 3. 83.9% of
female children in our study were completely immunized which is much more (>15%) than that of NFHS 3.
The unimmunized portion is almost same. There had been a marked development in immunization status of
children with increase in literacy status of care-givers. Both our study and NFHS 3 indicated this correlation.
The Hindus were more completely immunized than Muslims in both our study and NFHS 3. In addition it can
be seen in our study that Muslims were more immunized than the Muslims in NFHS 3 study.
IV. Figures And Tables
Table 1: Table showing the Comparison of data of our study and NFHS 3, W.B. regarding individual vaccine
coverage (%) (n=210).
Vaccines Present Study (%) NFHS 3 (%)
BCG 187 (89.1) 89.2
OPV1 193 (91.9) 92
OPV2 191 (90.9) 87.4
OPV3 187 (89) 79.8
DPT1 193 (91.9) 88.6
DPT2 190 (90.3) 82.2
DPT3 186 (88.7) 70.8
Measles 181 (86.1) 74
Unimmunized 9 (4.3) 5.8
Table 2: Table showing the Comparison of data of our study and NFHS 3, W.B. regarding immunization status
among males and females (%) (n=210).
Immunization status
Males Females
Present Study NFHS 3 Present Study NFHS 3
Complete 83.7 61.4 83.9 66.9
Partial 12.2 31.4 11.5 28.4
Unimmunized 4.1 7.2 4.6 4.7
3. Knowledge and Practice of Immunization amongst the care-givers of 12-23 months children in a…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1062125127 www.iosrjournals.org 127 | Page
Table 3: Table showing the Comparison of data of our study and NFHS 3, W.B. regarding immunization status of
children with literacy status of care-givers (%) (n=210).
Immunization status
Illiterate Literate
Present Study NFHS 3 Present Study NFHS 3
Complete 12.9 53.7 96.1 72.4
Partial 61.29 37.4 3.35 23.8
Unimmunized 25.8 8.9 0.55 3.8
Table 4: Table showing the Comparison of data of our study and NFHS 3, W.B. regarding immunization status of
children with Religion (%) (n=210).
Immunization status Hindu Muslim
Present Study NFHS 3 Present Study NFHS 3
Complete 88.5 67.9 61.1 58.1
Partial 10.34 27.9 19.4 33.3
Unimmunized 1.15 4.2 19.4 8.6
V. Conclusion
Knowledge regarding correct age and dose of vaccines in our study was much less compared to the other
two studies. The difference could be because of different bio-social characteristics of the care-givers and different
implementation strategies. The IEC activities focused on immunization need to be implemented with more sincere
efforts with special attention on the partial and unimmunized group of children. In our study we had found that
the knowledge regarding age and dose of BCG and measles vaccines were comparatively better than others. This
was probably due to the fact that these vaccines are given in a single dose. On the other hand DPT and OPV are
given in multiple dose schedule which makes it difficult for people to remember. In our study care-givers
received the information regarding vaccination mainly from ANM workers. This was because majority of the care-
givers had availed the services at primary and secondary health care level and these health functionaries seem to
be most readily available and accessible to the people. Community leaders played insignificant role.
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