Salt marshes in cumbria
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The document describes salt marshes located in Cumbria, England. It notes that the area is very flat with identifiable pans and creeks draining salt water. The relief is low and the marshes are extensive, covering a large area. Different colors in the marshes represent varying environments and abiotic factors that influence the types of plants that can grow there. Higher areas support bushes and trees while lower flats are mostly bare mud and silt.
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Chapter 4 groundwater hydrology
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. Groundwater is flowing from Well A to Well B.
2. The hydraulic gradient is (102 m - 105 m) / 1000 m = 0.003
3. The flux is q = K i = 10 m/day * 0.003 = 0.03 m/day
4. The porosity is 250 mL / 1000 mL = 25%
5. The remaining 50 mL of water is held in the material by capillary forces.
6. The porosity would be less for clay than sand.
7. Less water would pour out if we use clay instead of sand.
8. [T/F] An aquiclude is
Chapter4groundwaterhydrology 130630055824-phpapp02
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. From Well A to Well B
2. 3 m/1000 m = 0.003
3. 0.003 * 10 m/day = 0.03 m/day = 0.03 m3/day
4. 25%
5. The remaining 50 mL of water is held in the pores by capillary forces.
6. Less, since clay has lower porosity than sand
7. Less, since clay has lower specific yield than sand
8. True
9. False
10. False
11. True
12. Stream Depletion Factors are used to assess the effects of well pumping on stream flow. They depend on
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Donaoooo4b2
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L3.ap longshore drift and deposition
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2) Abrasion involves the dissolving of limestone by carbonic acid in seawater and the expansion of salt crystals in the rock causing it to disintegrate.
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The River Zambezi floods of 2009 in Namibia displaced over 50,000 people from their homes and caused over $136 million in economic losses. Heavy rainfall led to river levels rising by 8 meters, inundating villages and agricultural land. Over 700,000 people, a third of Namibia's population, were affected. The floods demonstrated the local authorities' inability to respond adequately, with relief efforts hampered by poor coordination. International aid of $7 million was provided to help establish relief camps and address health and sanitation issues.
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Landforms[1]
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Chapter4groundwaterhydrology 130630055824-phpapp02
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Salt marshes in cumbria
- 1. Salt marshes in CUMBRIA Eskmeals Millom
- 2. East of Millom but very close to the terraced housing in Millom Road
- 3. The area is very flat with easily identifiable pans [sticking up] and creeks [draining the salt water]. Notice the stepped cross- Section of the creek profile.
- 4. The other beck is called Crook Pool – what does this suggest about the gradient and shape? This is located near Delph Bridge
- 5. What is the relief like? How extensive is the area? Any clues of other processes at work?
- 6. SD1854 Look at the area from satellite Notice how small the Delph Bridge triangle is compared to the rest of the Duddon Estuary
- 8. http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/643520 Copyright Andrew Hill Creative Commons Can you identify the main channel? Are any distributaries obvious? Notise how the pan is very square as the drainage has become trellised Why do we think it runs like this?
- 9. Esk Meals SD 0994 What clues do we have that the area is very flat? Can you identify an area of salt marsh?
- 10. Look carefully at the different colours How do these represent different environments? Therefore how do the abotic factors influence plant types?
- 11. http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1059464 Nigel Chadwick Creative commons Look at this image by Nigel Chadwick can you identify different ecological niches?
- 12. View up the Esk Valley towards Hard Knott and Scafell The creek is far better defined here with no stepping, why do you think this is? Can you identify different species habitats? How does the area compare with Millom?
- 13. Don’t forget the mud and silt This view southwards shows how quickly the stepped profile moves away up from the flood plain
- 14. The ripples indicate how the tide migrates, notice how odd clumps coagulate initially at the water edge. See also in the distance how eventually bushes and trees establish themselves
- 15. A nice shot bringing together: creek pan, drainage and main channel
- 16. Remember also that fluvial [river] water drains across the salt marsh moving load and depositing this in its channel
- 17. Finally – can you identify different species?