This document provides an overview of the EE2402 Protection & Switchgear course presented by C.Gokul. It includes the course syllabus, units covered, textbook references and introductory content on power system basics, components, faults, protection elements, relay terminology and essential qualities of protection systems. The key topics discussed are types of faults in power systems, importance of protective schemes, elements of a protection system including current transformers, voltage transformers, relays and circuit breakers. Neutral earthing methods with a focus on Peterson coil are also introduced.
The document summarizes the different generations of electrical relays used in digital protection systems. It discusses fuse relays, electromechanical relays, solid state relays, digital relays, adaptive digital relays, multifunction relays, and intelligent relays. Electromechanical relays were prone to failures over time but newer digital and solid state relays are more reliable with no moving parts. Digital relays allow for more complex functions, self-testing, and communication compared to earlier relay technologies. Adaptive digital relays can automatically adjust settings based on changes in power system conditions. Multifunction relays provide multiple protection functions in a single unit to reduce space and wiring needs. Intelligent relays allow customers to change
This document provides an overview of circuit breakers, including their operating principles, components, and classifications. Circuit breakers are mechanical switching devices that open and close electrical circuits under normal and abnormal conditions. They contain fixed and moving contacts to carry current when closed. When a fault occurs, the contacts separate, creating an arc that must be extinguished quickly. Circuit breakers use various insulating fluids or methods to cool the arc and reduce its conduction in order to interrupt the current. Common types include oil, air, sulfur hexafluoride, and vacuum circuit breakers.
Vacuum circuit breakers use vacuum to extinguish the arc when opening contacts. They have fixed contacts, moving contacts, and an arc shield mounted inside a vacuum chamber. When a fault is detected, the contacts separate and the arc is quickly extinguished in the vacuum. This allows vacuum circuit breakers to reliably interrupt high fault currents. They have advantages over other circuit breakers like being compact, reliable, and able to interrupt heavy fault currents without fire hazards.
It's a full fledged presentation about visit to a substation. It's about when we visited the 400 kV substation situated at Hadala, Rajkot, Gujarat, India. It includes almost aa details about it. Juz go for it!!!
The document outlines various components of a power system protection system. It discusses the need for protection to maintain reliable power supply and minimize equipment damage. The key elements to be protected include generators, transformers, transmission lines, and busbars. Protection schemes for each element are then described, such as differential protection for generators and transformers, Buchholz relays for transformers, and distance and line differential protection for transmission lines.
This document provides an overview of the EE2402 Protection & Switchgear course presented by C.Gokul. It includes the course syllabus, units covered, textbook references and introductory content on power system basics, components, faults, protection elements, relay terminology and essential qualities of protection systems. The key topics discussed are types of faults in power systems, importance of protective schemes, elements of a protection system including current transformers, voltage transformers, relays and circuit breakers. Neutral earthing methods with a focus on Peterson coil are also introduced.
The document summarizes the different generations of electrical relays used in digital protection systems. It discusses fuse relays, electromechanical relays, solid state relays, digital relays, adaptive digital relays, multifunction relays, and intelligent relays. Electromechanical relays were prone to failures over time but newer digital and solid state relays are more reliable with no moving parts. Digital relays allow for more complex functions, self-testing, and communication compared to earlier relay technologies. Adaptive digital relays can automatically adjust settings based on changes in power system conditions. Multifunction relays provide multiple protection functions in a single unit to reduce space and wiring needs. Intelligent relays allow customers to change
This document provides an overview of circuit breakers, including their operating principles, components, and classifications. Circuit breakers are mechanical switching devices that open and close electrical circuits under normal and abnormal conditions. They contain fixed and moving contacts to carry current when closed. When a fault occurs, the contacts separate, creating an arc that must be extinguished quickly. Circuit breakers use various insulating fluids or methods to cool the arc and reduce its conduction in order to interrupt the current. Common types include oil, air, sulfur hexafluoride, and vacuum circuit breakers.
Vacuum circuit breakers use vacuum to extinguish the arc when opening contacts. They have fixed contacts, moving contacts, and an arc shield mounted inside a vacuum chamber. When a fault is detected, the contacts separate and the arc is quickly extinguished in the vacuum. This allows vacuum circuit breakers to reliably interrupt high fault currents. They have advantages over other circuit breakers like being compact, reliable, and able to interrupt heavy fault currents without fire hazards.
It's a full fledged presentation about visit to a substation. It's about when we visited the 400 kV substation situated at Hadala, Rajkot, Gujarat, India. It includes almost aa details about it. Juz go for it!!!
The document outlines various components of a power system protection system. It discusses the need for protection to maintain reliable power supply and minimize equipment damage. The key elements to be protected include generators, transformers, transmission lines, and busbars. Protection schemes for each element are then described, such as differential protection for generators and transformers, Buchholz relays for transformers, and distance and line differential protection for transmission lines.
The document discusses protection schemes for transformers. It describes faults that can occur in transformers such as open circuits, overheating, and winding short circuits. It then discusses different protection systems for transformers including Buchholz relays, earth fault relays, overcurrent relays, and differential protection systems. Differential protection systems operate by comparing currents from current transformers on both sides of the transformer and tripping the circuit breaker if a difference is detected, indicating an internal fault. The combination of protection schemes provides comprehensive protection for transformers.
