1. Nyaya philosophy was founded by Gautama and focuses on logic, methodology, and epistemology.
2. It identifies perception, inference, comparison, and testimony as valid means of knowledge and explores perception in depth through classifications such as ordinary, extraordinary, and different modes.
3. Nyaya philosophy makes important contributions to Indian philosophy through its systematic study of valid and invalid knowledge sources and the development of logic.
The document discusses the social life in ancient Tamilakam, which was divided into different regions called Tinais based on landscape. There were five main Tinais: Kurinchi for hilly regions where people practiced shifting cultivation; Mullai for grasslands where cattle rearing was main occupation; Palai for desert regions with no specific occupation; Marutham for wetlands where cultivation was main job; and Neytal for coastal regions where fishing and salt preparation were occupations. Each Tinai was associated with different occupations and ways of life according to their landscape.
This document discusses the Ayurvedic concept of Karya Karana Bhava or the theory of causation. It begins by defining key terms like karya (effect), karana (cause), and bhava (becoming) and explains how karya is manifested from karana. It then describes the different types of causes in Ayurveda - samavayi (inherent), asamavayi (non-inherent), and nimitta (instrumental). The utility of this theory in understanding disease manifestation and treatment is highlighted. Various philosophies of causation from Ayurveda and other schools of thought like Satkarya vada, Parinamav
The Nyaya philosophy was founded by the sage Gautama and is also known as the Akshapada system. It accepts 16 categories of knowledge including perception, inference, comparison, and testimony. Perception is considered a valid source of knowledge and is defined as the contact between a sense organ and object. Perception is classified as ordinary and extraordinary, with ordinary perception occurring through the 5 senses and mind. Ordinary perception is further classified into indeterminate, determinate, and recognition. Inference is also accepted as a valid source of knowledge in Nyaya.
This document discusses homegarden agroforestry in Sri Lanka and its importance for socio-economic, ecological, and environmental sustainability. It finds that homegardens cover around 14% of Sri Lanka's land area and contain a high diversity of plant species, including over 2300 endemic species. Homegardens are a major source of fruit production, genetic diversity for fruit trees, and carbon sequestration. They also provide food and nutritional security for farmers while sustainably managing landscapes and environmental services. However, homegardens are facing issues like fragmentation and a lack of domestication of high-value tree species that could be addressed through innovative management strategies and a multidisciplinary policy approach.
1. Nyaya philosophy was founded by Gautama and focuses on logic, methodology, and epistemology.
2. It identifies perception, inference, comparison, and testimony as valid means of knowledge and explores perception in depth through classifications such as ordinary, extraordinary, and different modes.
3. Nyaya philosophy makes important contributions to Indian philosophy through its systematic study of valid and invalid knowledge sources and the development of logic.
The document discusses the social life in ancient Tamilakam, which was divided into different regions called Tinais based on landscape. There were five main Tinais: Kurinchi for hilly regions where people practiced shifting cultivation; Mullai for grasslands where cattle rearing was main occupation; Palai for desert regions with no specific occupation; Marutham for wetlands where cultivation was main job; and Neytal for coastal regions where fishing and salt preparation were occupations. Each Tinai was associated with different occupations and ways of life according to their landscape.
This document discusses the Ayurvedic concept of Karya Karana Bhava or the theory of causation. It begins by defining key terms like karya (effect), karana (cause), and bhava (becoming) and explains how karya is manifested from karana. It then describes the different types of causes in Ayurveda - samavayi (inherent), asamavayi (non-inherent), and nimitta (instrumental). The utility of this theory in understanding disease manifestation and treatment is highlighted. Various philosophies of causation from Ayurveda and other schools of thought like Satkarya vada, Parinamav
The Nyaya philosophy was founded by the sage Gautama and is also known as the Akshapada system. It accepts 16 categories of knowledge including perception, inference, comparison, and testimony. Perception is considered a valid source of knowledge and is defined as the contact between a sense organ and object. Perception is classified as ordinary and extraordinary, with ordinary perception occurring through the 5 senses and mind. Ordinary perception is further classified into indeterminate, determinate, and recognition. Inference is also accepted as a valid source of knowledge in Nyaya.
This document discusses homegarden agroforestry in Sri Lanka and its importance for socio-economic, ecological, and environmental sustainability. It finds that homegardens cover around 14% of Sri Lanka's land area and contain a high diversity of plant species, including over 2300 endemic species. Homegardens are a major source of fruit production, genetic diversity for fruit trees, and carbon sequestration. They also provide food and nutritional security for farmers while sustainably managing landscapes and environmental services. However, homegardens are facing issues like fragmentation and a lack of domestication of high-value tree species that could be addressed through innovative management strategies and a multidisciplinary policy approach.
Eastern philosophy focuses on addressing human problems through practice, while Western philosophy offers general principles of being and knowledge through a scientific approach. Eastern philosophy is closely tied to religion, while Western philosophy sometimes shows atheistic tendencies. Both seek universal values like good and evil. The document then provides details on some key concepts in ancient Indian philosophy like the Vedas, Upanishads, Buddhism, Jainism, and philosophical schools like Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Mimamsa and different schools of Vedanta like Advaita, Visistadvaita and Dvaita.
Tribal revolts and movements led by deposed rulers and zamindarsSrinivasa Rao
1. The document discusses various tribal uprisings that occurred in India against British colonial rule between the late 18th century and early 20th century.
2. It describes rebellions led by different tribal groups such as Santhals, Mundas, Khonds, Bhils, and Kolis in response to issues like exploitation by zamindars, restrictions on traditional practices, heavy land revenue, and more.
