This document provides a summary of on-farm feed management practices for three major carp species (rohu, catla, and mrigal) cultured in Andhra Pradesh, India. It discusses the sources of feed (manures and fertilizers), expansion of carp aquaculture areas, changes in culture areas as pangus culture increased, and current estimated culture areas for major carps and pangus. It also briefly mentions the role of capture fisheries and transport of manures and fertilizers used as feed.

1. January | February 2012
Feature title: On-farm feed management practices for three Indian
major carp species - in Andhra Pradesh, India
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2. FEATURE FEATURE
On-farm feed management
practices for three Indian major carp species
, India
in And hra Pradesh
areas not
by dealers, but
by the trac-
production tor owners
contributed in the local
by fish other areas. They deal
by R Ramakrishna Senior Scientist, Fisheries Research Station, SV Veterinary University Undi, Andhra Pradesh, India
than carps with the owners
G
was about 50 of the production
One ShOt At
lobal aquaculture production Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan continued to expand beyond 1981 result- percent, and prawns and carps points and transport
is estimated at 66.7 million also. Both rohu and catla were introduced in ing in the conversion of about 5000ha of was 30 percent and 10 percent respectively the manure up to a
tonnes. Asian fed aquaculture to nine non-native countries and mrigal in to flood-prone fallow land and even agricultural (Venkateswara Rao et al., 2003). distance of five to
contributed for 54 percent of seven such countries (Welcome, 1988). fields. Most of the carp culture area in Andhra 20km; each tractor
the total aquaculture production. The esti- Until the 19th Century carp culture was Pradesh is located in and around the Kolleru Source water for fish culture can transport two
mated fish production from Asia contributed
88.5 percent of fish in terms of quantity and
71 percent in terms of value to total world
confined to backyard ponds in Eastern Indian
states west Bengal, Orissa and Bihar. The
source of seed for this type culture was
Lake (Nandeesha and Gopal Rao, 1989).
By 1985, fish culture expanded on a large
scale to other irrigated areas in Krishna and
In West Godavari, Krishna and East
Godavari districts the fish farmers are allowed
to draw water only from the agricultural
to three tonnes of
cattle dung. Besides
the transport
AquAfeed PerfectiOn
fed aquaculture production (FAO, 2006). natural seed from reverine resources. The Godavari districts and on a smaller scale to drains, for which they pay Rs. 500/- as a charge, the owners
advent of successful induced breeding through Nellore, Guntur, Prakasam and East Godavari revenue charge. In Nellore district water for obtain a commis- In the competitive aquafeed industry, you
Global food fish production projected hypophysation in 1957, carp seed production districts. shows the estimated culture area of fish culture is drawn from irrigation canals, sion of Rs75 to 100 only get one shot to put the perfect product in
by the year 2020 is 130 million tonnes, out technology provided an impetus for a new era Indian major carps in the Kolleru and surround- drains. In this district sub soil water (drawn out (Rs100=US$1.89) the bag. That’s why so many leading aquafeed
of which the production from aquaculture of carp culture in the country. ing areas in the West Godavari and Krishna mechanically for bore wells) is also a major per each tonne cat- manufacturers in the industry count on Extru-Tech to
is expected to be 53.6 million tonnes. The The demonstration of successful com- districts during 1981 to 2010. sources for fish culture. The ponds or farms tle dung delivered. engineer the perfect aquafeed production solution.
estimated production form carps, barbs and posite culture of Indian- and Chinese major The culture area of Indian major carps of a fish farmer are registered by the state Among the
other cyprinids from India was 10.74 million carps by the Central Inland Fisheries Research reached a peak of 80,000ha. With the gradual government on the insistence that the farmer chemical fertilisers, Is your aquafeed production system on target?
tonnes (Brugere and Ridler, 2004). Institute in West Bengal state during the peri- expansion of pangus culture, 10,000ha, of area uses only drain water for the culture. single super phos- Could you use a cost effective improvement
India is a carp country from aquaculture od 1963 through 1984 (Jhingran, 1991), and originally belonged to the culture of Indian phate, di-ammonium
in performance and finished product quality?
point of view. There has been a phenomenal massive demonstration of this culture tech- major carps has been converted for mono Organic manures and phosphate and urea
Contact one of the Aquafeed Consultants
expansion of commercial carp culture in con- nology through Fish Farmers Development or mixed culture of Pangasianodon hypoph- inorganic fertilizers is the widely used
structed earthen ponds in certain Indian states Agencies located through out the country thalmus, Sauvage, (pangus), introduced in Manures and fertilizers play a key role in fertilisers, through at Extru-Tech today at 785-284-2153.