An electrical panel is an enclosure containing electrical components like switches, circuit breakers, and fuses to control and protect electrical systems. There are different types of panels for various applications like motor control, power control, low/medium/high voltage distribution. Key components within panels include switchgears for switching and protecting circuits, fuses that melt under excessive current, and circuit breakers that can safely interrupt faults. Panels also include bus bars to conduct electricity and current transformers to reduce current for measurement. Cables distribute power from panels and come in various core configurations depending on the application.
This document discusses AC voltage controllers. It describes how AC voltage controllers can control power flow to a load by varying the RMS voltage value using a semiconductor switch. It discusses different types of single-phase and three-phase AC voltage controllers, including full-wave, half-wave, bidirectional, and unidirectional controllers. It also covers different control methods for AC converters like phase angle control, on-off control, and PWM control. It provides examples of circuits and applications of AC-AC converters.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that PLCs were developed to replace relay-based control systems, describing some advantages as being reprogrammable, easier troubleshooting, and able to control complex systems. The document outlines the typical parts of a PLC including the power supply, processor, memory, I/O modules, and communication modules. It also compares PLCs to personal computers and describes how PLCs operate using ladder logic programming.
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
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The document discusses different types of switchgear used in electrical systems, including their classification, functions, and components. It covers circuit breakers, molded case circuit breakers (MCCB), relays, isolating devices, and the differences between metal enclosed and metal clad switchgear. Specific topics discussed include induction motors, synchronous motors, DC motors, starting methods, and speed control methods for different motor types.
switchgear and protection by vala kamleshKamlesh Vala
Switchgear and protection systems play a vital role in modern power systems. Switchgear includes all switching devices associated with power system protection, control, metering and regulation. The main switching device is the circuit breaker. Circuit breakers can interrupt faults such as single line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, double line-to-ground faults, open circuit faults, and three phase faults. Circuit breakers use arc interruption to break current flow during opening of contacts. Common types of circuit breakers include oil, air, SF6, and vacuum circuit breakers. Switchgear equipment like fuses, circuit breakers, isolators, earthing switches, and current/potential transformers serve protection, control
This document provides an overview of switchgear equipment used in the Amberkhana substation in Sylhet, Bangladesh. It discusses key components like current transformers, potential transformers, circuit breakers including vacuum and SF6 types, air break switches, isolators, oil switches, relays, surge arresters, and fuses. The substation transforms electricity from 33kV to 11kV and distributes power to surrounding areas. Protective devices are necessary to safely transfer power and protect electrical equipment from faults and abnormal conditions.
The document discusses different types of programming languages used in programmable logic controllers (PLCs), including ladder logic, Boolean logic, and Grafcet. It provides details on each language and describes common instruction sets used, such as timers, counters, arithmetic, and data manipulation. The document also covers IEC 61131-3 standard languages like ladder diagrams, function block diagrams, instruction lists, structured text, and sequential function charts. Finally, it discusses PLC architecture and different I/O bus network standards and configurations.
This document discusses transformer protection. Transformers are critical and expensive components that require protection to limit damage from faults. Protection methods include Buchholz relays, which detect gases from arcing; pressure relays, which detect pressure waves from arcing; and thermal relays, which monitor hot spot temperatures. Protection aims to quickly isolate transformers under abnormal conditions like faults, overloads, or overvoltages to prevent failures and simplify repairs.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The objectives are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC languages, and operate and program PLCs. The contents include the history of PLCs, relay logic, PLC architecture such as CPU and I/O systems, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. PLCs were developed to replace relay-based control systems and are now widely used in industrial automation.
This document provides an overview of the electrical equipment found in a switchyard at an NTPC power plant, including transformers, conductors, insulators, isolators, busbars, lightning arresters, circuit breakers, relays, and capacitor banks. It describes the purpose and basic functioning of each type of equipment, such as how transformers change voltage levels, current transformers reduce current readings, conductors transmit power, and relays and circuit breakers disconnect faulty circuits. The document also notes that new technologies like SCADA allow remote control and monitoring of substations.
The document discusses electromagnetic relays used in power systems. It describes two main operating principles for electromagnetic relays: electromagnetic attraction and electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic attraction relays operate using an armature attracted to magnet poles, and include attractor-armature, solenoid, and balanced beam types. Electromagnetic induction relays operate on induction motor principles using a pivoted disc and alternating magnetic fields, and include shaded-pole, watt-hour meter, and induction cup structures. The document also defines important relay terms like pick-up current, current setting, and time-setting multiplier.
Substation Protection Systems Presentation Group II.pptxIntishar Rahman
This document summarizes the key components of a substation protection system. It introduces protection systems and why they are needed to isolate faulty parts of an electrical system. The objectives of a protection scheme are to keep the power system stable by isolating only faulty components while leaving the rest operational. Reliability, selectivity, speed and sensitivity are key requirements. The document then describes common devices in protection systems, including current transformers, potential transformers, relays, circuit breakers, lightning arresters and isolators. It provides brief explanations of how each device functions within the protection scheme.