3. Notable rebellion leaders mentioned include Birsa Munda, the brothers Siddhu and Khanu of the Santhal rebellion, and Gomdhar Konwar of the 1828-33 Ahom revolt in Assam.
- Acharya Charak, who lived in 300 BC, was a major contributor to the ancient Indian system of Ayurvedic medicine and lifestyle.
- His renowned text, the Charak Samhita, is considered an encyclopedia of Ayurveda and describes human anatomy, embryology, pharmacology, and diseases. It also describes the medicinal qualities and functions of 100,000 herbal plants.
- Charaka emphasized the influence of diet and activity on the mind and body. He proved the correlation between spirituality and physical health and greatly contributed to diagnostic and curative sciences.
The Vaisesika philosophy analyzes aspects of reality according to six categories: substance, quality, action, generality, particularity, and inherence. It describes a world composed of eternal atoms where souls undergo cycles of rebirth determined by past karma and the will of God. The goal is moksha or liberation from rebirth through cultivating virtues, restraining desires, and gaining insight into the true nature of the self and reality.
Vallalar was a 19th century Tamil saint and social reformer from Tamil Nadu, India. Some key facts:
- He was born in 1823 in Marudur and established several important institutions including Sathya Dharma Salai in 1867 to feed the poor and hungry, Siddhi Valaagham where he engaged in divine research, and Sathya Gnana Sabai to spread divine wisdom.
- Through his institutions and literary works including over 5,800 poems, he promoted ideals of equality, universal brotherhood, and compassion. He worked to eradicate hunger and believed in serving others.
- In 1874, he entered Siddhi Valaagham and
Anumana pramana is having a great scope in ayurveda an attempt is made here on general description on anumana pramana as per the syllabus, tarka and significance of Anumana Pramana will be posted soon
The document discusses the Ayurvedic theory of Panchmahabhutas, or the five great elements - Prithvi, Jala, Agni, Vayu, and Akash. It explains that according to Ayurveda, everything in the universe is composed of these five elements. The human body and foods are also Panchmahabhautic in nature. An imbalance in these elements can lead to disease. Clinical applications include treating a vitiated element by administering drugs and foods that have opposing properties of the afflicted element. The concept of Panchmahabhutas forms the basis of understanding physiology, pathology, and pharmacokinetics in Ayurveda.
Langhana involves procedures that produce lightness in the body such as vomiting, purgation, enema therapy, and nasal therapy. It also includes controlling thirst, exercise, fasting, digestible foods, sun exposure, and wind exposure. There are 10 types of langhana effects including elimination of waste, lightness of body, purity, lack of drowsiness, lack of exertion, taste appreciation, joint pain, malaise, cough, loss of appetite, thirst, dizziness, upward movement of wind, emaciation, and loss of digestion power and strength. Langhana is recommended in all seasons, especially winter for conditions like obesity, wind disorders, and skin diseases. It is recommended
Sanskrit Language - Literary or ScientificChetanaM2
The document discusses whether Sanskrit is a literary or scientific language. It notes that traditionally Sanskrit was viewed as an arts subject rather than a science. However, the document argues that Sanskrit has characteristics of both a literary and scientific language. As a literary language, Sanskrit has a rich tradition of poetry, plays, and philosophy. As a scientific language, Sanskrit has precise rules of grammar and syntax that reduce ambiguity, and its structure allows terms to be built in a generative way. The document examines aspects of Sanskrit that demonstrate it can precisely describe the physical world, making it a rare example of a language that can function as both literary and scientific.
The Chola administration had a central government led by the king and council of ministers. Officers were paid with land assignments. The central government oversaw external defense, internal peace, cultural progress, and general prosperity. Power was decentralized with mandalams or provinces ruled by royal families. Local villages had self-governance through three types of assemblies that discussed taxes, disputes, and resource allocation. Villages donated land and taxes to prominent temples, which served as social, educational, and medical centers. The Chola kingdom derived revenue from land and trade taxes, which supported public works, officials, and the army. Chola art and architecture flourished during this period, exemplified by their iconic temples and statues like Nataraja
The Malabar Rebellion of 1921 was a revolt by Mappila Muslims in the Malabar region of Kerala against British rule and Hindu landlords. It began as a response to the British attempts to arrest leaders of the Khilafat movement but later turned violent and communal as Mappilas attacked and killed thousands of Hindus. Key Mappila leaders like Variyankunnath Kunjahammed Haji and Ali Musliyar led the rebellion which established control over some areas initially. However, the British brought in more troops, declared martial law and eventually suppressed the rebellion by early 1922, arresting or killing many Mappilas and leaving thousands dead overall.
The document discusses the six qualities (gunas) of the soul or self (atma) according to Ayurveda. These six qualities are: desires, aversion, happiness, misery, effort, and intellect. Each quality is defined and their role in physical and mental health is explained. Maintaining balance of these qualities through proper conduct is said to guide people towards fulfilling the four goals of life and achieving optimal health and well-being.
Trividha chikitsa in manasa roga by Dr soumya patil.pptxDr Soumya Patil
TRIVIDHA CHIKITSA IN MANASA ROGA
A/ c WHO
Health is is defined as state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity.
Ayurveda emphasizes its treatment in three aspects such as daivavyapashraya , yuktivyapashraya and satvavajaya
An academic from the Department of Samhita & Siddhanta at BLDEA’S AVS AMV Vijayapur is listed. Dr. Jyothi Alias Jyotsna P Baragi holds the position of Assistant Professor in the department. The document provides her name, title, department, and place of work.
