The study assessed knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding emergency contraception among 366 female students in Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia. The key findings were:
1) About 90.7% of respondents had heard of emergency contraception. Three-fourths (75.7%) had good knowledge and over half (64.9%) had a positive attitude.
2) Older age was significantly associated with greater awareness. Those over 18 were more likely to have good knowledge compared to younger students.
3) Age and ethnicity also influenced attitude - younger students and non-Tigre ethnic groups were less likely to have a positive attitude.
4) While knowledge and attitude were high, the study
Austin Journal of Women's Health is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of women's healthcare including gynecology, obstetrics, and breast cancer and policies.
Austin Journal of Women's Health is committed to improving the health and health care of all women throughout the lifetime and in diverse communities with focus on the prevention, diagnosis and administration of fertility.
Austin Journal of Women's Health accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, commentaries, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of Women's Health.
Latent Class Analysis of Adolescent Health Behaviorsasclepiuspdfs
Background: Behavior is one of the most important components in health. While the impacts of adolescent risky activities have been studied extensively, less attention has been paid to health. This study examines the patterning of health behaviors among adolescents age of 10–19 years. Methods: Latent class analysis identified homogeneous, mutually exclusive “classes” (patterns) of eight, leading health behaviors - sleep, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, physicians’ visits, meal autonomy, wearing braces, general health assessment, and having a permanent tattoo. Results: Resulting classes include (1) healthy, (2) moderately healthy, and (3) unhealthy. The characteristic behaviors and tendencies of each class differed by gender. Conclsion: This study attempts to classify adolescents by their own health behavior without including parental attributes. While adolescents do not typically prescribe to predictable behaviors and actions, the emphasis on healthy behaviors by some suggests an individual awareness of behavioral impacts and importance of healthy lifestyle choices
A Study to Identify the Post Partum Complications among Post Natal Mothers in...ijtsrd
Complications in early post natal periods may lead many issues such as breast engorgement, perineal pain, constipation, and urine incontinence. Postpartum complications contribute to a lot of maternal morbidity. A Descriptive study was conducted to identify the post partum complications among post natal mothers. The study was conducted on 120 post natal mothers who were selected using convenient sampling technique. The study was explained to participants and consent was taken. Data were collected by using structured knowledge questionnaire and self reported practice check list. Homogeneity was maintained for demographic variables. The result showed Identification of post partum complications shows that that in perineal pain, pain in perineal area 45 . In constipation, difficulty to express stool 33.33 , a sense that everything didn’t come out 33.33 , hard or small stool 20.83 . In breast engorgement, 20.83 mothers reported pain and swelling in breast, hardness in breast 20 and flat nipple 15 . In urine incontinence, intense urge of urine 2.5 . Himani Bora | Kanchan Bala | Laxmi Kumar "A Study to Identify the Post-Partum Complications among Post Natal Mothers in Selected Hospital of Dehradun, Uttarakhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/33524/a-study-to-identify-the-postpartum-complications-among-post-natal-mothers-in-selected-hospital-of-dehradun-uttarakhand/himani-bora
Does Utilization of Antenatal Care Reduces Reproductive Risk? A Case Study o...PRAKASAM C P
This paper examines the utilization of antenatal care and out come of pregnancy and delivery complications (Reproductive risk) among currently married women in Andhra Pradesh, India. Data for this study were collected from DLHS-RCH-3 for Andhra Pradesh. Pregnancy outcome has been collected for all deliveries from the currently married women and the utilisation of ANC, health seeing behavior, pregnancy problems during and problems during delivery which have been considered as reproductive risk and analysed for the last child data. Reproductive history of 19825 deliveries for Andhra Pradesh form data set. Analysis has been carried out in three stages. Initially Pregnancy loss and its ANC and treatment seeking behavior have been analysed. At the second stage pregnancy complications and delivery complications for the last delivery in relation to outcome has been analysed for Andhra Pradesh data. At the third stage interrelation between Pregnancy out come and reproductive risk has been analysed by using logistic regression. Further influence of background variables on reproductive loss and treatment seeking behavior has been analysed. The results revealed that women experience still birth in Andhra Pradesh found to be around 2.9. Further results revealed that women who had utilized antenatal care services found to have less risk in delivering last child than other. Maternal age and husband occupation played significant influence in utilization of health care services leading to safe delivery in these two selected states.
Risk factors and treatment seeking behavior of Tuberculosis In Selected Stat...PRAKASAM C P
In this paper an attempt is made to know 1.Prevalence of TB in four southern states, 2. Risk factors associated with the infection (TB) and 3.Health seeking behavior among the infected person with TB.
Data were collected from NFHS-3 for the four selected states viz: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Risk factors for the infection of TB have been identified as: 1.Houseld factors viz: Persons per room used for sleeping, Cooking fuel, Place for cooking, Type of fuel/stove, and 2.individual factors viz: Use of Tobacco, Use of Alcohol. Treatment seeking behavior has been identified as: Source of health care and Health insurance coverage
Misconceptions about Oral Contraceptive Pill Used Among Women at Primary Heal...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Austin Journal of Women's Health is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of women's healthcare including gynecology, obstetrics, and breast cancer and policies.
Austin Journal of Women's Health is committed to improving the health and health care of all women throughout the lifetime and in diverse communities with focus on the prevention, diagnosis and administration of fertility.
Austin Journal of Women's Health accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, commentaries, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of Women's Health.
Latent Class Analysis of Adolescent Health Behaviorsasclepiuspdfs
Background: Behavior is one of the most important components in health. While the impacts of adolescent risky activities have been studied extensively, less attention has been paid to health. This study examines the patterning of health behaviors among adolescents age of 10–19 years. Methods: Latent class analysis identified homogeneous, mutually exclusive “classes” (patterns) of eight, leading health behaviors - sleep, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, physicians’ visits, meal autonomy, wearing braces, general health assessment, and having a permanent tattoo. Results: Resulting classes include (1) healthy, (2) moderately healthy, and (3) unhealthy. The characteristic behaviors and tendencies of each class differed by gender. Conclsion: This study attempts to classify adolescents by their own health behavior without including parental attributes. While adolescents do not typically prescribe to predictable behaviors and actions, the emphasis on healthy behaviors by some suggests an individual awareness of behavioral impacts and importance of healthy lifestyle choices
A Study to Identify the Post Partum Complications among Post Natal Mothers in...ijtsrd
Complications in early post natal periods may lead many issues such as breast engorgement, perineal pain, constipation, and urine incontinence. Postpartum complications contribute to a lot of maternal morbidity. A Descriptive study was conducted to identify the post partum complications among post natal mothers. The study was conducted on 120 post natal mothers who were selected using convenient sampling technique. The study was explained to participants and consent was taken. Data were collected by using structured knowledge questionnaire and self reported practice check list. Homogeneity was maintained for demographic variables. The result showed Identification of post partum complications shows that that in perineal pain, pain in perineal area 45 . In constipation, difficulty to express stool 33.33 , a sense that everything didn’t come out 33.33 , hard or small stool 20.83 . In breast engorgement, 20.83 mothers reported pain and swelling in breast, hardness in breast 20 and flat nipple 15 . In urine incontinence, intense urge of urine 2.5 . Himani Bora | Kanchan Bala | Laxmi Kumar "A Study to Identify the Post-Partum Complications among Post Natal Mothers in Selected Hospital of Dehradun, Uttarakhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/33524/a-study-to-identify-the-postpartum-complications-among-post-natal-mothers-in-selected-hospital-of-dehradun-uttarakhand/himani-bora
Does Utilization of Antenatal Care Reduces Reproductive Risk? A Case Study o...PRAKASAM C P
This paper examines the utilization of antenatal care and out come of pregnancy and delivery complications (Reproductive risk) among currently married women in Andhra Pradesh, India. Data for this study were collected from DLHS-RCH-3 for Andhra Pradesh. Pregnancy outcome has been collected for all deliveries from the currently married women and the utilisation of ANC, health seeing behavior, pregnancy problems during and problems during delivery which have been considered as reproductive risk and analysed for the last child data. Reproductive history of 19825 deliveries for Andhra Pradesh form data set. Analysis has been carried out in three stages. Initially Pregnancy loss and its ANC and treatment seeking behavior have been analysed. At the second stage pregnancy complications and delivery complications for the last delivery in relation to outcome has been analysed for Andhra Pradesh data. At the third stage interrelation between Pregnancy out come and reproductive risk has been analysed by using logistic regression. Further influence of background variables on reproductive loss and treatment seeking behavior has been analysed. The results revealed that women experience still birth in Andhra Pradesh found to be around 2.9. Further results revealed that women who had utilized antenatal care services found to have less risk in delivering last child than other. Maternal age and husband occupation played significant influence in utilization of health care services leading to safe delivery in these two selected states.