1. Ground Fault Protection (GFP) devices are used to protect electrical installations from fire risks by quickly detecting insulation faults.
2. GFP devices operate by measuring residual fault currents, which involves monitoring the vector sum of all live conductor currents and tripping the circuit if it exceeds the device's threshold.
3. Standards like IEC 60 364 and the National Electrical Code (NEC) require the use of GFP or Residual Current Devices (RCD) depending on the earthing system, with the NEC specifying very low sensitivity GFP devices for North American TN-S systems to address fire risks from potential high fault currents.
Electromechanical relays are an excellent solution to separate electronic control circuitry and power circuitry. Electromechanical relays are not the best choice in high frequency switching applications and do have a limited life due to wear on the contacts inside the relay. When used in the a proper application, the electromechanical relay provides safe and reliable integration between power circuits and control circuits.
This document contains a presentation given by G Ravindra Kumar about his full semester internship training at GMR Kamalanga Energy Limited. The presentation discusses different types of switchgear including low voltage, medium voltage, and high voltage switchgear. It describes components of switchgear like circuit breakers, relays, current transformers, and details the operating principles and advantages of vacuum and air circuit breakers. Load details of various units of 6.6kV switchgear are also presented.
This Presentation is about l.v switch gear design, presented during the graduation project final discussion 15/7/2018.
It presented a good summary of switch gear components and types and practicing on AL.HAMOOL W.T.P M.D.B design using SIEMENS SIVACON S8
PLC Ladder Diagram basics, with two solved examples
For more information go to
http://shrutizpresentations.blogspot.in/2014/04/plc-ladder-diagram-basics.html
LAS16-300K2: Overview of IoT Zephyr
Speakers: Geoff Thorpe
Date: September 28, 2016
★ Session Description ★
Title: Overview of IoT Zephyr
Bio:
Geoff Thorpe heads up security within the Microcontroller group of NXP, where the intersection of device security and network security gives him a headache commonly known as “IoT”. His early experience with security topics was very software-centric, as a long-standing member of the OpenSSL team and a contributor to related open source projects. After many years veering off into semiconductors and hardware architecture, his software-bias has been domesticated to some extent but not eradicated.
★ Resources ★
Etherpad: pad.linaro.org/p/las16-300k2
Presentations & Videos: http://connect.linaro.org/resource/las16/las16-300k2/
★ Event Details ★
Linaro Connect Las Vegas 2016 – #LAS16
September 26-30, 2016
http://www.linaro.org
http://connect.linaro.org
Survey of up and coming technologies and issues facing designers, builders and users of industrial automation and systems across all technologies. (CMAFH) Drive for Technology 2010 presentation
The document discusses protection schemes for transformers. It describes faults that can occur in transformers such as open circuits, overheating, and winding short circuits. It then discusses different protection systems for transformers including Buchholz relays, earth fault relays, overcurrent relays, and differential protection systems. Differential protection systems operate by comparing currents from current transformers on both sides of the transformer and tripping the circuit breaker if a difference is detected, indicating an internal fault. The combination of protection schemes provides comprehensive protection for transformers.
An electrical panel is an enclosure containing electrical components like switches, circuit breakers, and fuses to control and protect electrical systems. There are different types of panels for various applications like motor control, power control, low/medium/high voltage distribution. Key components within panels include switchgears for switching and protecting circuits, fuses that melt under excessive current, and circuit breakers that can safely interrupt faults. Panels also include bus bars to conduct electricity and current transformers to reduce current for measurement. Cables distribute power from panels and come in various core configurations depending on the application.
This document discusses AC voltage controllers. It describes how AC voltage controllers can control power flow to a load by varying the RMS voltage value using a semiconductor switch. It discusses different types of single-phase and three-phase AC voltage controllers, including full-wave, half-wave, bidirectional, and unidirectional controllers. It also covers different control methods for AC converters like phase angle control, on-off control, and PWM control. It provides examples of circuits and applications of AC-AC converters.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that PLCs were developed to replace relay-based control systems, describing some advantages as being reprogrammable, easier troubleshooting, and able to control complex systems. The document outlines the typical parts of a PLC including the power supply, processor, memory, I/O modules, and communication modules. It also compares PLCs to personal computers and describes how PLCs operate using ladder logic programming.