Agroforestry: A land degradation control and mitigation approachNarendraKokliyal
Land degradation refers to the temporary or permanent decline in the productive capacity of the land. The main causes are deforestation, overgrazing, excessive chemical use, and urbanization. The key processes are vegetation degradation, water erosion, wind erosion, waterlogging, salinity, and mass movement. This leads to reduced yields, lower returns, and issues like landlessness. An analysis of India found over 96 million hectares degraded from 2003-2013, with water erosion being the primary process and vegetation degradation second. Several states had high degradation percentages, like Rajasthan, Jharkhand, and Himachal Pradesh.
The document summarizes key concepts in yoga philosophy or yoga darshan. It discusses the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy known as shat darshanas including Purva Mimamsa, Vedanta, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, and Yoga. It provides details on three principal texts of yoga - the Bhagavad Gita, Patanjali's Yoga Sutras, and the Hatha Yoga Pradipika. It explains the eight limbs of Ashtanga Yoga from Patanjali including yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana,
This document defines archaeology and outlines its aims, scope, and relevance. Archaeology is defined as the study of past human cultures through their material remains. The aims of archaeology are to reconstruct extinct cultures and understand cultural changes by studying artifacts and sites. The scope of archaeology is broad, including fieldwork, exploration, and analysis of tangible evidence. Archaeology's relevance includes providing information on the past, fostering cultural heritage and national pride, and supporting conservation, tourism, and jobs.
The document discusses including the right to health in the Sri Lankan constitution. It notes that Sri Lanka previously had free health services, education, and food subsidies, but since 1977 has privatized services and neglected its responsibility to provide free healthcare. This has led to deteriorating health conditions. It argues that including the right to health in the constitution would require governments to allocate funding to healthcare and allow citizens to seek justice if their rights are not upheld. The Peoples' Health Movement of Sri Lanka has started a campaign to amend the constitution to include this right, including discussions with political and academic leaders, and plans future events like a press conference and seminar.
This document provides an overview of health evaluation methods and indicators. It discusses how health is defined and why health evaluation is important. It then outlines several common types of health indicators used in evaluation, including mortality indicators like infant mortality rate, mobility indicators like prevalence of diseases, health service coverage indicators like immunization rates, and demographic indicators like adult literacy rate. The document serves to introduce the topic of health evaluation and the key metrics and techniques commonly used.
Eastern philosophy focuses on addressing human problems through practice, while Western philosophy offers general principles of being and knowledge through a scientific approach. Eastern philosophy is closely tied to religion, while Western philosophy sometimes shows atheistic tendencies. Both seek universal values like good and evil. The document then provides details on some key concepts in ancient Indian philosophy like the Vedas, Upanishads, Buddhism, Jainism, and philosophical schools like Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Mimamsa and different schools of Vedanta like Advaita, Visistadvaita and Dvaita.
Tribal revolts and movements led by deposed rulers and zamindarsSrinivasa Rao
1. The document discusses various tribal uprisings that occurred in India against British colonial rule between the late 18th century and early 20th century.
2. It describes rebellions led by different tribal groups such as Santhals, Mundas, Khonds, Bhils, and Kolis in response to issues like exploitation by zamindars, restrictions on traditional practices, heavy land revenue, and more.
3. Notable rebellion leaders mentioned include Birsa Munda, the brothers Siddhu and Khanu of the Santhal rebellion, and Gomdhar Konwar of the 1828-33 Ahom revolt in Assam.
- Acharya Charak, who lived in 300 BC, was a major contributor to the ancient Indian system of Ayurvedic medicine and lifestyle.
- His renowned text, the Charak Samhita, is considered an encyclopedia of Ayurveda and describes human anatomy, embryology, pharmacology, and diseases. It also describes the medicinal qualities and functions of 100,000 herbal plants.
- Charaka emphasized the influence of diet and activity on the mind and body. He proved the correlation between spirituality and physical health and greatly contributed to diagnostic and curative sciences.
The Vaisesika philosophy analyzes aspects of reality according to six categories: substance, quality, action, generality, particularity, and inherence. It describes a world composed of eternal atoms where souls undergo cycles of rebirth determined by past karma and the will of God. The goal is moksha or liberation from rebirth through cultivating virtues, restraining desires, and gaining insight into the true nature of the self and reality.
Vallalar was a 19th century Tamil saint and social reformer from Tamil Nadu, India. Some key facts:
- He was born in 1823 in Marudur and established several important institutions including Sathya Dharma Salai in 1867 to feed the poor and hungry, Siddhi Valaagham where he engaged in divine research, and Sathya Gnana Sabai to spread divine wisdom.
- Through his institutions and literary works including over 5,800 poems, he promoted ideals of equality, universal brotherhood, and compassion. He worked to eradicate hunger and believed in serving others.
- In 1874, he entered Siddhi Valaagham and
Anumana pramana is having a great scope in ayurveda an attempt is made here on general description on anumana pramana as per the syllabus, tarka and significance of Anumana Pramana will be posted soon
The document discusses the Ayurvedic theory of Panchmahabhutas, or the five great elements - Prithvi, Jala, Agni, Vayu, and Akash. It explains that according to Ayurveda, everything in the universe is composed of these five elements. The human body and foods are also Panchmahabhautic in nature. An imbalance in these elements can lead to disease. Clinical applications include treating a vitiated element by administering drugs and foods that have opposing properties of the afflicted element. The concept of Panchmahabhutas forms the basis of understanding physiology, pathology, and pharmacokinetics in Ayurveda.
