Tribal Revolts and Movements led by Deposed rulers and Zamindars.

1. Anti-Colonial Tribal Movements
In India

2. Causes for the Tribal Movements
• Activities of Christian Missionaries in the tribal
areas
• Attempts to monopolise forests thus curbing
the grazing facilities and the use of timber
• Law which were regarded as intrusions into
the personal lives of the tribal people
• Reaction of the efforts of the Zamindars to
exploit the tribal people
• Restrictions on shifting cultivation in forests

3. Fakir-Sannyasi rebellion
• Gosain or Goswami
• Hindu and Muslim ascetics
• identified as “gypsies of Hindustan“, “trading
pilgrims“, “disorderly tribe of lawless
mendicants“, “religious vagrants”
• These Sanyasis were Sadhus of the Dasanami
sect, which originated in 9th century. In 16th
century, a section of Dasnamis was organized
by Madhusudana
• in Bengalaround Murshidabad and
Baikunthupur forests of Jalpaiguri.

4. Fakirs
• The Fakirs connected to this rebellion
belonged to Madariya group of the Sufi Silsila.
This group finds its origin from Syed Badiuddin
Qutb-ul-Madar.

5. • One hundreds of years, the Fakirs and
Sanyasis used to travel to North Bengal to visit
various shrines and pilgrim sites.
• the Bengal Famine of 1770 led to drop in
production and many Zamindars could not pay
the taxes.
• Numerous restrictions were placed on
Sanyasis and Fakirs also because British
considered them looters and thugs.

6. • The peasants, displaced landlords and these
Sadhus -Fakirs came together in a rebellion
which started in later part of 18th century and
continued for
• In 1771, 150 Fakirs were killed for no good
reason. This triggered rebellion which reached
its climax in late 1770s.
• The Fakirs and Sanyasis came together in
number close to fifty thousand to defeat the
common enemy British.

7. • Apart from Sanyasis and Fakirs, the revolt saw
active participation of displaced Zamindars,
peasants, artisans and disbanded armies of
Nawabs.
• The Ex-army people provided leadership,
peasants provided social base
• For Fakirs, Majanun Shah was main leader.
Musa Shah took the leadership and continued
rebel for some time.
• Later, Chirag Shah led the Fakirs to launch
attack on British establishments.

8. • The revolt was also led by two women leaders
Bhavini Pathak and Devi Chaudhrani.

9. Chuar and Ho
• Aboriginal Tribesmen in Midnapur
• Famine
• Enhanced Land Revenue
• Economic distress goaded
• The Rajas of Dhalbhum, Kailapal, Dholka and
Barabhum organised a revolt in 1768 and followed
scorched earth policy.
• Continued till the end of the century.
• The Ho and Munda tribesmen of Chota Nagpur and
Singhbhum again challenged the company forces in
1820- 1822, again in 1831.

10. Bhils
• Hill ranges of Khandesh in the previous
Maratha territory
• British occupied by 1818
• Revolt under Seva Ram in 1825
• 1831 Ramosi and Umaji Raje were executed
• Minor revolts took place in 1836 and in 1846

11. Ahom Revolt- 1828-1833
• Assam
• Leader Gomdhar Konwar
• The british had pledged to withdraw from
Assam after the first Burma War 1824-26
• Finally , the company gave upper Assam to
Maharaja Purandar Singh Narendar and part
of the kingdom was restored to the Assamess
king

12. Kol Mutiny 1831-32
• Ranch, singhbhum, Hazaribagh, Palamu,
Western paartsof Manbhum
• Leader- Buddhu Bhagat
• Cause- Transver of land from Kol headmen
(Mundas) to outsider like Sikh and Muslim
farmers

13. Khasi Uprising-1829-1833
• Tribal area of Goro, Khasi and Jaintia hills in
present Meghalaya
• Leader- Tirat Singh
• Tribes- Khasi, Garo, Kham-Pti, Singh-pos
• Cause- the british wanted to built a road
connection Brahmaputra valley with sylhet
• Military force suppressed it in 1833

14. Khonds/Khond Uprising
• Traditionally hunter-gatherers
• practice hunting, gathering and slash-and-
burn agriculture in the forests
• Khonds speak the Kui and Kuvi languages.
• uprisings from 1837 to 1856
• tribals of Ghumsar, china-ki-medi, kalahandi
and Patna actively participated.