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
The document discusses different types of switchgear used in electrical systems, including their classification, functions, and components. It covers circuit breakers, molded case circuit breakers (MCCB), relays, isolating devices, and the differences between metal enclosed and metal clad switchgear. Specific topics discussed include induction motors, synchronous motors, DC motors, starting methods, and speed control methods for different motor types.
switchgear and protection by vala kamleshKamlesh Vala
Switchgear and protection systems play a vital role in modern power systems. Switchgear includes all switching devices associated with power system protection, control, metering and regulation. The main switching device is the circuit breaker. Circuit breakers can interrupt faults such as single line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, double line-to-ground faults, open circuit faults, and three phase faults. Circuit breakers use arc interruption to break current flow during opening of contacts. Common types of circuit breakers include oil, air, SF6, and vacuum circuit breakers. Switchgear equipment like fuses, circuit breakers, isolators, earthing switches, and current/potential transformers serve protection, control
This document provides an overview of switchgear equipment used in the Amberkhana substation in Sylhet, Bangladesh. It discusses key components like current transformers, potential transformers, circuit breakers including vacuum and SF6 types, air break switches, isolators, oil switches, relays, surge arresters, and fuses. The substation transforms electricity from 33kV to 11kV and distributes power to surrounding areas. Protective devices are necessary to safely transfer power and protect electrical equipment from faults and abnormal conditions.
The document discusses different types of programming languages used in programmable logic controllers (PLCs), including ladder logic, Boolean logic, and Grafcet. It provides details on each language and describes common instruction sets used, such as timers, counters, arithmetic, and data manipulation. The document also covers IEC 61131-3 standard languages like ladder diagrams, function block diagrams, instruction lists, structured text, and sequential function charts. Finally, it discusses PLC architecture and different I/O bus network standards and configurations.
This document discusses transformer protection. Transformers are critical and expensive components that require protection to limit damage from faults. Protection methods include Buchholz relays, which detect gases from arcing; pressure relays, which detect pressure waves from arcing; and thermal relays, which monitor hot spot temperatures. Protection aims to quickly isolate transformers under abnormal conditions like faults, overloads, or overvoltages to prevent failures and simplify repairs.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The objectives are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC languages, and operate and program PLCs. The contents include the history of PLCs, relay logic, PLC architecture such as CPU and I/O systems, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. PLCs were developed to replace relay-based control systems and are now widely used in industrial automation.
This document provides an overview of the electrical equipment found in a switchyard at an NTPC power plant, including transformers, conductors, insulators, isolators, busbars, lightning arresters, circuit breakers, relays, and capacitor banks. It describes the purpose and basic functioning of each type of equipment, such as how transformers change voltage levels, current transformers reduce current readings, conductors transmit power, and relays and circuit breakers disconnect faulty circuits. The document also notes that new technologies like SCADA allow remote control and monitoring of substations.
The document discusses electromagnetic relays used in power systems. It describes two main operating principles for electromagnetic relays: electromagnetic attraction and electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic attraction relays operate using an armature attracted to magnet poles, and include attractor-armature, solenoid, and balanced beam types. Electromagnetic induction relays operate on induction motor principles using a pivoted disc and alternating magnetic fields, and include shaded-pole, watt-hour meter, and induction cup structures. The document also defines important relay terms like pick-up current, current setting, and time-setting multiplier.
Substation Protection Systems Presentation Group II.pptxIntishar Rahman
This document summarizes the key components of a substation protection system. It introduces protection systems and why they are needed to isolate faulty parts of an electrical system. The objectives of a protection scheme are to keep the power system stable by isolating only faulty components while leaving the rest operational. Reliability, selectivity, speed and sensitivity are key requirements. The document then describes common devices in protection systems, including current transformers, potential transformers, relays, circuit breakers, lightning arresters and isolators. It provides brief explanations of how each device functions within the protection scheme.
1. Ground Fault Protection (GFP) devices are used to protect electrical installations from fire risks by quickly detecting insulation faults.
2. GFP devices operate by measuring residual fault currents, which involves monitoring the vector sum of all live conductor currents and tripping the circuit if it exceeds the device's threshold.
3. Standards like IEC 60 364 and the National Electrical Code (NEC) require the use of GFP or Residual Current Devices (RCD) depending on the earthing system, with the NEC specifying very low sensitivity GFP devices for North American TN-S systems to address fire risks from potential high fault currents.
Electromechanical relays are an excellent solution to separate electronic control circuitry and power circuitry. Electromechanical relays are not the best choice in high frequency switching applications and do have a limited life due to wear on the contacts inside the relay. When used in the a proper application, the electromechanical relay provides safe and reliable integration between power circuits and control circuits.
This document contains a presentation given by G Ravindra Kumar about his full semester internship training at GMR Kamalanga Energy Limited. The presentation discusses different types of switchgear including low voltage, medium voltage, and high voltage switchgear. It describes components of switchgear like circuit breakers, relays, current transformers, and details the operating principles and advantages of vacuum and air circuit breakers. Load details of various units of 6.6kV switchgear are also presented.
This Presentation is about l.v switch gear design, presented during the graduation project final discussion 15/7/2018.
It presented a good summary of switch gear components and types and practicing on AL.HAMOOL W.T.P M.D.B design using SIEMENS SIVACON S8
PLC Ladder Diagram basics, with two solved examples
For more information go to
http://shrutizpresentations.blogspot.in/2014/04/plc-ladder-diagram-basics.html
LAS16-300K2: Overview of IoT Zephyr
Speakers: Geoff Thorpe
Date: September 28, 2016
★ Session Description ★
Title: Overview of IoT Zephyr
Bio:
Geoff Thorpe heads up security within the Microcontroller group of NXP, where the intersection of device security and network security gives him a headache commonly known as “IoT”. His early experience with security topics was very software-centric, as a long-standing member of the OpenSSL team and a contributor to related open source projects. After many years veering off into semiconductors and hardware architecture, his software-bias has been domesticated to some extent but not eradicated.