such as Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana. inspired private farmers to take up seed pro- to Andhra Pradesh in 1994 to 1995 from the Indian major carp culture in producing potash and complex
In several other states (Orissa, Karnataka duction and pond culture of major carps on a Bangladesh via West Bengal State, India. phytoplankton and zooplankton. The two fertilisers are also
and Tamilnadu) commercial carp culture is commercial scale. Thus, the culture area of Indian major most widely used organic manures poultry used. These fertilis-
gaining momentum. Reservoirs and other In Andhra Pradesh, pond culture of Indian carps reduced to the presently estimated manure followed by cattle manure are abun- ers are commonly
freshwater bodies are also the important major carps was initiated in the Kolleru Lake 70,000ha. Presently the total pangus area in dantly available in the state and in the fish used in the rice agri-
sources of Indian major carp production in region in 1976, with the construction of 133 the state is estimated to be 20,000ha. The culture areas also since Andhra Pradesh is culture and other
®
India. fish ponds by the State Government, covering field observations indicate that the culture basically an agrarian state, with rich population crops grown in the
The recent freshwater fish production an area of 2040ha. area of both Indian major carps and pangus is of cattle, and stands number one in the coun- same districts.
in India is 3.7 million tonnes of which about Success achieved by a few private farmers still expanding in West Godavari, Krishna, East try in poultry farming. The poultry manure is a Both the groups Corporate Office
80 percent (2.96 million tonnes) is from the during the initial years of culture encouraged Godavari and Nellore districts. waste at poultry farms and is to be disposed of farmers, of agri- P.O. Box 8 • 100 Airport Road
production of the three Indian major carps people belonging to a cross section of the The Kolleru Lake and surrounding areas off. Poultry manure is supplied to farmers culture and fish cul- Sabetha, KS 66534, USA
namely Labeo rohita Hamilton (rohu), Catla society in Krishna and West Godavari districts in the West Godavari and Krishna districts is through dealers, who maintain contacts with ture, purchase the Phone: 785-284-2153
Fax: 785-284-3143
catla Hamilton (catla), and Cirrhinus mrigala to take up commercial fish culture in and the present cradle of Indian major carps and the owners of big poultry farms located across chemical fertilisers
extru-techinc@extru-techinc.com
Hamilton (mrigal) from Asia. There produc- around Kolleru Lake on a large scale. pangus culture. In East Godavari and Nellore the state. from the state gov-
www.extru-techinc.com
tion is: rohu, 1,332,000; catla, 1,331,000 and Other factors, which contributed to the districts estimated the culture area is 4000ha The mode of transport is by 10 to17 ernment - author-
mrigal, 360,000 tonnes (2008a). About 90 rapid development of fish culture in this each. tonnes capacity lorries. The transport cost, ized local dealers,
percent of the production of the three Indian region, include, frequent inundation of agricul- which comes to Rs250 to 300 per tonne or local agricultural
major carps is expected to be contributed tural cropland due to floods, increased cost Capture fisheries (Rs100=US$1.89) is included in the price paid cooperatives stores.
from India. of labour, and low return from paddy crops. Traditionally, Kolleru Lake has been a rich by the farmer. The dealer gets a commission of All these are
By the year 1981 several fish farms ranging wild fisheries resource. Capture fisheries pro- Rs200 to 300 per 10 tonnes of poultry manure under the control
Widely cultivated from 2 to 100ha were constructed in this duction was 7000 tonnes in 1974. During the delivered. Cattle dung is usually procured and regulation of the
Indian major carps are widely cultured in region (Gopal Rao, 1987). Fish culture area years of normal environmental conditions the from the production points in the near by district Agricultural
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2012 January-February 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
ET-210B.indd 1 12/17/10 10:27 AM

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4. FEATURE
interest rate of 18 percent instead of from
the private financiers elsewhere at higher rate
of interest.
