The document discusses the concepts of varna and jati in ancient Indian social life and institutions. It notes that jati emerged from varna and were further divisions based on occupation, endogamy, and culture. There were both positive and negative aspects to the jati system. Positively, jatis developed specialized skills and contributed to economic and social development. However, the rigid social hierarchies and restrictions of the jati system also led to discrimination and inequality in ancient Indian society. The document aims to analyze features, reasons for development, and impacts of the jati system according to various ancient Indian texts and foreign observers.
The document summarizes three ancient centers of learning in India - Taxila, Nalanda, and Vikramshila. Taxila, located in modern-day Pakistan, was one of the oldest universities dating back to the 7th century BCE. It was known for its multidisciplinary curriculum and intellectual scholars. Nalanda University flourished from the 5th to 12th century in Bihar and had over 10,000 students and 1,500 teachers at its peak. It taught a wide range of religious and secular subjects and had an extensive library. Vikramshila University was founded in the 8th century in Bengal and specialized in Buddhist philosophy, attracting many Tibetan scholars who helped spread its teachings. All three
This document discusses the concept and components of family in ancient Indian social life and institutions. It defines family as social groups originating through marriage and blood relations that consist of a husband, wife, and children. The family binds its members through legal, economic, religious, and social ties as well as duties and privileges. It also discusses 12 different types of sons recognized in ancient India, including biological sons, adopted sons, stepsons, and others. Primary duties of the family included legalizing sexual desires, childbirth and care, equal property rights, and work distribution.
The document discusses four important centers of ancient education in India:
1. Nalanda University was a renowned Buddhist center of learning from the 5th to 12th century CE with entrance exams, renowned teachers and library. It declined after an invasion in 1193 CE.
2. Vikramashila University was also an important Buddhist center from 8th to 12th century CE that declined after the same 1193 CE invasion.
3. Taxila University was a famous center that attracted scholars from across India, especially in fields like medicine.
4. Kashi (Varanasi) was mentioned as an important center as early as the 6th century BCE and developed further as a center of philosophy after the epic period
The document discusses the four stages (ashramas) of life in Hinduism - Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, and Sannyasa.
[1] Brahmacharya refers to the student stage typically until age 25 where one lives with a guru and focuses on education, self-discipline, and acquiring knowledge of scriptures.
[2] Grihastha is the householder stage from 25-49 where one is married, raises a family, works to support the family, and leads a virtuous social life which is most important for continuing society.
[3] Vanaprastha from 49-74 is a retirement transition stage where one hands
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
The document discusses the position and role of women in ancient Indian society. It provides context about why sons were more important than daughters for economic, safety, and military reasons. Women's roles included mother, sister, daughter, wife and widow. It outlines prominent female scholars from the Vedic period when women had more rights, which decreased in later periods. Goddesses like Lakshmi, Sarasvati and Durga were revered. A quote from Manusmriti establishes that women were not independent and needed protection by father, husband and son at different stages of life.
The document discusses the concepts of varna and jati in ancient Indian social life and institutions. It notes that jati emerged from varna and were further divisions based on occupation, endogamy, and culture. There were both positive and negative aspects to the jati system. Positively, jatis developed specialized skills and contributed to economic and social development. However, the rigid social hierarchies and restrictions of the jati system also led to discrimination and inequality in ancient Indian society. The document aims to analyze features, reasons for development, and impacts of the jati system according to various ancient Indian texts and foreign observers.
The document summarizes three ancient centers of learning in India - Taxila, Nalanda, and Vikramshila. Taxila, located in modern-day Pakistan, was one of the oldest universities dating back to the 7th century BCE. It was known for its multidisciplinary curriculum and intellectual scholars. Nalanda University flourished from the 5th to 12th century in Bihar and had over 10,000 students and 1,500 teachers at its peak. It taught a wide range of religious and secular subjects and had an extensive library. Vikramshila University was founded in the 8th century in Bengal and specialized in Buddhist philosophy, attracting many Tibetan scholars who helped spread its teachings. All three
This document discusses the concept and components of family in ancient Indian social life and institutions. It defines family as social groups originating through marriage and blood relations that consist of a husband, wife, and children. The family binds its members through legal, economic, religious, and social ties as well as duties and privileges. It also discusses 12 different types of sons recognized in ancient India, including biological sons, adopted sons, stepsons, and others. Primary duties of the family included legalizing sexual desires, childbirth and care, equal property rights, and work distribution.
The document discusses four important centers of ancient education in India:
1. Nalanda University was a renowned Buddhist center of learning from the 5th to 12th century CE with entrance exams, renowned teachers and library. It declined after an invasion in 1193 CE.