★ Resources ★
Etherpad: pad.linaro.org/p/las16-300k2
Presentations & Videos: http://connect.linaro.org/resource/las16/las16-300k2/
★ Event Details ★
Linaro Connect Las Vegas 2016 – #LAS16
September 26-30, 2016
http://www.linaro.org
http://connect.linaro.org
Survey of up and coming technologies and issues facing designers, builders and users of industrial automation and systems across all technologies. (CMAFH) Drive for Technology 2010 presentation
How to Measure the Security of your Network DefensesPECB
To defend networks, we should be able to measure their security performance. I’m going to show you the exact techniques to measure the security of portions of your internal networks, such as anti-virus, malware and anomalous event detection. Then we will apply the same techniques to compare the security of classes of protective security products even though vendors don’t supply such specifications.
Main points covered:
• How to measure security and compare the effectiveness of protective devices as a function of time
• The internal process mechanism is immaterial to system measurement; signature-based A/V, rule-based binary decision making, heuristics, deep learning or any possible hybrid
• Attendees will be introduced and receive the math, the tools, charts and schematics on how to measure their own security
Presenter:
Winn has lived Security since 1983, and now says, “I think, maybe, I’m just starting to understand it.” His predictions about the internet & security have been scarily spot on. He coined the term “Electronic Pearl Harbor” while testifying before Congress in 1991 and showed the world how and why massive identify theft, cyber-espionage, nation-state hacking and cyber-terrorism would be an integral part of our future. He was named the “Civilian Architect of Information Warfare,” by Admiral Tyrrell of the British MoD.
Recorded webinar link: https://youtu.be/F8Fs4yE_CUU
The document advertises steel fencing and machine enclosures from Faztek, highlighting their versatility, affordability, fast assembly, high quality, strength and security. It lists applications like machine enclosures, perimeter guards, and sound barriers, and advises readers to contact Faztek at their website or phone number for factory direct sales, free design assistance, and protective industrial products.
The document provides information on AAA LockSmith & Security Inc, which offers a range of high security locking and surveillance products and services, including Mul-T-Lock high security locks and keys, CCTV systems, access control solutions, and details their fleet of professional vehicles and satisfied customer base across Southern California.
This document discusses arc flash protection solutions. It defines arc flash as a short circuit caused by ionized air between live parts or a live part and ground. An arc flash releases heat, pressure and sound as explosive molten metals and gases. The document proposes solutions like installing arc flash protection in switchgear to reduce the duration of arc faults, protecting people and equipment and reducing downtime. It discusses using optical sensors and relays integrated with protection functions to quickly detect and isolate arc faults.
High current is a hazard to the turbine and technicians alike. For the turbine, lightning strikes can damage blades and short out electric equipment when not sufficiently grounded. There are ways to handle the high current in lightning. Inside the nacelle, technicians have to diagnose issues to get troubled turbines back into production as soon as possible. Several new smart electrical meters can assist that work.
Discover cost-saving new products, technologies & ideas for precise machine control at the Drive for Technology!
Drive for Technology Expo is the must-see technology event of the year. Attend your choice of in-depth seminars by industry leaders on the latest in electro-mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic technologies. Walk the trade show for demonstrations from 25+ of the top suppliers in the areas of motion control, hydraulics, electric, power transmission and linear systems.
This document provides an overview of Phoenix Contact's solutions for reducing costs associated with control panel design and assembly. It describes how Phoenix Contact's VARIOFACE Professional terminal blocks, interface modules, industrial cables, and power distribution modules can help achieve space, labor, and wiring cost savings compared to traditional control panel design. It also summarizes Phoenix Contact's offerings for PLC systems cabling, analog signal conditioning, motor starters, power supplies, switches, and wireless connectivity solutions and the benefits they provide for industrial applications.
1. The XT line was redesigned from the ground up with a focus on engineering improvements rather than just cost cutting.
2. Key engineering innovations include a redesigned magnet frame that reduces coil consumption by up to 60%, relocated coil terminals for safer troubleshooting, and tool-less assembly options.
3. The document argues that the XT line provides a better engineered motor control solution compared to traditional designs.
CMA/Flodyne/Hydradyne is a fluid power company that has been in business for over 30 years. In addition to fluid power, they also offer motion and logic controls, machine safety, field service, engineered systems, and warehouse distribution. The document provides details on their capabilities, partnerships, fabrication, field service, distribution, customer service, training programs, and examples of custom hydraulic systems they have created for customers.
This presentation discusses the latest sensor trends from Balluff, including:
1) Their smallest inductive sensors yet, the SuperShorty sensors, which enable new applications due to their miniature size.
2) Alternatives to fiber optic sensors, such as their Ultraframe sensors, which provide more reliable detection for applications like feed systems.