Langhana involves procedures that produce lightness in the body such as vomiting, purgation, enema therapy, and nasal therapy. It also includes controlling thirst, exercise, fasting, digestible foods, sun exposure, and wind exposure. There are 10 types of langhana effects including elimination of waste, lightness of body, purity, lack of drowsiness, lack of exertion, taste appreciation, joint pain, malaise, cough, loss of appetite, thirst, dizziness, upward movement of wind, emaciation, and loss of digestion power and strength. Langhana is recommended in all seasons, especially winter for conditions like obesity, wind disorders, and skin diseases. It is recommended
Sanskrit Language - Literary or ScientificChetanaM2
The document discusses whether Sanskrit is a literary or scientific language. It notes that traditionally Sanskrit was viewed as an arts subject rather than a science. However, the document argues that Sanskrit has characteristics of both a literary and scientific language. As a literary language, Sanskrit has a rich tradition of poetry, plays, and philosophy. As a scientific language, Sanskrit has precise rules of grammar and syntax that reduce ambiguity, and its structure allows terms to be built in a generative way. The document examines aspects of Sanskrit that demonstrate it can precisely describe the physical world, making it a rare example of a language that can function as both literary and scientific.
The Chola administration had a central government led by the king and council of ministers. Officers were paid with land assignments. The central government oversaw external defense, internal peace, cultural progress, and general prosperity. Power was decentralized with mandalams or provinces ruled by royal families. Local villages had self-governance through three types of assemblies that discussed taxes, disputes, and resource allocation. Villages donated land and taxes to prominent temples, which served as social, educational, and medical centers. The Chola kingdom derived revenue from land and trade taxes, which supported public works, officials, and the army. Chola art and architecture flourished during this period, exemplified by their iconic temples and statues like Nataraja
The Malabar Rebellion of 1921 was a revolt by Mappila Muslims in the Malabar region of Kerala against British rule and Hindu landlords. It began as a response to the British attempts to arrest leaders of the Khilafat movement but later turned violent and communal as Mappilas attacked and killed thousands of Hindus. Key Mappila leaders like Variyankunnath Kunjahammed Haji and Ali Musliyar led the rebellion which established control over some areas initially. However, the British brought in more troops, declared martial law and eventually suppressed the rebellion by early 1922, arresting or killing many Mappilas and leaving thousands dead overall.
The document discusses the six qualities (gunas) of the soul or self (atma) according to Ayurveda. These six qualities are: desires, aversion, happiness, misery, effort, and intellect. Each quality is defined and their role in physical and mental health is explained. Maintaining balance of these qualities through proper conduct is said to guide people towards fulfilling the four goals of life and achieving optimal health and well-being.
Trividha chikitsa in manasa roga by Dr soumya patil.pptxDr Soumya Patil
TRIVIDHA CHIKITSA IN MANASA ROGA
A/ c WHO
Health is is defined as state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity.
Ayurveda emphasizes its treatment in three aspects such as daivavyapashraya , yuktivyapashraya and satvavajaya
An academic from the Department of Samhita & Siddhanta at BLDEA’S AVS AMV Vijayapur is listed. Dr. Jyothi Alias Jyotsna P Baragi holds the position of Assistant Professor in the department. The document provides her name, title, department, and place of work.
Agroforestry: A land degradation control and mitigation approachNarendraKokliyal
Land degradation refers to the temporary or permanent decline in the productive capacity of the land. The main causes are deforestation, overgrazing, excessive chemical use, and urbanization. The key processes are vegetation degradation, water erosion, wind erosion, waterlogging, salinity, and mass movement. This leads to reduced yields, lower returns, and issues like landlessness. An analysis of India found over 96 million hectares degraded from 2003-2013, with water erosion being the primary process and vegetation degradation second. Several states had high degradation percentages, like Rajasthan, Jharkhand, and Himachal Pradesh.
The document summarizes key concepts in yoga philosophy or yoga darshan. It discusses the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy known as shat darshanas including Purva Mimamsa, Vedanta, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, and Yoga. It provides details on three principal texts of yoga - the Bhagavad Gita, Patanjali's Yoga Sutras, and the Hatha Yoga Pradipika. It explains the eight limbs of Ashtanga Yoga from Patanjali including yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana,
This document defines archaeology and outlines its aims, scope, and relevance. Archaeology is defined as the study of past human cultures through their material remains. The aims of archaeology are to reconstruct extinct cultures and understand cultural changes by studying artifacts and sites. The scope of archaeology is broad, including fieldwork, exploration, and analysis of tangible evidence. Archaeology's relevance includes providing information on the past, fostering cultural heritage and national pride, and supporting conservation, tourism, and jobs.
The document discusses including the right to health in the Sri Lankan constitution. It notes that Sri Lanka previously had free health services, education, and food subsidies, but since 1977 has privatized services and neglected its responsibility to provide free healthcare. This has led to deteriorating health conditions. It argues that including the right to health in the constitution would require governments to allocate funding to healthcare and allow citizens to seek justice if their rights are not upheld. The Peoples' Health Movement of Sri Lanka has started a campaign to amend the constitution to include this right, including discussions with political and academic leaders, and plans future events like a press conference and seminar.
This document provides an overview of health evaluation methods and indicators. It discusses how health is defined and why health evaluation is important. It then outlines several common types of health indicators used in evaluation, including mortality indicators like infant mortality rate, mobility indicators like prevalence of diseases, health service coverage indicators like immunization rates, and demographic indicators like adult literacy rate. The document serves to introduce the topic of health evaluation and the key metrics and techniques commonly used.