2. Vikramashila University was also an important Buddhist center from 8th to 12th century CE that declined after the same 1193 CE invasion.
3. Taxila University was a famous center that attracted scholars from across India, especially in fields like medicine.
4. Kashi (Varanasi) was mentioned as an important center as early as the 6th century BCE and developed further as a center of philosophy after the epic period
The document discusses the four stages (ashramas) of life in Hinduism - Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, and Sannyasa.
[1] Brahmacharya refers to the student stage typically until age 25 where one lives with a guru and focuses on education, self-discipline, and acquiring knowledge of scriptures.
[2] Grihastha is the householder stage from 25-49 where one is married, raises a family, works to support the family, and leads a virtuous social life which is most important for continuing society.
[3] Vanaprastha from 49-74 is a retirement transition stage where one hands
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
The document discusses the position and role of women in ancient Indian society. It provides context about why sons were more important than daughters for economic, safety, and military reasons. Women's roles included mother, sister, daughter, wife and widow. It outlines prominent female scholars from the Vedic period when women had more rights, which decreased in later periods. Goddesses like Lakshmi, Sarasvati and Durga were revered. A quote from Manusmriti establishes that women were not independent and needed protection by father, husband and son at different stages of life.
The document discusses the Vedic period and religion in India. It provides an overview of Vedic literature and classification. It describes the major Vedic gods including Agni, Soma, Indra, Rudra, Varuna, Vishnu, and Surya. It discusses their nature, forms, and importance in Vedic religion. It also examines theories about the Aryan invasion and the relationship between the Indus Valley civilization and the Vedic period based on archaeological evidence.
Indo-Roman trade flourished between the 1st century BCE to 2nd century CE due to the political and economic strength of the Roman Empire and the rise of kingdoms in India like the Kushans and Satavahanas. Key commodities traded were spices, textiles, gems from India and glass, wine, and metals from Rome. Major ports involved in the trade included Barygaza, Muziris, and Arikamedu. Archaeological evidence like amphorae, coins, and other artifacts provide evidence of extensive trade networks and cultural exchange between the two regions.
The document discusses the tradition of Panchdevopasana, which is the combined worship of five deities - Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti, Surya, and Ganesh. It originated as an effort to unite different traditions in Hinduism. Evidence of Panchdevopasana can be found as early as the Gupta period, with examples of Panchayatana temples from the early medieval period in Khajuraho, Bhubaneswar, and Rajasthan. The worship of the five deities represents the five elements through different associations.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
Shaivism has a long history in India dating back to the Vedic period. It grew in popularity and influence during the Gupta period as evidenced by literary and archaeological sources. Various Shaiva sects emerged like Pashupata, Shaiva Siddhanta, Kapalika, and Lingayata. Shaivism spread across India through royal patronage and the construction of prominent Shiva temples. It was a diverse tradition encompassing both peaceful and fierce forms of worship for Shiva. Shaivism remains an influential religious tradition in India to this day.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
The document provides an overview of marriage in Hindu traditions, including its meaning, aims, types, sources, and customs surrounding selection of bride and groom. It discusses key texts that discuss marriage like the Manusmriti. There are 8 types of marriages described - Brahma, Daiva, Arsa, Prajapatya, Asura, Gandharva, Raksasa, Paisaca. The aims of marriage are described as dharma, praja, and rati. Qualities like good family, character, learning are important in selecting a bride and groom.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Kingship originated in ancient India for several reasons, including to provide protection against attacks and theft. Kings had duties like protecting subjects and their property, preventing crimes, and promoting welfare. To become king, one had to perform sacred Vedic ceremonies over periods of months or years, asserting their political power. These ceremonies, like Rajasuya, Vajapeya, and Ashwamedha, involved complex rituals and sacrifices, and conferred different levels of royal authority. Performing these rituals legitimized and sacredly established one's kingship.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
The document discusses the Saur sampradaya, or sun worship tradition, in India. It covers:
- The worship of the sun god Surya has ancient roots in Vedic and other early Indian religions, though Surya was not a primary deity.
- A distinct sun cult emerged later in history, with Surya portrayed as the omnipotent creator. This was influenced by traditions from outside India.
- Key texts of the Saur tradition date back to the 10th century CE. Distinct rituals and festivals centered around sun worship.
- Archaeological evidence and literary sources show sun worship was prominent from at least the Gupta period onwards, with many rulers and communities practicing
The document discusses the Vedic period and religion in India. It provides an overview of Vedic literature and classification. It describes the major Vedic gods including Agni, Soma, Indra, Rudra, Varuna, Vishnu, and Surya. It discusses their nature, forms, and importance in Vedic religion. It also examines theories about the Aryan invasion and the relationship between the Indus Valley civilization and the Vedic period based on archaeological evidence.