Risk factors and treatment seeking behavior of Tuberculosis In Selected Stat...PRAKASAM C P
In this paper an attempt is made to know 1.Prevalence of TB in four southern states, 2. Risk factors associated with the infection (TB) and 3.Health seeking behavior among the infected person with TB.
Data were collected from NFHS-3 for the four selected states viz: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Risk factors for the infection of TB have been identified as: 1.Houseld factors viz: Persons per room used for sleeping, Cooking fuel, Place for cooking, Type of fuel/stove, and 2.individual factors viz: Use of Tobacco, Use of Alcohol. Treatment seeking behavior has been identified as: Source of health care and Health insurance coverage
Misconceptions about Oral Contraceptive Pill Used Among Women at Primary Heal...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Management of Labor in Pregnant Women using Traditional Medicines in Northern...Premier Publishers
Labor comes with pain, hence expectant mothers would desire for procedures and materials that would quicken the process and provide relief to the extreme pain. Women in developing countries are known to patronize traditional medicines hence it is most probable traditional medicines will be used for labor purposes. This study therefore assessed the level of usage of traditional medicines among pregnant women in the Tamale metropolis, identified the products used and their reasons for usage. Using convenience sampling method, data was collected from 301 respondents from 20 suburbs within the Tamale metropolis using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23 and association between variables obtained using appropriate tools. Up to 25.9% of respondents used traditional medicine immediately before or during their most recent labor. Lower educational status, staying with extended family members, being a believer in Islam, home delivery and ever using traditional medicine before the most recent pregnancy were statistically associated with the use of traditional medicine to manage labor processes (p < 0.05). Various plants were found in formulating the traditional labor medicine known locally as ‘kalghutim’ with the bark of the Shea tree ((Vitellaria paradoxa) being present in most formulations.
Prevalence of Anamiea and Its Predictors in Pregnant Women Attending Antenata...iosrjce
Background: Anemia impairs cognitive development, reduces physical work capacity and in severe cases
increases risk of mortality particularly during prenatal period. In India, 16% of maternal deaths are attributed
to anemia. However, high prevalence of anemia among pregnant women persists in India despite the
availability of effective, low-cost interventions for prevention and treatment. Aknowledge of them
sociodemographic factors associated with anemia will help to formulate multipronged strategies to attack this
important public health problem in pregnancy.
Objective: To assess the prevalence of anaemia and its predicting factors among pregnant women attending
antenatal clinic at Tertiary care center.
Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study
Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study design was conducted from January 2014 – September 2014
among 5788 pregnant womens who had been attending antenatal clinic. Red blood cell morphology and Hgb
level determination were assessed following the standard procedures. Socio-demographic data was collected by
using a structured questionnaire. The data entered and analyzed by using the SPSS version 16.0 statistical
software. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Result: Overall prevalence of anemia among the pregnant women was found to be 86.37%. Factors such as
diet, level of education of women and their husbands and socioeconomic status were found to be significantly
associated with the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy.
Conclusion: The present study showed high prevalence of anemia and the majority of them were of the
moderate type (hemoglobin: 10-10.9 g/dl). Low socioeconomic class, illiteracy, Multiparous were significantly
associated with high prevalence of anemia during pregnancy in Indian women.
Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module SIM on Level of Knowledge Regardin...ijtsrd
Background Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring. A lack of fertility is infertility while a lack of fecundity would be called sterility. The term infertility is defined as the inability to conceive despite regular and unprotected intercourse for 2 years. However, risk factors such as the womans age, abnormal menstrual periods, history of pelvic inflammatory disease and whether there has been previous abdominal or pelvic surgery, history of undescended testicles may warrant earlier investigations and treatment of infertility. Couples should be aware that 80 will conceive within a year and 90 within two years if they dont use contraception and have regular intercourse.1 Materials and Methods A pre experimental has provided comparison between a group of subjects before and after the experimental treatment used for this study. The sample consisted 60 staff nurses those were working in obstetrics and gynecology department in selected hospital Haridwar . They were selected by Convenient non – probability Sampling Technique. Data was collected by using a structured knowledge questionnaire regarding recent advancement in infertility treatment. Data analysis is done by using descriptive and inferential method. Results Findings suggest that the pre test knowledge score was 15.45 ±3.88 which has increased to post test knowledge score 30.11 ±3.4. Independent sample “t†test was calculated to find the significant difference between means of pretest and post test knowledge scores. The calculated t value was 23.036 df=59 at p 0.05 . This significant improvement in the knowledge can be attributed to the intervention. Conclusion Based on the findings of the study after the implementation of self instructional module, there is a significant increase in knowledge of staff nurses regarding the recent advancement in infertility treatment. Bhawna Sharma | Priscilla John | Asha ""Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module (SIM) on Level of Knowledge Regarding Recent Advancements in Infertility Treatment among the Staff Nurses Working in Obstetrics and Gynecological Departments"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22929.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22929/effectiveness-of-self-instructional-module-sim-on-level-of-knowledge-regarding-recent-advancements-in-infertility-treatment-among-the-staff-nurses-working-in-obstetrics-and-gynecological-departments/bhawna-sharma"
Impact of Hormonal Contraceptive use upon Women's Social Relationship who att...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Crimson Publishers_Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer Risk: A Study among ...CrimsonPublishers-SBB
Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer Risk: A Study among the Bengalee Females of West Bengal, India by Abhishikta Ghosh Roy in Significances of Bioengineering & Biosciences
Ijsrp p8825 Caregiver factors influencing seeking of Early Infant Diagnosis (...Elizabeth kiilu
Caregiver factors influencing seeking of Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) of HIV services in selected hospitals in Nairobi County, Kenya:A qualitative Study
Explore the Knowledge and Impact on Dysmenorrhea among Nursing Students of Se...ijtsrd
Dysmenorrhea is defined as difficult menstrual flow or painful menstruation. It is an ordinary gynecological problem among adolescent ladies which is severe enough to keep them from functioning at home, college or work place for a day or a two every month. Objective To assess the knowledge and impact of dysmenorrhea among nursing students Material and Method A descriptive study was carried out among 201 nursing students selected by purposive technique at M.M university, ambala Haryana by using structured knowledge questionnaire KR 20= 0.72 and impact rating scale chron a= 0.87 respectively from January 2016 to February 2017. Result Most of students were of 19 to 21 yrs in age and 95 were unmarried. 78.6 received knowledge of dysmenorria from mothers. 100 students experienced dysmenorria in which 87.6 had regular cycle, 51.7 felt intermittent pain. Majority 57.2 have good knowledge regarding dysmenorria and mildly affected by it followed by 41.3 are moderately affected by dysmenorria. age, course of study and marital status are significantly associated with knowledge regarding dysmenorrhea whereas level of pain and measures to relieve dysmenorria is significantly associated with impact of dysmenorrhea. Conclusion Formal, informal and special mass media educational programmes may be taken to educate the girls on dysmenorria and measures to relieve .community health nurse and school health nurse need to concerned about it. Pooja Jaswal | Pabalpreet Kaur | Dr. (Mrs) Jyoti Sarin "Explore the Knowledge and Impact on Dysmenorrhea among Nursing Students of Selected College" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33446.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/33446/explore-the-knowledge-and-impact-on-dysmenorrhea-among-nursing-students-of-selected-college/pooja-jaswal
Prenatal care of women who give birth to children with fetal alcohol spectrum...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Background: Few studies have investigated prenatal care use among women who use alcohol during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to investigate rates of prenatal care usage of women who have given birth to children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).