HerbleRituals practiced by traditional famers in Sri LankaGayani Rasangika
Traditional Sri Lankan farmers developed rituals and practices centered around astrology, spirits, and eco-friendly techniques to sustain agricultural yields. Key practices included selecting seeds and land preparation based on astrological calendars, using mantras and rituals to invoke blessings and ward off pests, and following principles like minimal tillage and mixed cropping. Farmers believed supernatural beings influenced nature and careful spiritual practices were needed for agricultural success.
The document discusses the current state of affairs regarding the peace process in Sri Lanka. It notes that while the government is committed to peace talks, there is a lack of strategy and capacity in the negotiations. Civil society faces challenges from opposition groups but remains important to support peace, human rights, and democracy. International bans may have limited leverage, and a coordinated long-term plan is needed to support rights-based initiatives and engagement with all parties. Building capacity for political awareness and federalism can help sensitize the population and provide alternatives to military solutions.
Enterprise architecture in the current e-Government context in Sri LankaCrishantha Nanayakkara
The document discusses enterprise architecture strategies in Sri Lanka. It begins by asking if Sri Lanka has an enterprise architecture strategy. It then explains that Sri Lanka's strategy so far has been to use a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) based infrastructure. It describes how Sri Lanka has implemented an enterprise architecture using the TOGAF framework, with phases including defining business and information architectures, then mapping applications and technology. The strategy focuses on managing complexity through partitioning and iterative processes.
The document discusses human smuggling from Sri Lanka to Australia in the post-war period from 2009-2016. It provides background on human smuggling and trafficking globally and in Sri Lanka. It finds that human smuggling increased significantly after the end of the 30-year civil war in 2009, especially among Tamils. By 2013 the trend had declined some. Over 4,500 people were arrested for smuggling attempts in this period, most of whom were Tamil. The document aims to analyze how the post-war political, legal, security, economic and social environments in Sri Lanka impacted levels of human smuggling.
This is about an Electronic Medical Record System for General Practitioners, especially for those who are from developing countries like Sri Lanka. Details are there in www.lakmedi.com
The presentation focuses on indigenous knowledge systems and science and their role in rural and agricultural development. Both knowledge systems are important to the modern man. They are a science which can be used profitably to further progress and without contradictions.
The document discusses several aspects of language, culture, living habits, and the influences of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism in China. It notes that while aspects like language, philosophy, and customs are unified across China, there is also diversity in dialects, scripts, interpretations, and regional practices. It also examines the impacts of modernization on Chinese society, economy, governance, diplomacy, and women and ethnic minorities. Key impacts include changes to family, traditions, and social roles, as well as China's increasing integration into the global order and economy.
Local Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices – Implications for Flood Ris...Lelihle Simelane
This presentation gives an overview of the role of LIKSP in water resources management and how they can contribute to increasing climate resilience in the region, informed by a review of research carried out in 14 member SADC states. It reflects that local communities have been dealing with climate variability for generations and have learned to adapt their lives and livelihoods to the water cycle. Thus, new adaptation measures for the water sector must build on such knowledge.
The presentation highlights the link between the different local indigenous indicators with conventional forecasting systems still requires an in-depth exploration, and points to indications that the two knowledge systems complement each other, and their reconciliation may be invaluable to the development of preparedness to climate change impacts. The identification of relevant, reliable and more robust local indicators which could be useful in determining changes natural and water resources, and the environment, while contributing to food security issues among rural communities would be vital for this purpose. The nature, form and relevance of any indicator must be known by community members and useable if it is to be useful in policy formulation. Community engagement should be taken as the first step by researchers and policy makers, during the research and documentation processes, otherwise some of the information will remain locked within.
The document discusses various indigenous knowledge practices used in agriculture in Bangladesh. It describes techniques for rice cultivation like using salt water for weed control and pruning rice plants for wind resistance. Other practices discussed include using tree leaves and rice straw for mulching, scarecrows to protect crops, and threshing and drying grains. Biological controls using birds and fruit covering are also summarized. The document also discusses uses of materials like bamboo, neem leaves, and mustard oil for preserving and transporting various agricultural products.
This document discusses using machine learning to improve garbage collection in Java. It explores using machine learning to predict whether an object will survive long enough to be promoted to the older generation of memory. The author conducted experiments using mutual information to determine which object attributes, like allocation site and size, correlate with object lifetime. Based on the results, the author proposes using a decision tree model for classification to predict object tenuring. Future work would involve offline and possibly online training of the decision tree to integrate the predictions into the Java runtime's garbage collection. The experiments found mutual information a useful technique for analyzing object lifetime heuristics and uncovered new attributes related to object type that correlate with lifetime.
At Aalborg University PhD students are required to give a 1 Year progress report. A professor (different from supervisor) acts as opponent. A discussion about the project usually follows with other professors and students. In my case there were 15 people and I obtained critical feedback for my project. I welcome any idea.
Teleconsultation refers to the electronic communication that happens between a clinician and patient for the purpose of diagnostic or therapeutic advice. Teleconsultations are particularly useful to provide healthcare services in situations where face-to-face consultation may not be easy. So far, the teleconsultations sessions are primarily supported by audio and video based communication. Although audio and video based communications are advantageous for teleconsultation, they may not fully support all the diagnostic tasks that are carried out in a face-to-face consultation session. For example, diagnosis of physical injuries may require physical handling through touch, which is not possible over video based communication. To address this, I put forward a novel approach of using tangible interfaces and artifacts to support physical diagnostic tasks in a teleconsultation sessions.