Indo-Roman trade flourished between the 1st century BCE to 2nd century CE due to the political and economic strength of the Roman Empire and the rise of kingdoms in India like the Kushans and Satavahanas. Key commodities traded were spices, textiles, gems from India and glass, wine, and metals from Rome. Major ports involved in the trade included Barygaza, Muziris, and Arikamedu. Archaeological evidence like amphorae, coins, and other artifacts provide evidence of extensive trade networks and cultural exchange between the two regions.
The document discusses the tradition of Panchdevopasana, which is the combined worship of five deities - Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti, Surya, and Ganesh. It originated as an effort to unite different traditions in Hinduism. Evidence of Panchdevopasana can be found as early as the Gupta period, with examples of Panchayatana temples from the early medieval period in Khajuraho, Bhubaneswar, and Rajasthan. The worship of the five deities represents the five elements through different associations.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
Shaivism has a long history in India dating back to the Vedic period. It grew in popularity and influence during the Gupta period as evidenced by literary and archaeological sources. Various Shaiva sects emerged like Pashupata, Shaiva Siddhanta, Kapalika, and Lingayata. Shaivism spread across India through royal patronage and the construction of prominent Shiva temples. It was a diverse tradition encompassing both peaceful and fierce forms of worship for Shiva. Shaivism remains an influential religious tradition in India to this day.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
The document provides an overview of marriage in Hindu traditions, including its meaning, aims, types, sources, and customs surrounding selection of bride and groom. It discusses key texts that discuss marriage like the Manusmriti. There are 8 types of marriages described - Brahma, Daiva, Arsa, Prajapatya, Asura, Gandharva, Raksasa, Paisaca. The aims of marriage are described as dharma, praja, and rati. Qualities like good family, character, learning are important in selecting a bride and groom.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Kingship originated in ancient India for several reasons, including to provide protection against attacks and theft. Kings had duties like protecting subjects and their property, preventing crimes, and promoting welfare. To become king, one had to perform sacred Vedic ceremonies over periods of months or years, asserting their political power. These ceremonies, like Rajasuya, Vajapeya, and Ashwamedha, involved complex rituals and sacrifices, and conferred different levels of royal authority. Performing these rituals legitimized and sacredly established one's kingship.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
The document discusses the Saur sampradaya, or sun worship tradition, in India. It covers:
- The worship of the sun god Surya has ancient roots in Vedic and other early Indian religions, though Surya was not a primary deity.
- A distinct sun cult emerged later in history, with Surya portrayed as the omnipotent creator. This was influenced by traditions from outside India.
- Key texts of the Saur tradition date back to the 10th century CE. Distinct rituals and festivals centered around sun worship.
- Archaeological evidence and literary sources show sun worship was prominent from at least the Gupta period onwards, with many rulers and communities practicing
हिन्दू देवता क्या हैं और इनका हमारी एस्ट्रोलॉजी से क्या संबंध है.pptxbharatjjj7
हमारे चेतन मस्तिष्क एवं मेरुदंड में स्थित पाँच चक्रों से लगातार तरंगे निकलती रहती है. ये तरंगें चारों तरफ बैठे दूसरे मनुष्यों के चेतन से निकल रही तरंगों से मिल रही है. इन तरंगो की सम्मलित चेतना को हम देवता कहते हैं. गले से निकल रही अचेतन तरंगों का सारांश को हम कहते हैं ब्रह्मा जी. हृदय से निकल रही अचेतन तरंगों उनके सारांश को हम कहते हैं शिव भगवान. नाभि से निकल रही अचेतन तरंगों को हम कहते हैं विष्णु भगवान. नाभि के नीचे से निकल रही अचेतन तरंगों उन्हें हम कहते हैं हनुमान, गणेश अथवा वरुण. और टेल बोन से निकल रही अचेतन तरंगों को हम कहते हैं देवी.