3) New technologies for sensing pneumatic cylinders and loads, including dual sensor systems, lifetime warranties, and direct load monitoring with linear encoders.
4) Methods to improve sensor survivability in harsh environments like welding through products like their Bunker Block housing and high temperature sensors.
5) The new SmartLevel capacitive sensors which can auto-tune for difficult liquid
Safety by Design: Soft Safety, Safe PLC and Integrated Drive TechnologyCMA/Flodyne/Hydradyne
This document discusses standards for machine safety design. It notes that EN 954-1 will be replaced and a new probabilistic approach will be required under the updated Machine Directive. The new standards like ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 take a more comprehensive approach to functional safety management, software testing, validation and verification. They also consider probabilities of failure where EN 954-1 focused only on structural design and reliability. Proper implementation of harmonized safety standards provides presumption of conformity with the Machine Directive.
Jeff Winter from Omron STI presents on safety by design. Omron STI is a safety products and services company that is the market leader in North America. They discuss why safeguarding is important to avoid costs from fines, injuries, downtime. Regulations like OSHA require safeguarding to protect workers and save lives. Omron STI can help customers understand applicable rules and select appropriate safety products.
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2. Agenda
Why Safety? The “Safety bridge” truly Meets the spirit of
the “Drive for Technology” event!
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
3. Phoenix Contact Safety
Why Safety?
• Reason: Machines are dangerous
Force Guided Relays • To protect:
• Man
Basic Safety Design • Machine
• Material
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers Avoiding danger
Safety Bridge? Increase availability &
reliability
Increase output (yields)
4. Phoenix Contact Safety
•Machines come in many shapes and forms and
Why Safety?
can potentially expose people to different
hazards:
Force Guided Relays
• Mechanical
• Crushing, cutting, pressing etc.
Basic Safety Design • Electrical
• Contact with high voltages
Taking the Mystery
• Thermal
out of Safety
Controllers • Burns and scolding
• Noise & Vibration
Safety Bridge? • Hazardous Chemical Substances
• Rays
• Microwaves, x-rays
• Biological
• Pressurized Gasses
• Ergonomic (65% of all injuries in the US)
5. Phoenix Contact Safety
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays • Design
• Training
Basic Safety Design
• Proper installation and startup
Taking the Mystery testing
out of Safety • Maintenance
Controllers
• Accident documentation
Safety Bridge? • Rule enforcement
6. Typical Accidents
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays • Reaching in to clear equipment
• Bypass loose or missing safe
Basic Safety Design guards
Taking the Mystery • No lockout tag out
out of Safety • Operator errors (training)
Controllers
• Bad design
Safety Bridge?
7. Direct Vs Indirect
• Costs
Why Safety? • Direct
• Workers Comp
Force Guided Relays • Medical Expenses
• Indirect
Basic Safety Design
• Legal settlements /fines
• Time lost by injured employee
Taking the Mystery • Loss of efficiency
out of Safety • Damage to tools & equipment
Controllers • Loss of production
• Failure to fill orders
Safety Bridge? • Damage from accident
• Fire
• Water
• Explosion
• Unknown Factors
• Human Tragedy
• Morale * Reputation
8. Direct Vs Indirect
Who’s directly responsible for an accident?
Why Safety?
Paper Rolled! 10/09 $136,500
Force Guided Relays
Safety Interlocks 2/15/2005 $116,000
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Conveyor Accident, 5/19/04 $133,650
Controllers
Lathe Machinery Accident 5/09 $56,250
Safety Bridge?
Then comes the Indirect Costs…..
9. Who does OSHA Target?
Why Safety?
Accidents
Force Guided Relays Nature of the business
Falling
Basic Safety Design Exposure
Taking the Mystery Contruction
out of Safety Trenching
Controllers
Presses
Safety Bridge?
Southern Air Whistle Blower 4/2009
10. Motion Hazard Types
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays
• Rotating parts
• Reciprocating and transverse motions Recip_Trans
Basic Safety Design
• In-running nip points Nip Points
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
• Cutting, sanding, and grinding actions
Controllers • Punching
Safety Bridge? • Shearing
• Bending, etc.
11. The Heart of the Safety Relay
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
12. The Heart of the Safety Relay
• Minimum Definition
Why Safety?
• All contacts are
mechanically linked
Force Guided Relays
• 1 NC & 1 NO contact
set
Basic Safety Design
• If the any of the
Taking the Mystery contacts fail (weld),
out of Safety
Controllers
opposite type contacts
will not close.
Safety Bridge?
13. The Heart of the Safety Relay
• Contacts are pulled
Why Safety? together and pushed
apart by the mechanical
Force Guided Relays
link.
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
14. The Heart of the Safety Relay
“If any of the contacts fail
Why Safety? (weld), opposite type
contacts will not close.”
Force Guided Relays
This is error tolerant behavior
>0.5mm
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
15. The Heart of the Safety Relay
Why Safety?
Standard FGR
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
16. The Heart of the Safety Relay
Why Safety?
Shown not energized
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
FGR Standard Relay
** Minimum requirement of a FGR is 1
normally closed mechanically linked to 1
normally open contact
17. The Heart of the Safety Relay
Why Safety?