Factors Associated with Antenatal Care Service Utilization among Women with C...YogeshIJTSRD
Maternal and neonatal mortality remains a public health burden around the globe most especially in developing countries. A well utilized antenatal care ANC is however among the identified interventions to reduce this burden of maternal and neonatal mortality rates. A lot of factors therefore predispose, enable and cause mothers to identify the need to utilize this service ANC .This study employed descriptive cross sectional survey design. A semi structured questionnaire consisting of demographic profile of the respondents, their knowledge about ANC services and the level of ANC utilization. Logistic regression analysis techniques and chi square were used for the categorical variables to examine the associations between the dependent and independent variables. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Science software SPSS version 22. Majority 87 of postpartum mothers in the Sunyani municipality attended ANC at least once during their last pregnancy of which 95.6 had four or more visits and 77.1 initiated their ANC attendance within their first trimester. It was further observed that 97.3 of the mothers had good knowledge about ANC. Marital status and ANC knowledge were found to be significantly associated with ANC attendance. Stephen Owusu Sekyere | Kodua Freda "Factors Associated with Antenatal Care Service Utilization among Women with Children under Five Years in Sunyani Municipality, Ghana" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39882.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/39882/factors-associated-with-antenatal-care-service-utilization-among-women-with-children-under-five-years-in-sunyani-municipality-ghana/stephen-owusu-sekyere
The relationship between prenatal self care and adverse birth outcomes in you...iosrjce
Birth outcomes refer to the end result of a pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the
relationship between self care practices during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in young women aged 16
to 24 years at a provincial maternity hospital in Zimbabwel. A descriptive corelational design was used. Orem’s
Self Care theory was used to guide the study. Eighty pregnant women were selected using systematic random
sampling and, data was collected using interviews from the 1 March - 31 April 2012. Permission to carry out
the study was obtained from the provincial maternity hospital, the Department of Nursing Science and the
Medical and Research Council of Zimbabwe. Findings revealed such adverse birth outcomes as prematurity
(between 28-32 weeks) 10 (12.5%), still births, 3 (3.75%), low apgar 17 (21.2%) and low birth weight 16 (20%).
Adverse birth outcomes in the mothers included high blood pressure 32 (40%), HIV infection 20 (25%) and post
partum hemorrhage 7 (8.8%) Twenty-four (30%) participants had not booked for antenatal care, 1 (1.8%)
booked for antenatal care at less than 12 weeks while only 1 (1.8%) disclosed her pregnancy at above 29 weeks’
gestation. There was a moderate significant positive correlation between self care practices and adverse birth
outcomes, r=.340. This meant that birth outcomes improved as self care practices increased. Significant R2
. was
.115 meaning self care practices explained 11.5% of the variance observed in birth outcomes. Midwives should
advocate delay in sexual debut in young women to reduce adverse birth outcomes.
Factors Hindering Adolescents from Utilizing Reproductive Health Services in ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Factors Hindering Adolescents from Utilizing Reproductive Health Services in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital
Emannuel Gutaka 1, Martin Odoki 2, Francis Okedi 3 and *Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu4
1Kampala International University Teaching Hospital and Research (KIU-THR), P.O Box 71, Bushenyi, Uganda.
2Department of Microbiology, Kampala International University Western Campus (KIU-WC), P.O Box 71, Bushenyi, Uganda.
3Department of Surgery, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital and research (KIU-THR) , P.O Box 71, Bushenyi, Uganda.
4Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
In Uganda, only 19% of adolescents utilize adolescents’ reproductive health services yet complications of pregnancy, abortions, and childbirth are the leading cause of disability and death among the same age group. The purpose of this study was to assess factors that were contributing to the low utilization of adolescents’ reproductive health services. A quantitative cross-sectional study employed simple random sampling among 85 adolescents that were attending Kampala international university outpatient clinic. Results found out that majority 46(53.4) of adolescents were aged from 15-16 years, 46(53.4%) were male, 28(32.5%) were Catholics most 81(94.1%) were single. 18(36%) had got the information from their friends, 28(56%) of adolescents said that the information about adolescents' reproductive health services was not freely shared in their communities and 33(66%) said that their communities did not accept adolescents sexual reproductive health services where 7(50%) gave a reason they expected to be young to have sexual intercourse. 43(86%) of adolescents were from within 1-5km, 28(73.8%) mentioned lack of privacy at the facility, and 30(79%) said that health workers segregated adolescents that needed similar reproductive health services. In conclusion, factors that were contributing to the low hindering utilization of adolescents’ reproductive health services were both demographic, socio-economic, and facility related.
Keywords: Adolescents, Reproductive, Health Services, Uganda.
Management of Labor in Pregnant Women using Traditional Medicines in Northern...Premier Publishers
Labor comes with pain, hence expectant mothers would desire for procedures and materials that would quicken the process and provide relief to the extreme pain. Women in developing countries are known to patronize traditional medicines hence it is most probable traditional medicines will be used for labor purposes. This study therefore assessed the level of usage of traditional medicines among pregnant women in the Tamale metropolis, identified the products used and their reasons for usage. Using convenience sampling method, data was collected from 301 respondents from 20 suburbs within the Tamale metropolis using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23 and association between variables obtained using appropriate tools. Up to 25.9% of respondents used traditional medicine immediately before or during their most recent labor. Lower educational status, staying with extended family members, being a believer in Islam, home delivery and ever using traditional medicine before the most recent pregnancy were statistically associated with the use of traditional medicine to manage labor processes (p < 0.05). Various plants were found in formulating the traditional labor medicine known locally as ‘kalghutim’ with the bark of the Shea tree ((Vitellaria paradoxa) being present in most formulations.
Prevalence of Anamiea and Its Predictors in Pregnant Women Attending Antenata...iosrjce
Background: Anemia impairs cognitive development, reduces physical work capacity and in severe cases
increases risk of mortality particularly during prenatal period. In India, 16% of maternal deaths are attributed
to anemia. However, high prevalence of anemia among pregnant women persists in India despite the
availability of effective, low-cost interventions for prevention and treatment. Aknowledge of them
sociodemographic factors associated with anemia will help to formulate multipronged strategies to attack this
important public health problem in pregnancy.
Objective: To assess the prevalence of anaemia and its predicting factors among pregnant women attending
antenatal clinic at Tertiary care center.
Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study
Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study design was conducted from January 2014 – September 2014
among 5788 pregnant womens who had been attending antenatal clinic. Red blood cell morphology and Hgb
level determination were assessed following the standard procedures. Socio-demographic data was collected by
using a structured questionnaire. The data entered and analyzed by using the SPSS version 16.0 statistical
software. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Result: Overall prevalence of anemia among the pregnant women was found to be 86.37%. Factors such as
diet, level of education of women and their husbands and socioeconomic status were found to be significantly
associated with the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy.
Conclusion: The present study showed high prevalence of anemia and the majority of them were of the
moderate type (hemoglobin: 10-10.9 g/dl). Low socioeconomic class, illiteracy, Multiparous were significantly
associated with high prevalence of anemia during pregnancy in Indian women.
Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module SIM on Level of Knowledge Regardin...ijtsrd
Background Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring. A lack of fertility is infertility while a lack of fecundity would be called sterility. The term infertility is defined as the inability to conceive despite regular and unprotected intercourse for 2 years. However, risk factors such as the womans age, abnormal menstrual periods, history of pelvic inflammatory disease and whether there has been previous abdominal or pelvic surgery, history of undescended testicles may warrant earlier investigations and treatment of infertility. Couples should be aware that 80 will conceive within a year and 90 within two years if they dont use contraception and have regular intercourse.1 Materials and Methods A pre experimental has provided comparison between a group of subjects before and after the experimental treatment used for this study. The sample consisted 60 staff nurses those were working in obstetrics and gynecology department in selected hospital Haridwar . They were selected by Convenient non – probability Sampling Technique. Data was collected by using a structured knowledge questionnaire regarding recent advancement in infertility treatment. Data analysis is done by using descriptive and inferential method. Results Findings suggest that the pre test knowledge score was 15.45 ±3.88 which has increased to post test knowledge score 30.11 ±3.4. Independent sample “t†test was calculated to find the significant difference between means of pretest and post test knowledge scores. The calculated t value was 23.036 df=59 at p 0.05 . This significant improvement in the knowledge can be attributed to the intervention. Conclusion Based on the findings of the study after the implementation of self instructional module, there is a significant increase in knowledge of staff nurses regarding the recent advancement in infertility treatment. Bhawna Sharma | Priscilla John | Asha ""Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module (SIM) on Level of Knowledge Regarding Recent Advancements in Infertility Treatment among the Staff Nurses Working in Obstetrics and Gynecological Departments"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22929.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22929/effectiveness-of-self-instructional-module-sim-on-level-of-knowledge-regarding-recent-advancements-in-infertility-treatment-among-the-staff-nurses-working-in-obstetrics-and-gynecological-departments/bhawna-sharma"
Impact of Hormonal Contraceptive use upon Women's Social Relationship who att...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Crimson Publishers_Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer Risk: A Study among ...CrimsonPublishers-SBB
Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer Risk: A Study among the Bengalee Females of West Bengal, India by Abhishikta Ghosh Roy in Significances of Bioengineering & Biosciences
Ijsrp p8825 Caregiver factors influencing seeking of Early Infant Diagnosis (...Elizabeth kiilu
Caregiver factors influencing seeking of Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) of HIV services in selected hospitals in Nairobi County, Kenya:A qualitative Study
Explore the Knowledge and Impact on Dysmenorrhea among Nursing Students of Se...ijtsrd
Dysmenorrhea is defined as difficult menstrual flow or painful menstruation. It is an ordinary gynecological problem among adolescent ladies which is severe enough to keep them from functioning at home, college or work place for a day or a two every month. Objective To assess the knowledge and impact of dysmenorrhea among nursing students Material and Method A descriptive study was carried out among 201 nursing students selected by purposive technique at M.M university, ambala Haryana by using structured knowledge questionnaire KR 20= 0.72 and impact rating scale chron a= 0.87 respectively from January 2016 to February 2017. Result Most of students were of 19 to 21 yrs in age and 95 were unmarried. 78.6 received knowledge of dysmenorria from mothers. 100 students experienced dysmenorria in which 87.6 had regular cycle, 51.7 felt intermittent pain. Majority 57.2 have good knowledge regarding dysmenorria and mildly affected by it followed by 41.3 are moderately affected by dysmenorria. age, course of study and marital status are significantly associated with knowledge regarding dysmenorrhea whereas level of pain and measures to relieve dysmenorria is significantly associated with impact of dysmenorrhea. Conclusion Formal, informal and special mass media educational programmes may be taken to educate the girls on dysmenorria and measures to relieve .community health nurse and school health nurse need to concerned about it. Pooja Jaswal | Pabalpreet Kaur | Dr. (Mrs) Jyoti Sarin "Explore the Knowledge and Impact on Dysmenorrhea among Nursing Students of Selected College" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33446.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/33446/explore-the-knowledge-and-impact-on-dysmenorrhea-among-nursing-students-of-selected-college/pooja-jaswal
Prenatal care of women who give birth to children with fetal alcohol spectrum...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Background: Few studies have investigated prenatal care use among women who use alcohol during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to investigate rates of prenatal care usage of women who have given birth to children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).
Factors Associated with Antenatal Care Service Utilization among Women with C...YogeshIJTSRD
Maternal and neonatal mortality remains a public health burden around the globe most especially in developing countries. A well utilized antenatal care ANC is however among the identified interventions to reduce this burden of maternal and neonatal mortality rates. A lot of factors therefore predispose, enable and cause mothers to identify the need to utilize this service ANC .This study employed descriptive cross sectional survey design. A semi structured questionnaire consisting of demographic profile of the respondents, their knowledge about ANC services and the level of ANC utilization. Logistic regression analysis techniques and chi square were used for the categorical variables to examine the associations between the dependent and independent variables. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Science software SPSS version 22. Majority 87 of postpartum mothers in the Sunyani municipality attended ANC at least once during their last pregnancy of which 95.6 had four or more visits and 77.1 initiated their ANC attendance within their first trimester. It was further observed that 97.3 of the mothers had good knowledge about ANC. Marital status and ANC knowledge were found to be significantly associated with ANC attendance. Stephen Owusu Sekyere | Kodua Freda "Factors Associated with Antenatal Care Service Utilization among Women with Children under Five Years in Sunyani Municipality, Ghana" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39882.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/39882/factors-associated-with-antenatal-care-service-utilization-among-women-with-children-under-five-years-in-sunyani-municipality-ghana/stephen-owusu-sekyere
The relationship between prenatal self care and adverse birth outcomes in you...iosrjce
Birth outcomes refer to the end result of a pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the
relationship between self care practices during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in young women aged 16
to 24 years at a provincial maternity hospital in Zimbabwel. A descriptive corelational design was used. Orem’s
Self Care theory was used to guide the study. Eighty pregnant women were selected using systematic random
sampling and, data was collected using interviews from the 1 March - 31 April 2012. Permission to carry out
the study was obtained from the provincial maternity hospital, the Department of Nursing Science and the
Medical and Research Council of Zimbabwe. Findings revealed such adverse birth outcomes as prematurity
(between 28-32 weeks) 10 (12.5%), still births, 3 (3.75%), low apgar 17 (21.2%) and low birth weight 16 (20%).
Adverse birth outcomes in the mothers included high blood pressure 32 (40%), HIV infection 20 (25%) and post
partum hemorrhage 7 (8.8%) Twenty-four (30%) participants had not booked for antenatal care, 1 (1.8%)
booked for antenatal care at less than 12 weeks while only 1 (1.8%) disclosed her pregnancy at above 29 weeks’
gestation. There was a moderate significant positive correlation between self care practices and adverse birth
outcomes, r=.340. This meant that birth outcomes improved as self care practices increased. Significant R2
. was
.115 meaning self care practices explained 11.5% of the variance observed in birth outcomes. Midwives should
advocate delay in sexual debut in young women to reduce adverse birth outcomes.
Factors Hindering Adolescents from Utilizing Reproductive Health Services in ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Factors Hindering Adolescents from Utilizing Reproductive Health Services in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital
Emannuel Gutaka 1, Martin Odoki 2, Francis Okedi 3 and *Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu4
1Kampala International University Teaching Hospital and Research (KIU-THR), P.O Box 71, Bushenyi, Uganda.
2Department of Microbiology, Kampala International University Western Campus (KIU-WC), P.O Box 71, Bushenyi, Uganda.
3Department of Surgery, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital and research (KIU-THR) , P.O Box 71, Bushenyi, Uganda.
4Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
In Uganda, only 19% of adolescents utilize adolescents’ reproductive health services yet complications of pregnancy, abortions, and childbirth are the leading cause of disability and death among the same age group. The purpose of this study was to assess factors that were contributing to the low utilization of adolescents’ reproductive health services. A quantitative cross-sectional study employed simple random sampling among 85 adolescents that were attending Kampala international university outpatient clinic. Results found out that majority 46(53.4) of adolescents were aged from 15-16 years, 46(53.4%) were male, 28(32.5%) were Catholics most 81(94.1%) were single. 18(36%) had got the information from their friends, 28(56%) of adolescents said that the information about adolescents' reproductive health services was not freely shared in their communities and 33(66%) said that their communities did not accept adolescents sexual reproductive health services where 7(50%) gave a reason they expected to be young to have sexual intercourse. 43(86%) of adolescents were from within 1-5km, 28(73.8%) mentioned lack of privacy at the facility, and 30(79%) said that health workers segregated adolescents that needed similar reproductive health services. In conclusion, factors that were contributing to the low hindering utilization of adolescents’ reproductive health services were both demographic, socio-economic, and facility related.
Keywords: Adolescents, Reproductive, Health Services, Uganda.