यदि हमें अपने चक्रों को प्रभावित करना है तो हम एस्ट्रोलॉजी से उन रंगों का, उन गंध का, उन आकृतियों का उपयोग कर सकते हैं. जैसे यदि आपको अपने को शांत करना है, शिव की तरह शांत रहना है, तो आप नीले रंग का प्रयोग करें. यदि आपको सक्रिय होना है तो आप पीले रंग का प्रयोग कीजिए. इस प्रकार हमारी एस्ट्रोलॉजी इन चक्रों को मैनेज करती है.
see full video: https://youtu.be/O__LaORJ39I
WhatsApp group to discuss. please join it
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हिन्दू देवता क्या हैं और इनका हमारी एस्ट्रोलॉजी से क्या संबंध है?bharatjjj7
हमारे चेतन मस्तिष्क एवं मेरुदंड में स्थित पाँच चक्रों से लगातार तरंगे निकलती रहती है. ये तरंगें चारों तरफ बैठे दूसरे मनुष्यों के चेतन से निकल रही तरंगों से मिल रही है. इन तरंगो की सम्मलित चेतना को हम देवता कहते हैं. गले से निकल रही अचेतन तरंगों का सारांश को हम कहते हैं ब्रह्मा जी. हृदय से निकल रही अचेतन तरंगों उनके सारांश को हम कहते हैं शिव भगवान. नाभि से निकल रही अचेतन तरंगों को हम कहते हैं विष्णु भगवान. नाभि के नीचे से निकल रही अचेतन तरंगों उन्हें हम कहते हैं हनुमान, गणेश अथवा वरुण. और टेल बोन से निकल रही अचेतन तरंगों को हम कहते हैं देवी.
यदि हमें अपने चक्रों को प्रभावित करना है तो हम एस्ट्रोलॉजी से उन रंगों का, उन गंध का, उन आकृतियों का उपयोग कर सकते हैं. जैसे यदि आपको अपने को शांत करना है, शिव की तरह शांत रहना है, तो आप नीले रंग का प्रयोग करें. यदि आपको सक्रिय होना है तो आप पीले रंग का प्रयोग कीजिए. इस प्रकार हमारी एस्ट्रोलॉजी इन चक्रों को मैनेज करती है.
see full video: https://youtu.be/O__LaORJ39I
WhatsApp group to discuss. please join it
https://chat.whatsapp.com/ISkPODp1TES9Vw0Ud33Kkc
Personality development according to punchakosh 2016Varadraj Bapat
Personality development according to punchakosh
there are five types of koshas
Anamay kosh, Pranamay kosh, Manomay kosh, Vignayanmay kosh, Aanandamay kosh.
जैन धर्म के उदय के कारण _ जैन धर्म के संस्थापक _ भगवान महावीर स्वामी का जीवन...PRAVIN KUMAR
छठी शताब्दी ई. पू. एक बौद्धिक और आध्यात्मिक क्रान्ति का युग था जिसमें विश्व के विभिन्न भागों में मनुष्य की जिज्ञासा युग-युग की संचित धारणाओं, कर्मकाण्ड, अन्धविश्वास एवं अंध श्रद्धा के आवरण को हटाकर प्रत्येक मान्यता के अन्तर्निहित सत्य को खोजने के लिए लालायित थी। इस तर्कशीलता एवं जिज्ञासा का ही यह परिणाम था कि ई. पू. छठी शताब्दी में विश्व के अनेक स्थानों पर युग-प्रवर्तकों का जन्म हुआ, नवीन धर्मों की स्थापना हुई एवं पुरानी मान्यताओं का पुनर्मूल्यांकन करने का प्रयास हुआ।
ब्रह्मचारी गिरीश
कुलाधिपति, महर्षि महेश योगी वैदिक विश्वविद्यालय
एवं महानिदेशक, महर्षि विश्व शांति की वैश्विक राजधानी
भारत का ब्रह्मस्थान, करौंदी, जिला कटनी (पूर्व में जबलपुर), मध्य प्रदेश
This document discusses the analysis of non-artifactual remains such as botanical and zoological remains in archaeological studies. It notes that such remains can provide insights into past agricultural practices, food sources, environmental conditions, and religious beliefs and rituals. The document outlines how archaeozoologists study animal remains to understand relationships between humans and animals, including diet, the environment, technology, and the role of animals in economic and social systems. It also discusses the multi-disciplinary nature of faunal studies and the variety of direct and indirect evidence used, such as bones, isotopes, genetics, and historical documents.
1. Sigillography is the study of seals, particularly those used for authentication. It involves analyzing seals' design, material, inscriptions, and historical context to understand their significance.
2. In ancient India, seals and sealings were used to secure documents, containers, and objects. They served various purposes including authentication of ownership and preventing tampering.
3. The study of seals provides insights into economic, social, political, administrative, and religious aspects of past societies. Seals reveal details about rulers, officials, guilds, educational institutions, and religious establishments.