Shown energized
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
FGR Standard Relay
18. The Heart of the Safety Relay
Why Safety?
Shown not energized
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design
>0,5mm
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
FGR Standard Relay
X = Welded NO Contact
19. The Heart of the Safety Relay
Why Safety?
E-stop Start
Force Guided Relays
K1
Basic Safety Design
K1-1
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety K1-2
Controllers M
Safety Bridge?
20. The Heart of the Safety Relay
Why Safety? E-stop Start
Force Guided Relays K1
K1-1
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers K2
K2-1
Safety Bridge?
K1-2 K2-2
M
21. The Heart of the Safety Relay
E-stop
K1-1
Why Safety?
K1
K3-1
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design K2-1
K2
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety K3-2
Controllers Start
K1-3 K2-3
Safety Bridge?
K3
K1-2 K2-2 K3-3
M
22. Principles for Risk Assessment, ANSI/RIA R15.06, ANSI
B11.19.TR3, IEC 61508, ISO 13849, ISO 14121, EN 1050
Determine the limits
of the Machine
Consider all life phases.
Hazardous-
analysis
Identify dangerous zones / parts
Identify the hazards
Risk-
Risk estimation
analysis
Risk evaluation
IF RISK MUST BE
REDUCED
Design a safety concept:
• Protective measure Risk-
• Estimate residual risk reduction
• ...
No Yes Document the results
Is the machine safe?
technical documentation
23. Safety of Machinery – Risk Evaluation (EN954-1)
Severity of the Injury
S1 Slight (normally reversible) Injury
S2 Severe (normally irreversible) Injury, including Death
Category
Frequency and/or Duration of the Danger
B 1 2 3 4
F1 Seldom to regular and/or
S1
the duration is short
Start
F2 Frequent to continuous and/or P1
F1
the exposure is long P2
Potential to avoid the Danger P1
S2
P1 Possible under certain conditions
F2 P2
P2 Scarcely possible
Selection of the Category
B, 1 to 4 Categories of safety-related part of control systems
Preferred categories Possible categories requiring Measures which can be
for Reference points additional steps over dimensioned for the
relevant risk
24. Safety of Machinery – Risk Evaluation (EN954-1)
Category
B 1 2 3 4
S1
Start
P1
F1
P2
P1
S2
P2
F2
S: Seriousness of injury? S2 heavy, irreversible
F: Frequency and duration in the danger zone?
F2 permanent
P: Possibility of avoiding the injury? P2 hardly possible
25. Safety Categories
Category B
• One failure can lead to a loss in safety
Category 1
• One failure can lead to a loss in safety Single
(but it‘s not as probable as in category B) Channel
Category 2
• One failure can lead to a loss in safety in
between the test cycle, however, the test
cycle will detect the failure
26. Single Channel
Why Safety? • Components:
• I: Input, sensor
Force Guided Relays • L: Logic, control
• O: Output, (Motor)
Basic Safety Design contactor
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Im Im
I L O
Safety Bridge?
27. Single Channel
Why Safety? • Components:
• TE: Test equipment
Force Guided Relays • OTE: Output of test equipment
Basic Safety Design
Im Im
Taking the Mystery I L O
out of Safety
Controllers
m
Safety Bridge?
Im
TE OTE
28. Safety Categories
Category 3
• When a single error occurs, the safety is
maintained
• Some – not all – errors are recognized.
(Multiple errors can lead to a loss in
safety.) Dual
Channel
Category 4 (Redundant)
• Safety-relevant components must be
designed in a way, that:
• An error does not lead to the loss of safety
• An error is recognized during or before the
next requirement
29. Dual Channel
Why Safety?
m
Im
I1 L1 Im O1
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design c
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety m
Im
Controllers I2 L2 Im O2
Safety Bridge?
30. Dual Channel
Why Safety?
m
Im
I1 L1 Im O1
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design c
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety m
Im
Controllers I2 L2 Im O2
Safety Bridge?
31. Safety Relay Designs
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design Inputs Reset Outputs
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety Logic
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
32. Machine Safeguarding Input
Safety Sensors (Input)
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
E-Stop Magnetic Door
out of Safety
Controllers
Switches
Safety Bridge?
Two-Hand Control Light Curtain
33. Machine Safeguarding Logic
Safety Controls (Logic)
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
Safety
Relays
AX Bus Solutions
34. Machine Safeguarding Output
Power Control Elements (Output)
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays
Door Interlocks
Basic Safety Design Contactor
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
AC Drive Contactron
4 in 1
35. CONTACTRON- “4 in 1”
• “Star” of the family
• Reversing solid state starter
• The “star”
• Reverse running
TOP highlight
75% less space
• Forward running forward
75% less wiring reverse
time
protect
• Motor protection (overload 10x service life
relay)
Safety rated
• Emergency stop
36. CONTACTRON “4 in 1“
10x service life
A microprocessor-controlled combination of:
• robust relay technology
• with wear-free solid-state technology
46. Safety Controllers Vs Safety Relays
Why Safety?