IDOSR JSR 8(2) 40-57.Evaluation of the Awareness and Practice of HIV Positive...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the Awareness and Practice of HIV Positive Mothers towards Infant Feeding Options at Serere Health Center IV, Serere District
Omoding, Basil
School of Nursing, Kampala International University, Uganda
________________________________________ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to evaluate the knowledge and practice of HIV positive mothers towards infant feeding options at Serere Health Center IV, Serere District. The study design was a cross sectional and descriptive research. The research used both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The study involved a total of 30 respondents. HIV positive mothers were not fully knowledgeable about infant feeding options as only half of the respondents 15 (50%) had heard of infant feeding options for HIV positive mothers and obtained information about infant feeding options from health workers. However, most of the respondents 17 (56.7%) were not knowledgeable about the available mixed feeding options and 16 (53.3%) respondents were not aware of the importance of infant feeding options which was perhaps not surprising as most 17 (57%) had never been sensitized by health workers about infant feeding options. Respondents also had poor practices towards the use of infant feeding options and most of them 13 (43.3%) selected their current feeding option because it was cheap, 11 (36.7%) said it was readily accessible while 6 (20%) said it was culturally appropriate. However, majority of respondents 25 (83.3%) were laughed at or criticized for using infant feeding options by 12 (48%) friends, 7 (28%) community members and 6 (24%) relatives yet 25 (83.3%) reported that fear of being laughed at prevented use of using infant feeding options. Furthermore, all respondents 30 (100%) reported facing challenges in using infant feeding options including 14 (46.7%) lack of support by family members and friends, 10 (33.3%) baby not feeding well and 6 (20%) unnaturalness of some methods. We therefore, recommend national sensitization programs about MTCT of HIV as well as how this could be reduced and prevented through adequate and effective use of replacement infant feeding options, supporting health facilities offering EMTCT programs with subsidized infant feeding options such as formula in an effort to improve uptake and utilization of this safe replacement infant feeding option.
Keywords: Infant feeding, Serere District, feeding options, infant formula.
LITERATURE SELECTION2LITERATURE SELECTION6Lite.docxSHIVA101531
LITERATURE SELECTION 2
LITERATURE SELECTION 6
Literature Selection
Augustina Ferguson
Grand Canyon University: NRS-441V
August 30, 2015
Running head: LITERATURE SELECTION 1
Literature Selection
#1
Nwaru, B. I., & Hemminki, E (2011). Infant Care practice in rural China and their relation to prenatal care utilization.Global Public Health, 6(1), 1- 14.doi:10.1080/17441691003667307.
How does each article describe the nature of the problem, issue, or deficit you have identified?
Studies describing postpartum childcare practices and the influence of prenatal care on infant care outcomes in rural China are scarce. Inadequate care was positively associated with never breastfeeding, early introduction of milk formula and cereal/porridge, and early start of work after delivery.
Does each article provide statistical information to demonstrate the gravity of the issue, problem, or deficit?
Yes! Data were available from a Knowledge, Attitude and Perception cross-sectional survey collected from 2001 to 2003, after a prenatal care intervention in Anhui County, China, with a response rate of 97%.
What are example(s) of morbidity, mortality, and rate of incidence or rate of occurrence in the general population?
None Identified
Does each article support your proposed change?
Yes, it does
#2
Udgiri, R., K. J., S., & Sorganvi, V. (2015). Breast Feeding Practices among Postnatal Mothers-a Hospital based Study. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 6(1), 10-13. Grand Canyon University Library. (2015). Research & Resource LopeSearch. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu/
How does each article describe the nature of the problem, issue, or deficit you have identified?
It assesses the knowledge and practices of mothers about breastfeeding Practices Cross- sectional study was carried out for a period of one month.
Does each article provide statistical information to demonstrate the gravity of the issue, problem, or deficit?
A total of 162 postnatal mothers admitted in postnatal ward constitute the sample size. The data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 16th version. The study shows that 21(12.9%) of the babies were feed with prelacteal feeds like honey and sugar water.
What are example(s) of morbidity, mortality, and rate of incidence or rate of occurrence in the general population?
None was identified.
Does each article support your proposed change?
Yes.
# 3
Geçkil, E., Şahin, T., & Tunçdemir, A. (2012). The Effect of * The Following and Supporting Breast-feeding Programme*, That Is Applied by Family Health Staff, on The Mother's Effective Breastfeeding Behaviors in The First Six Months of The Post-Birth Period. (English)
How does each article describe the nature of the problem, issue, or deficit you have identified?
This study investigates the effect of the education and observation of supporting breast-feeding programme that is applied by family health staff on the mothers of the post birt ...
Apart from limited attempts to understand the sexual and reproductive health situations of street children in general, little is known about the overall psycho-social and health related circumstances surrounding pregnancy and child bearing practices of homeless women. The present research was at assessing the overall psycho-social circumstances surrounding Incidences of pregnancy and child bearing among homeless women in Shashemene town. A cross-sectional study design was used in which data were collected between December, 2018 and January, 2019. 163 homeless women, selected on the basis of purposive sampling procedure have participated in the study. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected using survey and depth interview methods (methodical triangulation). While quantifi able data were entered in to SPSS version. 20 for further analysis, qualitative data were transcribed, organized, and narratively presented after fi nding themes in the data. Marriage between homeless women and their men counterparts is a common feature of social interaction in the study area. This social context may justify the fact that most (93.7%) women conceived their last babies intentionally. While respondents were relatively. better off in terms of receiving prenatal care (50.3%), the experience of attending postnatal health care services has been moderately low
(40.6%). Above all, street sides and religious compounds (2.8% & 2.8%, respectively) were also among the places where babies were delivered. Attendance of prenatal care was signifi cantly associated to education (-.284, P < 0.01) and postnatal care (.590, P < 0.01) while post-natal health care seeking behavior was signifi cantly associated to the number of children a woman have (.228, P < 0.01), age of respondents (.278, P < 0.01), experiences of attending prenatal care (.590, P < 0.01) and education (-.389, P < 0.01). Patterns of psycho-social relationships prevalent among the homeless women in Shashemene town hold similarity with the pattern existing in the mainstream society. The concerned governmental and non-governmental organizations should work to enhance the
awareness of the homeless women about contraceptive methods, its advantage, and how it is relevant to their living situations.
Evaluation of factors that contributes to post-partum haemorrhage in Pregnant...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the world’s leading cause of maternal death and accounts for an estimated 127,000 deaths each year. Identification of some of the risk factors such as; previous postpartum haemorrhage, multiple pregnancies, macrosomia, induction of labour, operative vaginal deliveries and cesarean section would help in preventing PPH. The aim of this research was to assess the factors contributing to postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) among pregnant women who attend delivery services in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIU-TH). This study used a cross-sectional descriptive design where by a cross-section of respondents involving 68 respondents were sampled to represent the target population, in these case women who received maternity service from KIU-TH. Only quantitative methods of data collection using questionnaires with closed ended questions were employed for both mothers and health workers. During the study period, 58 women who delivered in the unit and 20 women developed postpartum haemorrhage giving the frequency of postpartum haemorrhage 34.6%. The majority of the women 30% were between 30-34 years of age. Among the women who developed PPH retained placental tissues was the most common cause 50% followed by uterine atony which was 30%. The rest of the causes of PPH were laceration 20%. Postpartum haemorrhage is still a leading but preventable cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in our country due to underutilization of health facilities, the major cause is retained placental tissues followed by uterine atony.