The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding on how to design such tangible interfaces. The research will be carried out in three phases. In the first phase, I will investigate the experience of users with technology involved in a teleconsultation session through observation studies to gather a deep understanding on existing teleconsultation processes. These insights will inform the design for tangible interfaces to support teleconsultation session. The prototyping will be carried out in second phase. Finally, in the third phase I will field deploy the prototype to gather and understand its implication in teleconsultation sessions. This investigation will guide me towards a first conceptual understanding of the design of tangible interfaces for teleconsultation sessions. Ultimately, my aim is to invoke thinking towards natural (tangible) interfaces in supporting teleconsultations to get closer to the experience of face-to-face consultation.
This document outlines the key steps in the agricultural process, including soil preparation, sowing, fertilization, irrigation, weed protection, harvesting, and storage. Soil is prepared through tillage or chemicals to kill weeds. Seeds are soaked, cleaned, and sown into the soil. Manure and fertilizers are added to provide nutrients for growth. Irrigation supplies water, while weed protection controls unwanted plants. Crops are harvested using machines or by hand, then stored correctly to prevent quality loss or pest damage over time.
This document defines a progress report as a report written by a student for a teacher or employee for a supervisor to inform them of work completed and progress made on an assigned project. It outlines the typical format, contents, and language used in a progress report, including an introduction describing the project, work status updates, any problems encountered, and a conclusion on the project schedule. Students are instructed on how to identify the necessary parts of a progress report and shown an example format using a memo to demonstrate how to produce their own progress report.
The document discusses the proposed new SEC Act in Sri Lanka and its objectives to strengthen market regulation and protect investors. It analyzes factors that have contributed to a lack of trust in the stock market such as poor corporate governance, market manipulation, and lack of transparency. The new Act aims to regain investor trust and confidence by improving disclosure requirements, regulating various market participants, promoting financial literacy, and increasing enforcement against misconduct. The overall goal is to establish fair, efficient, and transparent markets in line with IOSCO principles of securities regulation.
Ethics in international research: Scholarly integrity workshop - 2013Cassandra Quave
In 2013, Dr. Quave led a workshop entitled: "Ethics in International Research: Navigating International Policies Concerning Human Subjects and Bioprospecting" for the Emory Program for Scholarly Integrity.
This is a presentation I gave to the Research Coordinators in the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan (04.03.2015).
It included the following topics:
• Overview on the Knowledge Management Cycle and how research fits in it
• Brief historical background on research ethics
• What makes research ethical?
• Definition and examples of scientific misconduct
• How to make your research ethical and avoid scientific misconduct?
Unit 2,ethical consideration in researchChanda Jabeen
This document discusses ethical considerations in research. It covers objectives like defining ethics terms, discussing historical events that shaped research ethics, and describing informed consent. Key topics include the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, principles of beneficence and respecting human dignity. Research ethics aim to protect participants and ensure their voluntary consent, privacy, and fair distribution of risks and benefits.
Health cooperation in post-conflict Liberia has focused on rebuilding the health system and improving health outcomes. The Basic Package of Health Services was introduced to deliver essential services through decentralized provision and performance-based contracting. International aid has supported health governance, financing, infrastructure and technical assistance. While maternal and child mortality have declined, challenges remain in strengthening all aspects of the health system and better coordinating stakeholders. Sustainable improvement requires both top-down and bottom-up capacity development with a rights-based approach that empowers local communities.
Traditional knowledge changing scenario in indiaManjappa Ganiger
1) Traditional knowledge is the accumulated wisdom, knowledge, and teachings of indigenous communities handed down through generations orally or through cultural expressions. It encompasses agricultural knowledge, medicinal knowledge, and expressions of folklore.
2) Efforts are being made in India to document traditional knowledge through community biodiversity registers and digital libraries to protect it from unauthorized use. Mechanisms like benefit sharing agreements and prior informed consent also aim to protect traditional knowledge holders' rights.
3) Traditional knowledge plays a significant role in developing India's systems of medicine like Ayurveda. Many medicinal plants traditionally used by tribes for centuries now find acceptance in these medical systems and even modern medicine.
This document discusses intellectual property rights and patents in relation to Ayurveda. It notes that while Ayurveda is gaining global recognition, its traditional knowledge is also being exploited through biopiracy and improper patents. However, the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library project has helped check biopiracy by providing a database of Ayurvedic knowledge to patent offices. The document also examines provisions of Indian patent law regarding Ayurvedic innovations and notes debates around balancing patent protections with promoting research and commercialization of Ayurvedic medicines globally.
This document outlines an upcoming workshop exploring cultural safety and working with Aboriginal peoples. The workshop will involve a discussion on current approaches to cultural safety training, as well as focus groups discussing strategies for cultural safety. The workshop aims to engage with critical questions around cultural safety terminology and implementation within curriculums and organizations. It will take a standpoint focusing on the relevance of cultural safety to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations and their approach to well-being.
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This document provides an introduction to research, defining it as an organized inquiry to solve problems and discover new facts. It explains that research helps increase understanding of the world by exploring thoughts, scrutinizing perspectives, forming attitudes, understanding habits, probing cultures and norms, and explaining scientific facts. Examples of research topics are then listed covering distance learning, improving long-term care facilities, impacts of COVID-19, social media influences, rice in the Filipino diet, and threats to the tilapia industry.
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The document summarizes the functions and ethical guidelines of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). ICMR is the apex body for biomedical research in India. It provides funding for research, has governing bodies like a scientific advisory board, and aims to conduct ethical research that respects participants. The document outlines general ethical principles like voluntary participation, informed consent, and minimizing risks. It also discusses issues like privacy, payment for participation, and managing conflicts of interest. ICMR has various divisions, regional centers, and institutes that conduct and support biomedical research across India.