15. • . The main issue was the attempt by the
government to suppress human sacrifice
(Mariah)
• introduction of new taxes by the British
• the influx of Zamindars and sahookars
(money-lenders)
• Led by Radha Krishna Dand Sena &
Chakra Bisoi end by 1885

16. • In the period of 1789-1832, the Munda rose
up in rebellion seven times against the
landlords, dikhus, money-lenders and the
British, who instead of protesting them sided
• The tribal chiefs rose up against the erosion of
Khuntkatti System or joint holding by tribal
lineages.
• Birsa Munda

17. Munda Uprising- 1899-1900
• In the period of 1789-1832(Formative period)
• the Munda rose up in rebellion seven times
against the landlords, dikhus, money-lenders
and the British
• Their movement identified as ‘sardariladai’ or
‘war of the leaders.
• The tribal chiefs rose up against the erosion of
Khuntkatti System or Joint tenures.

18. Birsa
• Received some education from the
missionaries
• He called upon the Mundas to fight against
superstition
• Give up animal sacrifice
• Stop taking intoxicants
• To wear the sacred thread and retain the
tribal tradition of worship in the sarna or the
sacred grove

19. • He was arrested on 3 March 1900
• Women also participated in the movement
• Birsa Munda received some education from
the missionaries and the came under
Vaishnava influence
• Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act of 1908 with joint
reorganisation to joint farming rights and ban
on Begari or forced labour

20. Santhal Revolt
• The Santhal Revolt took place in 1855-56.
• In the state of Jharkhand- Bihar - Odissa.
• The first peasant revolt that occurred in India.
• The revolt can be attributed to the
introduction of the Permanent Land
Settlement of 1793.

21. • Zamindars,the Police, the revenue and court
alas have exercise a combined system of
extortions, oppressive exactions, forcible
dispossession of property, abuse and personal
violence and a variety of petty tyrannies upon
the timid and yielding Santhals.
• Usurious interest on loans of money ranging
from 50 to 500 percent

22. • 1854 under Bir Singh of Sasan in Lachimpur.
• Under the leadership of two brothers Siddhu
and Khanu
• They attacked the houses of money-lenders,
zamindars, white planters, railway engineers
andBritish officials.
• control of their oppressor sand take
possession of the country and set up a
government of their own.

23. Ramosi Revolt- 1922-25-26
• Satara
• Leader Chittur Singh, Umaji
• Cause- heavy land revenue
• Ended when people were given land grants
and admitted in the ranks of the hill police

24. Naikada Revolt
• Tribes of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat
• Leader Dharma Raj
• Revolt against British officers and Hindus with
religious favour and attacked police stations

25. Kharwar Uprising
• Fllowed the Santhala rebellion in 1870
• Preached monotheism and internal reforms
• Later turned in to campaign against revenue
settlement

26. Koya Rebellion
• In 1879-80
• In East Godavari of AP
• Leader- Tomma Sora
• Cause- Customary rights, forest, police
exactions, exploitations by Money lenders
• Sora was shot dead by the police
• 1886- by Raja Anantayyar
• Formed Ram’s Army- Ram Sandhu
• Appealed to Maharaja of Jeypore to help

27. Rampa Rebellion
• In East Godavari of AP
• Leader- Sita Rama Raju
• Cause- Customary rights, forest, police
exactions, exploitations by Money lenders
• Sita Rama Raju was shot dead by the police

28. Movements led by Deposed rulers
and Zamindars

29. Polygar War-1
• First -1799
• Leaders- Kottabomma Nayak
• Subramania Pillai
• Soundra Pandian Nayak
• Cause- Subsidiary alliance – Revenue

30. Second Polygar war1800-1801
• Also Called as South indian Rebellion
• Leaders- Gopala Nayak, Kerala Varman
Krishnappa Nayak
Bombed the British barracks in Combatore in
1800
Karnatic treaty 1801
British assumed direct control over Tamilnadu
and Polygar system was replaced by the
Zamindari system

31. Kurnool-Polygar Rebellion 1799-
1805
• Nayankara system of Vijaya Nagaram
administration
• Cause- Collection of tax by traditional class or
company officers

32. Velu Thampi- 1765-1809
• The Diwan of Travancore
• Subsidiary alliance system
• He was the only head of the state to be
hanged during the British rule

33. Ganjam Revolt- 1835
• Leaders – Gumsur Zamindar
Dhananjaya Bhanja
• Place- Orissa

34. The Mysore Rebellion 1840-41
• Leader- Dhondji Wagh

35. Sawantwadi Revolt- 1844
• Leader- maratha chief Phond Sawant
• Captured the British fort but finally forced to
seek refuge in Goa

36. Gadkari Revolt- 1844
• Hereditary servants of the Marathas
• Forced to give up their service and
mamlatdars asked to oversee the lands
• Place- Kolhapur

37. • Krishnaraja died- Hyder Ali became the de
facto ruler of Mysore in 1763
• He was appointed faujdar or commandant of
Dindigul in 1753 and actively participated in
the wars. This was the occasion to learn much
about European methods of fighting
• As early as 1755-1756 he is said to have
obtained the services of Frenchmen to
organize his artillery, arsenal and workshop.