Keywords: post-partum haemorrhage, pregnant women, delivering, Uganda
Evaluation of factors that contributes to post-partum haemorrhage in Pregnant...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the world’s leading cause of maternal death and accounts for an estimated 127,000 deaths each year. Identification of some of the risk factors such as; previous postpartum haemorrhage, multiple pregnancies, macrosomia, induction of labour, operative vaginal deliveries and cesarean section would help in preventing PPH. The aim of this research was to assess the factors contributing to postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) among pregnant women who attend delivery services in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIU-TH). This study used a cross-sectional descriptive design where by a cross-section of respondents involving 68 respondents were sampled to represent the target population, in these case women who received maternity service from KIU-TH. Only quantitative methods of data collection using questionnaires with closed ended questions were employed for both mothers and health workers. During the study period, 58 women who delivered in the unit and 20 women developed postpartum haemorrhage giving the frequency of postpartum haemorrhage 34.6%. The majority of the women 30% were between 30-34 years of age. Among the women who developed PPH retained placental tissues was the most common cause 50% followed by uterine atony which was 30%. The rest of the causes of PPH were laceration 20%. Postpartum haemorrhage is still a leading but preventable cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in our country due to underutilization of health facilities, the major cause is retained placental tissues followed by uterine atony.
Keywords: post-partum haemorrhage, pregnant women, delivering, Uganda
Objective: To evaluate the utility of a targeted lecture in improving FP awareness amongst clinicians.
Design: This is a dual institution, prospective survey-based study assessing if an educational lecture can increase the likelihood of FP consideration, discussion, and referral.
Maternal & Infant Risks Regarding Extreme Age of PregnancyAI Publications
Background: Extremes of maternal age are of considerable clinical and public health concern as it plays an important role in infant and maternal health. This study aims to determine the effect of extreme maternal age at pregnancy on a mother and infant’s health. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional analytical observational study, conducted on a pediatric outpatient clinic at Teaching Hospital, with a purposive sample of 450 mothers. A structured questionnaire was designed, which included socio-demographic data, factors related to pregnancy care, and factors related to the infant. Results: The main maternal health problem during pregnancy was anemia and pregnancy induced hypertension with a statistically significant association between the mother’s age and maternal morbidity. The main causes of baby admission into hospital were diarrhea and acute respiratory diseases, with a statistical significant. Conclusion: There was an agonizing correlation between extreme maternal age and infant health. A serious collaborative effort must be done between social worker in health facilities and community, to rise up awareness about the suitable age of marriage and reproductive health.
Assessment of Factors that affect male partner involvement in emergency obste...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Assessment of Factors that affect male partner involvement in emergency obstetric care in Fortportal Regional referral hospital
Norah, Ngami Mutuku
Department of Medicine, Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Male partner involvement has been recognized as a key factor in improving maternal health and reducing maternal mortality in settings where men play key roles in decision making in the household. Male partner involvement is one of the strategies that can be used to accelerate the decline in maternal mortality and improve maternal health. The objective of this study was to determine the level of male partner involvement in emergency obstetric care and/or came from home in labour and identify factors that influenced their involvement. A cross-sectional survey using interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was conducted among 150 women aged 18 years. Male involvement was measured using a composite measure of 5 key points. Pearson Chi-Square was used to test association between the various factors and the level of male involvement and logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the influence of these factors on the level of male involvement. The mean age of participants was 32.9 years (SD=8.2). Overall, 26.4% had high level of involvement, 55.2% had moderate level of involvement and 18.4% had low level of involvement. The period with the highest proportion of high male involvement was during labour and delivery. Younger age (18-25years vs. 26-35years: OR=0.28, 95%CI: 0.12, 0.66) and the couple living with other family members negatively impacted on the level of male involvement. On the other hand, higher level of education (Tertiary: OR=40.57, 95%CI- 3.16, 520.32; Senior Secondary: OR=7.73, 95% CI- 1.61, 37.15) and the couple living together (OR= 13.12, 95%CI 6.86, 25.08) had a positive influence on the level of male involvement. Healthcare institution barriers to male partner involvement included poor staff attitudes, restrictions on male access to labour and delivery rooms and unwelcoming health facility environment. Male involvement in emergency obstetric care and/or came from home in labour was not optimal. Improving male-friendliness of health facilities in terms of infrastructure, organization of services and staff attitudes and education of the community especially men to sensitize them against the negative attitudes towards male participation in maternity care can improve male involvement. The Hospital Management Team in collaboration with the community leaders should organize educational campaigns within the communities to educate community members especially the men, on the importance and benefits of male involvement in maternal health care. Such campaigns can also address negative sociocultural norms and attitudes. The hospital should restructure the maternal health clinics to make them more male friendly. Adequate space and privacy must be provided.
Assessment of Factors that affect male partner involvement in emergency obste...
Ijpsr14 05-11-015
1. Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and
Practice among Regular Female
Preparatory School Students towards
Emergency Contraceptives in Mekelle,
Northern Ethiopia
Solomon Abrha, Feven Zeratsion, Fantahun Molla, Tadele Eticha, Admassu Assen, Wondim Melkam
Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
Email: abrha.solomon13@gmail.com
Abstract
Background: Emergency Contraceptive (EC) is a type of modern contraception that is indicated after
unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure. Use of EC with in a defined time period could prevent
unwanted pregnancy and its damaging consequences like unintended child birth and unsafe abortion. The
objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of emergency contraceptives among
female preparatory students in Mekelle, North Ethiopia.
Method: A cross sectional study was conducted among 366 female students at Atse Yohanesse preparatory
school from January to May 2013. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select study participants.
Data processing and analyzing was done using statistical package for social sciences version 20.
Result: In this study, about 90.7% of the respondents had heard about emergency contraceptives. The major
sources of information were mass media, club in school and friends. About 277 (75.7%) of the students had
good knowledge about EC. The older age was significantly associated with the students’ awareness (AOR =
2.32, 95% CI: 1.23-4.37). The majority (229(64.9%)) of respondents had a positive attitude towards EC. Age
and ethnic group were significantly associated with the students’ attitude towards EC. Among those respondents
who used contraceptives, 60.5% of them responded to use EC. About two-third (67.4%) of ever users of EC had
good knowledge of the correct time of taking EC after unprotected sexual intercourse.
Conclusion: Although the findings of this study showed high prevalence of knowledge and attitude towards EC
among respondents, the improvement of female students’ knowledge about specific details of the method and
timely utilization of emergency contraception is still required.
Key words: Emergency contraceptive, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, AtseYohannes preparatory school
Introduction
Each year there are about 250 million pregnancies globally and one third of these are unintended and 20% of
these undergo induced abortion. In low income countries, more than one third of the 182 million pregnancies are
unintended; the fate of 19% of unintended pregnancy in low income countries is induced abortion, and 11% of
this is unsafe [1]
. Unsafe abortion has much ill effects in women’s health, each year about 68,000 women die
because of unsafe abortion, and millions of women end up with many complications of unsafe abortion, such as
severe infection and bleeding. This could have been immensely reduced by using Emergency Contraceptive
(EC) in the defined time period. EC is a type of modern contraception that is indicated after unprotected sexual
intercourse, following sexual abuse, misuse of regular contraception or non use of contraception [1, 2, 3]
. EC can
reduce the risk of an unintended pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure by 75%
to 99%, if it is taken within 72 hours of sexual intercourse. ECs are cost effective, medically safe, and highly
effective to be used for prevention of unplanned pregnancy, unsafe abortion and other consequences [4]
.
In Ethiopia, unwanted pregnancy is a big problem; more than 60% of the pregnancies in adolescents are
unwanted resulting from unprotected sexual intercourse which is an alarming figure, and most of these
pregnancies particularly in adolescents end up with unsafe abortion [5, 6]
. Unsafe abortion is one of the top causes
incriminated in the high number of maternal morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia. According to a national survey
on abortion conducted in 2000 by World health organization (WHO), abortion related mortality was 1,209 per
100,000 live births [5, 7]
. In about half of all unwanted pregnancies, conception and unsafe abortion occurring in
the country is due to inadequate guidance to use contraception effectively, including the users’ inability to
address their feelings, poor attitudes towards contraceptives, and lack of motivations. Despite the effort made by
the health authority in Ethiopia to prevent unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortion among youths of age less than
Solomon Abrha et al./ International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research (IJPSR)
ISSN : 0975-9492 Vol 5 No 11 Nov 2014 856
2. 24 years and the number of youths requesting termination of pregnancy is increasing annually [6]
. Thus,
understanding the knowledge, attitude and practice of teenage girls towards EC is critical for countries like
Ethiopia with a population policy aiming at reducing the unwanted pregnancy. Unfortunately, a few researches
have been conducted in the study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge,
attitude and practice of emergency contraception among Atse Yohannes preparatory school female students in
Mekelle.