National Fisheries
Development Board
The National Fisheries Development
Board (NFDB) was established in July 2006,
in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. NFDB is
an autonomous organization under the
administrative control of the Department of
Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries,
of (the Government of India). The overall
objective of the board is to empower all
Indian states and union territories through
implementing various activities related to
almost all spheres of fisheries and aqua-
culture in the country and also through
providing financial support mainly through
Officers. During the periods of shortage, the the current crop loan. If a lessee has a valid subsidies.
agricultural officers ensure that the chemical agreement signed by the owner of a pond or NFDB provides financial assistance to the
fertilisers are sold to agriculture farmers only. farm, for a period of five consecutive years, the eligible candidates for the establishment of
Fish farmers have to wait till the free avail- lesser is also eligible to obtain crop loans from feed mills of large scale (installed capacity
ability of the fertilisers restores or they have the nationalized and local co-operative banks. five tonnes/ha), medium scale (two tonnes/
to purchase them through rice agriculturists ha), and small scale (1.2 tonnes/ha) units.
usually at a little higher price. Co-operative banks For the first two categories a loan up to 40
At the present the co-operative banks are percent of the cost of machinery equipment
Electricity granting a working capital to meet the cost and building is sanctioned at an annual inter-
Fish farmers are allowed to use electricity of culture for one year or less than on year est rate of five percent.
for fish culture management. The electricity culture period (not for pond digging or other For the small scale unit a subsidy of
is usually supplied for seven hours, but often costs of construction). The scale of finance 20 percent of the total unit cost (which is
intermittently due to shortage of power supply. for each ha water spread area is Rs275,000 to Rs750,000 (Rs100=US$1.89) in this case
Farmers represent that they need a continuous 300,000 (Rs100=US$1.89) for the culture of with a limit of Rs15,000 per unit) will be
supply of electricity or at least uninterrupted Indian major carps and Rs550,000 for pangus provided.
power supply during 9pm to 8am, during which culture. For freshwater fish culture NFDB sanc-
period the dissolved oxygen in the ponds tions Rs300,000/ha for construction of a
often fall to critical levels and hence aeration Private financiers new fishpond for culturing existing species
of ponds with the help of engines becomes a In the interior Kolleru Lake the villages or new species, (for example pangus), with
necessary and often the most crucial remedial from in to co-operative societies, not by reg- 20 percent subsidy, but with a ceiling of
measure to save the crop. istration, but by mutual understanding. Each Rs60,000/ha. For special category of farmers
of these co-operative bodies, locally called belonging to scheduled castes and schedule
Sources of finance ‘Bantas’ comprise 40 to 50 members and col- tribes the subsidy is 25 percent, with a ceil-
The main sources of finance for fish farm- lectively culture ponds of 15 to 20ha. ing of Rs75,000 / ha.
ers in the state are the nationalised banks and The executive committee of the ‘Banta’ For cost of inputs, including feed, NFDB
the district co-operative central banks with used to obtain loan required for one-year sanctions Rs50,000/ha (with 20 percent sub-
their branches in the fish culture areas, and culture period from the private financers at 36 sidy) for one crop period for Indian major
private financiers. percent annual interest rate. Private financers carps, and all other existing species, (for
usually don’t insist for any collateral security, example Chinese major carps which have
Nationalised banks the loans are given mainly based on the repay- been cultured in the state for many years).
The nationalised banks have an almost ment capacity and personal creditability of the For pangus culture, the input cost pro-
uniform policy of granting loans to fish farmer. All the members share the net profit vided is Rs500,000/ha with 40 percent
farmers in the state. The banks sanction an equally. subsidy for an initial period of two years
amount of Rs100,000 (Rs100=US$1.89) One variation of Banta management in the and there after 20 percent for all farmers,
for construction and Rs400,000/ha for crop recent years is that the member’s lease out and 25 percent for the special category
loan at 18 percent annual interest rate of their ponds to a group of four to five villagers, farmers mentioned. NFDB also provides
against mortogation of the documents of who raise the capital required for culture and financial assistance for renovation of aged
the land of the farmer. The loan sanctioned the lease amount, is shared by the members. aquaculture ponds, fish seed farms, estab-
for pond construction is called tern loan, Of all the Indian major carp culture areas lishment of fish hatcheries, prawn and
and this loan may be repaid with in three in Andhra Pradesh the lease amount is the shrimp hatcheries.
to seven years, as opted by the farmer. highest in these Banta villages. As the Indian Besides, NFDB provide grants to the
The crop loan is to be paid after harvest of major carp culture established in the Kolleru government fishery institutes, and the other
each crop. area a rich class of farmers developed in these eligible agencies for conducting training
A farmer is eligible to obtain crop loan for villages and presently, the Banta farmers bor- programs, demonstrations for the benefit of
his next crop, even with in one year, if he repays row money from these farmers at an annual aquaculturists. ■
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2012

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The effects of dissolved oxygen
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On-farm feed management practices
– for three Indian major carp species in Andhra Pradesh, India
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Oxygenation in aquaculture
Developing a plant-based diet
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