38. • Established the system of ‘risalas’, of a
standard number of soldiers with fixed
allotments of guns and transport, in line with
the pattern of troop division in European
armies.
• The economic resources so heavily
augmented needed to be centralized.
• paying the officers by regular salaries

39. MYSORE STATE
• During Tipu's rule French technology was used
for the first time in carpentry and smithy,
Chinese technology was used for sugar
production, and technology
from Bengal helped improve
the sericulture industry
• State factories were established in
Kanakapura and Taramandelpeth for
producing cannons and gunpowder
respectively

40. • The Mysore silk industry was first initiated
during the rule of Tipu Sultan
• Under Tipu Sultan, Mysore enjoyed one of the
world's highest real wages and living
standards in the late 18th century, higher than
Britain
• Tipu is credited as the pioneer of Rocket
Technology in India
• Tipu Sultan wrote a military manual called
Fathul Mujahidin. The manual explains the
operation of Mysore rockets

41. • After the death of Tipu Sultan, the British
forces took away his sword and ring as war
trophies
• ring he owned had "Ram" engraved on it
• The leftovers and belongings of Tipu Sultan
had been put on display at the British
Museum till the year 2004. Later on, Vijay
Mallya bought the sword of Tipu Sultan in an
auction

42. • Tipu Sultan had an obsession for horticulture
and gardening

43. Vellore mutiny
• The Vellore mutiny on 10 July 1806 was the
first instance of a large-scale and
violent mutiny by Indian sepoys against
the East India Company
• Killed or wounded 200 British troops
• The mutiny was subdued by cavalry and
artillery from Arcot
• Executions of about 100 mutineers took place
during the suppression of the outbreak,
followed by the formal court-martial of
smaller numbers.

44. • causes of the mutiny revolved mainly around
resentment felt towards changes in the sepoy
dress code, introduced in November 1805
• Hindus were prohibited from wearing
religious marks on their foreheads and
Muslims were required to shave their beards
and trim their moustaches.

45. • General Sir John Craddock, Commander-in-
Chief of the Madras Army ordered the
wearing of a round hat resembling that
associated at the time with both Europeans in
general and with Indian converts to
Christianity

46. • In May 1806 some sepoys who protested the
new rules were sent to Fort Saint George
• Two of them – a Hindu and a Muslim – were
given 90 lashes each and dismissed from the
army. Nineteen sepoys were punished with 50
lashes each and forced to seek pardon from
the East India Company

47. • the sons of the defeated Tipu Sultan, confined
at Vellore since 1799. Tipu's wives and sons,
together with numerous retainers,
were pensioners of the East India Company
and lived in a palace within the large complex
comprising the Vellore Fort.

48. • One of Tipu Sultan's daughters was to be
married on 9 July 1806, and the plotters of the
uprising gathered at the fort under the pretext
of attending the wedding. The objectives of
the civilian conspirators remain obscure but
by seizing and holding the fort they may have
hoped to encourage a general rising through
the territory of the former Mysore Sultanate.
• However, Tippu's sons were reluctant to take
charge after the mutiny arose

49. • on 10 July, the sepoys killed fourteen of their
own officers and 115 men of the 69th
Regiment, most of the latter as they slept in
their barracks. Among those killed was
Colonel St. John Fancourt, the commander of
the fort. The rebels seized control by dawn,
and raised the flag of the Mysore Sultanate
over the fort. Tipu's second son Fateh Hyder
was declared king.

50. • After formal trial, six mutineers were blown
away from guns, five shot by firing squad,
eight hanged and five transported.
• After the incident, the incarcerated royals in
Vellore fort were transferred to Calcutta.
• He controversial interference with the social
and religious customs of the sepoys was also
abolished, as was flogging within the Indian
regiments

51. Devi Movement in Gujarat 1922-23
• Devi salabai was initially a social movement
• This movement made those classes its target which
exploited the tribals and which were dealing with the liquor
trade.
• Parsi money-lenders and landlords.
• The tribals decided to boycott the Parsis and the Muslims
• By the End of December 1922, it became the part of a non-
cooperation movement.
• The Congress organised Kaliparaj Conference which was
presided over by Vallabhabhai Patel on 21 January 1923.
• The conference resolved to advocate the cutting of toddy
trees, closure of liquor shops and propagation of Khadi.