Methods
Settings and study design
A cross-sectional study was conducted at Atse Yohannes preparatory school in Mekelle town, which is located
783 km away from the capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. Atse Yohannes preparatory school is the oldest school
in Mekelle and has a capacity of receiving higher number of students compared to the others.
Study participants and sampling technique
All voluntary female preparatory school students available during data collection were included in the study.
The sample size was calculated by using single proportion formula by considering 95% confidence interval, 5%
margin of error, 35.6% of prevalence rate of KAP toward emergency contraceptive [8]
and 5% of non-response
rate. The final calculated sample size was 366 after adding a 5% of the non-response rate.
A stratified random sampling technique was used to collect the data. Stratification was done based on year and
area of study. Study participants from each year and area of study were selected by simple random sampling
method proportional to their population size.
Ethical consideration
The study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Review Committee of College of Health Sciences,
Mekelle University. The purpose of the study was explained to all study participants; they were also informed
that all of their responses are confidential and anonymous, and their verbal (informed) consent was sought.
Data collection and analysis
Data was collected by using structured questionnaire containing close ended questions. The questionnaire was
developed by reviewing relevant literature in English; then translated into the local language (Tigrigna) and
back translated into English to check the accuracy by an independent translator. To increase the quality of the
data, the questionnaire had been pre-tested in similar setups before the actual data collection was commenced.
Data processing and analyzing were done by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20.
Descriptive statistics such as frequency and proportion for categorical variables including cross-tabulations were
used for data summarization. Finally, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of
knowledge and attitudes towards EC by controlling the effect of potential confounding variables. In this model,
factors with a bivariate test value ≤ 0.05 were included. All p values were two tailed with the significance
level set at 0.05.
To generate the summarized level of knowledge questions were calculated after a number of questions were
presented. Correct answers were given score 1 and incorrect answers 0. The sum was computed and those
who scored above the mean were labeled as having “good” knowledge and those who scored below the
mean were labeled to have “Poor knowledge’.
Four attitude indicators/items of EC were used to measure the overall attitudes of the respondents towards EC.
Respondents who scored above the mean were considered as having positive attitude and those who scored
below the mean were considered as having negative attitude. The measurement for both Knowledge and attitude
was adopted from previous researchers [8]
.
Operational definitions
Sexually active: having a previous history of vaginal sexual intercourse.
Unintended pregnancy: pregnancy occurred with no plan.
Knowledge: awareness of the existence of EC, its importance and effectiveness.
Attitude: Intention of using or recommending EC when a need arises. Intending to use or recommend is
considered as a positive attitude, and no intention as a negative attitude.
Practice: Any previous history of EC usage.
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants
A total of 366 students participated in this study (Table 1) making a response rate of 100 %. The age of study
participants was ranged from 15 to 21 years with a mean age of 18.11±1.05 years. The majority (68.3%) of the
respondents were Orthodox Christians by religion, followed by Muslims (12.3%), Catholic (9.3%) and others
Solomon Abrha et al./ International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research (IJPSR)
ISSN : 0975-9492 Vol 5 No 11 Nov 2014 857
3. (10.1%). Most (86.3%) of the study participants were Tigre by ethnicity. Majority of the students’ parents, 86.6
% of fathers and 60.5 % of mothers, had at least completed their secondary school.
Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of female students at Atse Yohannes preparatory school, April, 2013 (n = 366).
Variable Frequency Percentage
Age 15-18 220 60.1
>18 146 39.9
Mean age(SD) 18.11 ±1.05
Religion Orthodox 250 68.3
Catholic 34 9.3
Muslim 45 12.3
Others 37 10.1
Ethnic group Tigre 316 86.3
Others 50 13.7
Grade 11 229 62.6
12 137 37.4
Faculty Natural science 152 41.5
Social science 214 58.5
Father’s education Illiterate 12 3.3
Primary 37 10.1
Secondary 197 53.8
Tertiary 120 32.8
Mother’s education Illiterate 37 10.1
Primary 107 29.2
Secondary 200 54.6
Tertiary 22 6.0
Reproductive characteristics
As it is depicted in the Table 2, nearly one fourth (23.5%) of the study participants were sexually active. Of the
sexually active respondents, 4.7% (4) were having the incident of unintended pregnancy (UP). Three of the
students terminated the unwanted pregnancy through induced abortion at health facilities while one student
continued the pregnancy.
Table 2: Response of female Atse Yohannes preparatory School students on sexual experience, April, 2013 (n=366).
Variable Frequency Percentage
Sexually active
Yes 86 23.5
No 280 76.5
Unintended Pregnancy
Yes 4 1.1
No 82 22.4
Solution (options) for Unintended Pregnancy
Continue the pregnancy 1 0.3
Abortion by health workers 3 0.8
Knowledge, attitude and practice of EC
In the present study, about three fourth (75.7%) of the respondents had good knowledge while 64.9% had
positive attitude towards EC.
Most (98.7%) of the respondents had heard about contraceptives. Among the contraceptives, pill, condom, and
injection were the most commonly known methods by the respondents (42.6%) followed by oral pill and
condom (35.5%), oral pill only (13.9%), and condom only (5.7%). A majority (90.7%) of the students had ever
heard about EC. Mass media, club in school and friends were the major sources of information for almost half of
the study participants (49.2%) (Table 3). Most of the students (60.1%) reported that EC was obtained from a
pharmacy.
Solomon Abrha et al./ International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research (IJPSR)
ISSN : 0975-9492 Vol 5 No 11 Nov 2014 858
4. Table 3: Knowledge of the respondents on EC among female Atse Yohannes prepartory School students in Mekelle, April, 2013 (n=366).
Variable Number(n=366) Percent (%)
Ever heard of contraceptives
Yes
No
362
4
98.9
1.1
Type of contraceptives
Pill 51 13.9
Injection 1 0.3
Condom 21 5.8
IUCD 2 0.6
Implant 1 0.3
Pill, injection, condom 156 43.1
Pill, condom 130 35.9
Ever heard of EC
Yes
No
332
34
90.7
9.3
Source of EC
Pharmacy
Shop
Privet clinic
Governmental health institution
Pharmacy and shop
220
8
1
2
106
60.1
2.2
0.3
0.5
29.0
Source of information
Mass media
Parents
Teachers in class
Health worker education
Mass media, club in school, friends
Club in school, friends
70
29
24
19
180
40
19.1
7.9
6.6
5.2
49.2
10.9
Table 4 indicates socio-demographic factors associated with knowledge of EC among female students at Atse
Yohannes preparatory school. The only factor among socio-demographic characteristics significantly associated
with knowledge about EC was age of the students. Older female students were more likely to have good
knowledge about EC compared to the younger ones (AOR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.23-4.37). Grade of the students
was retained in the multivariate model as a confounder of being older age of the students.
Socio-demographic variables associated with attitude towards EC among female students at Atse Yohannes
preparatory school are shown in Table 5. From logistic regression models, younger female students had a 46%
reduced odds of positive attitude towards EC compared to the older students (AOR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.31-0.95).
On the other hand, being Tigre by ethnicity was more likely to have a positive attitude towards EC than other
ethnic groups (AOR = 3.53, 95% CI: 1.69-7.35).
Solomon Abrha et al./ International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research (IJPSR)
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6. Table 5: Socio-demographic factors associated with attitude towards EC among female students at Atse Yohannes preparatory school
(n=366).