…
Force Guided Relays
…
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
47. Safety Controllers Vs Safety Relays
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
48. Safety Controllers Vs Safety Relays
I/Os
Why Safety? high
(>64) fixed function configurable programmable
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design middle
Safe PLC
(16 to 64)
Taking the Mystery Safety Controller
out of Safety
Controllers
PSR Safety Relays
Safety Bridge? few Functionality
(1 to 16)
complex
49. Safety Controllers Vs Safety Relays
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays
Becomes cost and space effective when a
Basic Safety Design
customer is using 3 to 5 standard safety
Taking the Mystery relays
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
50. Safety Controllers Major Features
Major Benefits
Flexibility
• Easy configurable logic
Simulation
• Test at your desk
Approvals
• Maximum safety level achieved
Hardware
• High performance / small size
“Look and Feel”
• Housing and connectors in a
“Phoenix”- form factor
51. Safety Controllers Major Features
Major Benefits
Flexibility
• Easy configurable logic
Simulation
• Test at your desk
Approvals
• Maximum safety level achieved
Hardware
• High performance / small size
“Look and Feel”
• Housing and connectors in a
“Phoenix”- form factor
52. Safety Controllers Major Features
Major Benefits
Flexibility
• Easy configurable logic
Simulation
• Test at your desk
Approvals
SIL3 • Maximum safety level achieved
Hardware
PLe
• High performance / small size
SIL CL 3
“Look and Feel”
UL/CSA • Housing and connectors in a
Safety Cat. 4 “Phoenix”- form factor
53. Safety Controllers Major Features
67,5 mm
Major Benefits
Flexibility
20 Inputs
• Easy configurable logic
Simulation
4 Safe Outputs • Test at your desk
Approvals
4 Auxiliary Outputs • Maximum safety level achieved
Hardware
Ground Switching • High performance / small size
Out’s “Look and Feel”
4 test pulse outputs • Housing and connectors in a
“Phoenix”- form factor
54. Safety Controllers Major Features
Major Benefits
Pluggable Connectors
Flexibility
• Easy configurable logic
Screw- and
Simulation
Spring technology
• Test at your desk
Plug-in, Keyed and Approvals
Marked • Maximum safety level achieved
Hardware
Twin- Spring cage • High performance / small size
“Look and Feel”
USB- Connection • Housing and connectors in a
“Phoenix”- form factor
Removable Memory stick
55. Safety Controllers – Application Example
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design
Safety-Functions:
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety • 2 Emergency Stops
Controllers • 3 Safety Doors
Safety Bridge? Safety Relays 1 safety Controller
5 Modules
Width Width
180 mm 67.5 mm
61. Safety Controllers New!
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays PLC
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
Order No. 2692720
63. Safety Controllers – Make the best choice
• Software
Why Safety? • Fully functional package is a free
download
• No licensing fees
Force Guided Relays • Easy drag and drop!!
• Simulation Mode!!
• Complexity
Basic Safety Design • Programming methods
• Supported functionality
Taking the Mystery • Password protected
out of Safety
Controllers • Hardware
• Size
• Plug-in, keyed and printed terminals
Safety Bridge?
• Proper approvals
• Modular, I/O
• Network
• Memory included
• Use standard USB cable
64. Safety Bridge Technology New!
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
Safety Bridge Input Modules Safety Bridge Logic Module
Safety Bridge Logic Module
• Creates and monitors the safety safety protocol
• Creates and monitors the protocol
• Distributed acquisition of safety signals
• Processes all safety safety functions
• Processes all functions
• 24 safe inputs (8 per module)
• 8 safe 8 safe outputs onboard
• outputs onboard
65. Safety Bridge Technology – The Concept
Why Safety?
&
Force Guided Relays
&
Basic Safety Design &
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
66. Safety Bridge Technology – The Concept
Why Safety?
&
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
&
67. Safety Bridge Technology – Components
PSDI
8
Why Safety? Inputs SAFECONF
Force Guided Relays
Project
Basic Safety Design 8
Inputs Network LPSDO
Taking the Mystery 8 Outputs
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge? 8
Inputs
68. Safety Bridge Technology – Addressing
Why Safety? PSDI PSDI
Force Guided Relays
LPSDO LPSDO
Basic Safety Design
…
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
Island # 1 Island # 31
69. Safety Bridge Technology – Requirements
Why Safety?
PL or SIL rating is
Force Guided Relays independent of machine
PLC or bus system
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
Safety Bridge?
70. Safety Bridge Technology – Software
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
V2.5
Safety Bridge?
Available
Now
71. Safety Bridge Technology – Approvals
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays
Functional Safety
Basic Safety Design EN 954 Category 4
EN ISO 13849 PL e
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety EN 62061 SIL CL3
Controllers
IEC 61508 SIL 3
Safety Bridge?
72. Phoenix Contact Safety – Q&A
Why Safety?
Force Guided Relays
Basic Safety Design
Taking the Mystery
out of Safety
Controllers
PSR Safety Safety Safety PLCs
Safety Bridge? Relays Controllers