Ethical Concerns Regarding Research on Human SubjectsClinosolIndia
This document discusses the ethics of conducting research on human subjects. It begins with an introduction noting the troubled history of human experimentation and the need to carefully address ethical concerns to protect participants. It then outlines some of the key codes and guidelines for ethical research, like the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki. The main body discusses the ethical framework, including principles like informed consent, minimizing harm, and fair participant selection. It also examines the roles of institutional review boards and transparency. Examples of past unethical trials like the Thalidomide tragedy and Tuskegee syphilis study are provided. The document concludes by discussing how to balance risks and benefits in research.
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The document discusses indigenous knowledge (IK), also known as indigenous technical knowledge (ITK). It defines IK as the traditional knowledge developed by local communities through generations of living close to nature. The United Nations and other organizations have recognized the importance of IK. ITK refers specifically to the skills and technologies passed down within communities. The document outlines various terms used for IK and how it is an adaptive system held by communities. It also discusses the importance of documenting and validating IK using various methods to ensure its preservation and integration into agricultural research and development.
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Safeguarding Traditional Knowledge in Health and Wellbeing in Sri Lanka as Intangible Cultural Heritage
1. PhD Confirmation
SAFEGUARDING TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE (TK)
IN HEALTH AND WELLBEING IN SRI LANKA
AS INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE
Nirekha De Silva,
PhD Candidate,
Griffith Law School, Griffith University
1 November 2013
18. 2. Objectives
18/41
Identify current situation of TK in health (mental and
physical) and wellbeing.
Analyze the applicability and impact of prevailing
international and national instruments in protecting
TK in health and wellbeing in Sri Lanka.
Examine the role and the impact of Government
institutions and NGOs actions related to
safeguarding TK.
Identify effective ways of safeguarding TK in health
and wellbeing as ICH in Sri Lanka.
19. 3. Research Questions
19/41
i.
What is the Current Situation of TK in Health
and Wellbeing?
ii.
What is the Role of Int’l and National
Instruments in Protecting TK in Health and
Wellbeing?
iii.
How Can We Protect TK in Health and
Wellbeing?
20. 3. Research Questions
20/40
i.
What is the Current Situation of TK in Health
and Wellbeing?
The main types of TK and TK Holders related to health and
wellbeing in Sri Lanka
The role of TK in healing and wellbeing in the country;
How TK shared, transmitted inter-generationally?
What bodies of TK is facing the threat of extinction and what are
the main underlying reasons?
Which TK are hegemonic knowledge?
In what ways are TK and based products being used
commercially?
Whether it is currently being accessed by third parties?
What are the main TK-related concerns and objectives expressed
by different groups of stakeholders?
21. 3. Research Questions
ii.
21/40
What is the Role of Int’l and National
Instruments in Protecting TK in Health and
Wellbeing?
Why should we legally protect TK?
What are the applicable International laws?
What are the measures taken in applying the laws in protecting
TK in health and wellbeing in Sri Lanka?
What role do customary laws play with regard to traditional
knowledge and how effective is it?
How might Sri Lanka overcome the limitation with national sui
generis systems to protect traditional knowledge.
22. 3. Research Questions
iii.
22/40
How Can We Protect TK in Health and
Wellbeing?
Sri Lanka should use intellectual property tools, which is largely a western
form of protection, to advance the development strategy?
Who are the main stakeholders?
What are Government, NGO and Individual initiatives?
How proactive are the national and local governments in preserving TK
related to health and wellbeing?
To what extent is there debate in the country?
How do interested stakeholders currently network?
What efforts have been made to document traditional knowledge?
What is the effectiveness of existing systems of protection?
What are the interactions between traditional practitioners & modern
scientists?
23. 4. Where the Questions
Came from?
22/40
Threat of extinction of TK due to colonization,
globalization and homogenization
The very process of legitimizing Western knowledge
in South Asia has resulted in de-legitimizing the rich
heritage of traditional knowledge.
Loss of TK due to colonial policies of administration
24. 4. Where the Questions
Came from?
To improve the lives of TK holders
and communities who depend
on TK for their livelihoods, health
and wellbeing.
To increase performance by
enabling greater commercial
use
To increase exports of TK-related
products
To ensure cultural diversity and
wellbeing of communities
23/40
25. How Could TK be Safeguarded?
Identification
Documentation
Research
Preservation
Protection
Promotion
Enhancement
Transmission
Revitalization
24/40
26. Role of International bodies in
safeguarding traditional knowledge
26/40
The Rights of
the Indigenous
People
• International Labour Organization (ILO)
• United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR)
• UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
Bio-Diversity
• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
• International Treaty on Plant and Genetic Resources on
Food and Agriculture
Intellectual
Property
• Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and
Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC)
of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
27. Role of International bodies in
safeguarding traditional knowledge
27/40
Trade and
Development
• United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD)
• UN World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002
Resource
Management
and
Development
• United Nations Economic Social Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), Local and Indigenous
Knowledge Systems (LINKS)
Research,
Teaching, Policy
Development
• United Nations University (UNU), Institute of
Advanced Studies, Traditional Knowledge Initiative
28. Government Indigenous Medical
System
27/40
Ayurveda Medical
Council
Department
of Ayurveda
Ministry of
Indigenous
Medicine
Ayurveda
Drug
Corporation
National Institute of
Traditional
Medicine
Bandaranaike
Ayurveda
Research Institute
Herbal Gardens
Hospitals and
Dispensaries
29. 5. Why the Research
Questions are Important?
29/40
The Questions try to address the prevailing issues
in safeguarding traditional knowledge.