Variable Positive
Attitude,
n(%)
Negative
Attitude,
n(%)
COR (95%
CI)
AOR (95%
CI)
Age 15-18 122(58.9) 85(41.1) 1 0.54(0.31,
0.95)
>18 105(73.4) 38(26.6) 1.93(1.21,
3.06)
1
Religion Orthodox 81(65.8) 81(34.2) 1.41(0.74,
2.70)
1.66(0.81,
3.39)
Catholic 21(65.6) 11(34.4) 1.40(0.55,
3.57)
1.48(0.52,
4.21)
Muslim 26(57.8) 19(42.2) 1 1
Ethnic
group
Tigre 207(68.5) 95(31.5) 3.64(1.64,
5.69)
3.53(1.69,
7.35)
Others 20(41.7) 28(58.3) 1 1
Grade 11 132(60.8) 85(39.2) 1 0.66(0.37,
1.16)
12 95(71.4) 38(28.6) 1.61(1.01,
2.56)
1
Faculty Natural
science
87(61.3) 55(38.7) 1 0.86(0.51,
1.44)
Social
science
140(67.3) 68(32.7) 1.30(0.83,
2.03)
1
Father’s
education
Illiterate 9(90.0) 1(10.0) 4.28(0.53,
34.97)
5.04(0.46,
55.70)
Primary 22(64.78) 12(35.3) 0.87(0.39,
1.94)
0.71(0.26,
1.93)
Secondary 116(61.7) 72(38.3) 0.77(0.47,
1.24)
0.76(0.43,
1.35)
Tertiary 80(67.8) 38(32.2) 1 1
Mother’s
education
Illiterate 29(85.3) 5(14.7) 2.68(0.69,
10.38)
3.01(0.66,
13.86)
Primary 57(56.4) 44(43.6) 0.60(0.21,
1.70)
0.58(0.18,
1.89)
Secondary 128(65.3) 68(34.7) 0.87(0.32,
2.39)
0.95(0.32,
2.90)
Tertiary 13(64.9) 6(31.6) 1 1
Of the sexually active students, 88.4% respondents reported to have ever used contraceptives while 53.5% were
used EC. Lack of privacy/confidentiality (70%) was the most common reason cited by the students who had
never used EC. Majority (60.9%) of the study participants used EC in their lifetime for less than five times.
Among ever used respondents, Just above one third (36%) of the respondents and about two third (67.4%) of
ever users of EC reported that they used EC within 72 hours of unprotected sexual intercourse.
Solomon Abrha et al./ International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research (IJPSR)
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7. Table 6: Utilization of contraceptives among sexual active female students at Atse Yohannes preparatory school, April, 2013
Questions related to usage of contraception
Frequency
Percent
Ever used contraceptives
(n=86)
Yes 76 88.4
No 10 11.6
Ever used EC (n=86) Yes 46 53.5
No 40 46.5
Reasons for not to use EC
(n=40)
Health workers
unwillingness
4 10
Drug unavailability 8 20
Lack of
privacy/confidentiality
28 70
Frequency of EC usage
(n=46)
<5 times 28 60.9
>5 times 2 4.4
I don’t remember 16 4.7
Time EC can work (n=46) Until 72hr 31 67.4
Until 86hr 3 6.5
Not time dependent 12 26.1
Discussion
Unintended pregnancy poses a major challenge to the reproductive health of youth in developing countries.
Some young women who had unintended pregnancies induce abortion. Many of which are performed in unsafe
conditions and others carry their pregnancies to term, incurring the risk of morbidity and mortality higher than
those for adult women [9]
. Emergency contraceptive can prevent pregnancy when taken shortly after unprotected
sex. In this study, 4.7% (4 students) of ever sexually active respondents reported to have the history of unwanted
pregnancy. However, the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among the total study participants was
1.1%, which is lower than reported by other studies conducted in the country, which ranged between 3-
50% [1, 5, 9, 10]
. Moreover, this study among four unintended pregnancy incidents three of them were terminated
through induced abortion. The good news is that all induced abortions were performed at health facilities;
therefore, the respondents did not inflict themselves to untrained abortionists that could threaten their life or
darken their future career.
The result of this study showed that more than three fourth of the respondents had heard of the existence of EC.
This result is lower than the study done on high school students in Scotland (98%) [11]
and Finland (98%) [12]
;
comparable with the study done in Mexico (72.3%) [13]
and Canada (80%) [14]
; and higher than the study
conducted in Nepal (47%) [15]
. Besides, the figure in this study is slightly higher when compared to similar
studies done among university students in Addis Ababa University (84.2%) [1]
and Bahir Dar university
[83.5%][10]
in Ethiopia where as it is very high as opposed to 41% in Jimma University, Ethiopia [7]
and 49.8%
in University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa [16]
.
On overall summary index for knowledge, three quarter (75.7%) of the respondents had good knowledge about
EC in this study, which is lower than the result obtained in the study conducted among high school students in
Finland (95.5%) [17]
. The other studies done among high school students in Mexico and Nepal also indicated the
knowledge of EC to have been 39% and 17%, respectively [13, 15]
, which shows that there is a significant
difference with the current study. The relatively high level of awareness and knowledge in this study suggests
the unrelenting effort by the government and non-governmental organizations in implementing school sex
education program and service promotion on the emergency contraception. This is further complimented by the
result found in this study as the commonest source of information about EC was mass media followed by clubs
in school.
The students’ attitude towards EC was also assessed in this study. Accordingly, 64.9% of them had a positive
attitude. The positive attitude of respondents towards EC is lower than the report from Parbat, Nepal on
high school students which was 96% [15]
. Besides, a significant number of studies conducted on post secondary
female students reported positive attitude towards EC even though the level is lower than what is reported in this
study. For instance, 53% of respondents in Addis Ababa University [7]
, 56.7% of respondents in Bahir Dar
University [18]
and 62.9% of respondents in Adama University [5]
had positive attitudes towards EC. However, a
considerable proportion of respondents in the current study believed that using ECs can protect from HIV/STI.
Thus, responsible governmental and non-governmental sectors have to dedicate some resources and time to raise
Solomon Abrha et al./ International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research (IJPSR)
ISSN : 0975-9492 Vol 5 No 11 Nov 2014 862
8. the knowledge of the students on the pros and cons of EC and other consequences which the use of EC might
bring. These includes, wide spread use of ECs could increase the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and other
STIs, emergency contraception promotes promiscuity, and emergence contraception will affect regular
methods of contraception negatively.
The prevalence of practice of ECs among sexually active respondents in this study was found to be 53.5%.
Practice of EC among participants of this study is high when compared to studies done on female high school
students in Scotland (31.4%) [11]
, Finland (10%) [12]
, Nepal (8.34%) [15]
, and Mexico (16.4%) [13]
. In contrast, the
prevalence of practice of ECs in the current study is lower than the studies conducted amongst female university
students with a proportion of 73.4 % in Bahr Dar university [10]
and 75% in Addis Ababa University [1]
. From
the preceding, it can be easily identified that female students with good awareness, attitude and knowledge are
more likely to practice ECs. Because of the fact that the respondents in this study are well informed about
emergency contraception, the prevalence of use of ECs is high unlike other respondents in the aforementioned
high schools. The practice of ECs can also be well supported by low percentage of experiencing an unintended
pregnancy revealed by the current study.
The knowledge of the respondents regarding the correct time for taking ECs in this study (67.4%) is much
higher when compared to other studies done in high school female students in different countries such as
Scotland (26.4%) [11]
, in Nepal (9.58%) [15] and Canada (8%) [14]
. Although a significant number of respondents
who practiced EC mentioned the correct timing of administration of the pills after unexpected sexual contact,
this figure is not enough due to the fact that among the respondent with incidence of unwanted pregnancies in
this study, three of them had no idea about the right time to take their pills. This could be coincidence,
nevertheless due attention should be given for the time frame up to which the ECs can be effective during school
sex education and media promotion.
Conclusions
Emergency contraceptive is the only option of preventing unwanted pregnancy after unprotected sexual
intercourse. The majority of respondents in this study heard about EC and had good knowledge and positive
attitude; nevertheless, some respondents lack detailed information about EC. Therefore, to increase knowledge
about EC and to bring attitudinal change among female secondary school students there should be a continuous
open health education on specific information about EC.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Mekelle University for providing reference materials for the success of this
work. The authors also want to express appreciation for all respondents who spared their valuable time to
participate in the study and share their experiences on knowledge, attitude and practice of emergency
contraceptives.
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