Country level
Defining Traditional and Indigenous healing systems
Recognizing diverse healing methods
Regulation of healing methods
Systematic researching, documenting and training on indigenous
healing
Implementing proper assessing systems
Accreditation of the indigenous healers
Unearth any debates or disagreements about TK
30. 5. Why the Research Questions
are Important?
30/40
International level
most of the programmes developed by Western
Policy Makers
little consultation with the traditional knowledge
bearers and policy makers in the developing
countries.
the views and issues of Sri Lankans are not
adequately represented at international level and
are not properly reflected in policy making.
31. 31/40
6. How the Research
Questions are Addressed?
1.
APPROACH
2.
METHODOLOGY
3.
DELIMITATIONS
32. Approach
Post-Colonial Theory
Theoretical
Historical, Current National Laws and
Policies, International laws
Legal
Institutional
Ethical
32/40
Int’l, Government, Non-Government,
Private Companies, Individual
Griffith University Ethics
Approval from Ministry of Indigenous Medicine
33. Methodology Research Tools
32/40
Literature Review - Neuman, W. L.(2000) Chapter 16:
P. 440-480
Content Analysis - Neuman (2000) P. 292-294; Holsti,
Ole R. (1968); Stone, Phillip et al. (1966)
Discourse Analysis - Cutting J. (2002)
Participant Observation - Lofland, John. (1974);
Lofland, John and Lyn H. Lofland (1995); Neuman W.
L. (2000): Ch 14; Smith, L. W. (1978)
34. Methodology Research Tools
33/40
Case Studies
1.
Government Indigenous Medical System,
2.
Traditional and Indigenous Healing
Practices and Medicine
3.
Traditional and Indigenous Healing Rituals
and Mental Health Care Practices.
(Abramson, P. R. (1992), Smith, L. W. (1978), Stake, R. E. (1994))
35. Methodology -
34/40
Research Tools
Key Informant Interviews - Neuman (2000)
Semi- Structured Interviews – Babbie, E. R. (2010)
Dialogue over Research Findings (Workshop)
36. Delimitations
Availability of Information
Access
Multiculturalism and Language
Barriers
Consent and Information Sharing
Not an Anthropological Study
Not specifically an Intellectual
Property thesis
36/40
37. 7. Draft Table of Contents
36/40
Introduction
1.
Framework & Methodology
2.
Traditional Notions of Health & Wellbeing
3.
TK of Health & Wellbeing as Cultural Heritage: PostColonial Interpretation
4.
The Impact of the Int’l Laws, Regulations, Policies &
Mechanisms in Protecting TK in Health & Wellbeing
5.
Does the Sri Lankan Government Framework Protect TK in
Health and Wellbeing Effectively?
6.
Traditional Healing Practices: Struggle for Survival
7.
Vanishing Philosophy and Art of Mental Health Care
Conlusion: Issues in Safeguarding TK in Health and Wellbeing
38. 8. Outputs to Date
38/40
Interviews - 93
Draft Chapters – Introduction, 1, 2, 3, 4
Conference Presentations
• Ananda Coomaraswamy Memorial Conference on Asian Art and Culture, University of
Kelaniya (8-10 September 2012) on Revival of Oriental Traditional Knowledge in Arts and
Crafts: Role of Ananda Coomaraswamy
• South Asian Association for Regional Corporation (SAARC) Regional Seminar on
Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions of South Asia, Sigiriya (29-30
April 2013) on Sri Lanka's Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions of
Health and Wellbeing: History, Present Status and the Need for Safeguarding
• Early Candidature Milestone (February 2013) Griffith University
Publications
Sri Lanka's Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions of Health and
Wellbeing: History, Present Status and the Need for Safeguarding . SAARC Monograph
on Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions of South Asia. SAARC
Cultural Centre
39. Expected Outputs
39/40
Publish six papers in International Journals
Traditional Notions of Health and Wellbeing
Traditional Knowledge of Health and Wellbeing as Cultural
Heritage: Post-Colonial Interpretation
The Impact of the International Laws, Regulations, Policies and
Mechanisms in Protecting Traditional Knowledge in Health and
Wellbeing
Does the Sri Lankan Government Framework Protect Traditional
Knowledge in Health and Wellbeing Effectively? Analysis of the Role
and the Impact of the National Laws and Structure in Place
Traditional Healing Practices: Struggle for Survival
Vanishing Philosophy and Art of Mental Health Care
Present at two International Conferences
Publish a book on ‘Healers and Healing’ (International Publisher)
40. 9. Time Frame
Activity
39/40
Time Frame (Months)
1-6
Developing the Research Design
X
13-18 19-24
25-30
X
X
X
X
31- 36
X
X
Literature Review , Content Analysis,
Discourse Analysis
Developing Tools- Interview/ Case
Study/ Focus Group Discussions/
Survey
Fieldwork in Sri Lanka
(Interviews, Case Studies)
7-12
X
X
Confirmation of the PhD
X
Fieldwork in Sri Lanka (Workshop)
X
Analyzing the Findings
Writing the Thesis
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
41. Special Thanks to My Supervisors
41/40
Prof. Fiona Kumari Campbell
Principal Supervisor
Associate Professor in Law, Griffith Law School, Griffith
University, Queensland, Australia.
Dr. Jay Sanderson
Associate Supervisor
Lecturer, Griffith Law School, Griffith University, Queensland,
Australia
Dr. Sinharaja Tammita-Delgoda
External Supervisor
Historian & Art Historian. Authority on the History, Culture, Traditions of Sri Lanka
Editor's Notes
Photo – in Mandate to protect traditional wisdom in KM Gopakumar’s article dated 4-10-2009 http://www.d-sector.org/article-det.asp?id=493