Coins_MA, Sem.II_Material Remains as Source of Ancient Indian History & Cultu...Banaras Hindu University
Punch-marked coins and Indo-Greek coins were important forms of currency in ancient India that provide historical and cultural insights. Punch-marked coins date from 600-200 BCE and feature irregular shapes with symbols punched into the metal. They were issued by merchant guilds and states and can explain contemporary flora, fauna, trade networks, and territorial control. Indo-Greek coins date from 200 BCE to 100 CE and were precisely die-struck in precious metals. They were produced by over 40 rulers across South Asia and Afghanistan and typically included the ruler's name and portrait with Greek or Indian religious imagery. Both coin types influenced later Indian dynasties and provide evidence of economic and cultural exchange.
This document discusses the analysis of non-artifactual remains like botanical and zoological evidence found in archaeological sites. It explains that the remains can provide insights into ancient agricultural practices, food sources, environmental conditions, animal husbandry, and religious rituals. The document also discusses the fields of archaeobotany and paleoethnobotany, noting that plant macroremains found charred can reveal information about preservation, sampling, species, and interpreting assemblages. Specific examples of wheat cultivation at Mehrgarh and water management systems from past civilizations are also mentioned.
Discovering the Ancient Canvas: Exploring the Scientific Documentation Proces...Banaras Hindu University
Documenting rock art sites is crucial for preserving and understanding humanity's ancient cultural heritage. The presentation delves into the scientific documentation process of rock art, exploring its significance, methods, and implications for future generations. The presentation begins by defining documentation and its importance in recording and preserving rock art sites for posterity. It highlights the necessity of documentation, emphasising its role in safeguarding cultural heritage and facilitating scholarly research. The immense value of documentation for future generations is underscored, emphasising its role in preserving invaluable evidence of our ancestors' artistic expressions and cultural practices. Various documentation methods are discussed, from traditional approaches to modern scientific techniques. The presentation reviews previous attempts at rock art documentation, identifying important works and methodologies employed by scholars in the field. It outlines a comprehensive documentation process, starting with planning and preparation and ending with on-site data collection, analysis and off-site table work and lab analysis.
Case studies are presented to illustrate the application of the documentation process, providing insights into the practical aspects of rock art research. The presentation also discusses ethical considerations and guiding principles for conducting insightful and culturally sensitive rock art research. The importance of assembling a multidisciplinary team is emphasised, highlighting the diverse expertise required for a holistic understanding of rock art sites. Detailed lists of general accessories and scientific equipment are provided for field and laboratory work. The presentation offers a final mantra for successful rock art research, emphasising patience, in-depth site understanding, multidisciplinary collaboration, and ethical engagement with local communities. By adhering to these principles, researchers can contribute to preserving and interpreting humanity's ancient cultural heritage for generations to come.
The document discusses material remains as sources of ancient Indian history and culture. It covers several topics:
1. It introduces the different types of material remains that can be studied, including objects, buildings, writings, pottery, tools, artwork, bones, and plant remains. Each type provides insights into how ancient people lived.
2. It describes how artifacts can be classified based on material, function, location found, and date, in order to better understand them.
3. Key aspects for analyzing artifacts are identified as archaeological context, cultural significance, historical context, technology, and socio-economic implications.
4. Several specific artifact types - tools, pottery, beads, seals, metal objects,
Syllabus_MA, Sem.II_Material Remains as Source of Ancient Indian History & Cu...Banaras Hindu University
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on using material remains as sources for understanding ancient Indian history and culture. The syllabus is divided into 5 units that will cover: 1) the introduction and classification of archaeological data from the prehistoric to early historic periods; 2) the analysis of coins, seals, and sealings from the historical period; 3) the nature and use of inscriptions for reconstructing political and cultural history; 4) using sculptures, paintings, rock art, and murals to understand history; and 5) analyzing the historical importance of religious and non-religious architectural structures and monuments.
The Pandya dynasty was an ancient Tamil dynasty that ruled parts of southern India between the 4th century BCE and 16th century CE from their capital at Madurai. Some key details:
- The dynasty originated in the ancient Tamil country of Pandi Nadu and was founded by Nedunjeliyan I, who ruled from the coastal town of Korkai.
- The Pandya kingdom encompassed most of modern-day Tamil Nadu and reached the peak of its power and territory under the imperial Pandyas in the 13th-14th centuries CE.
- The dynasty contributed significantly to the culture of southern India, patronizing Tamil literature and constructing temples. However, it faced invasions
1) Someshvara I (1042-1068 CE) was a powerful ruler of the Western Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani who shifted the capital from Manyakheta to Kalyani. He had successful military campaigns across India and defeated several neighboring dynasties, though he was unable to defeat the Cholas.
2) Vikramaditya VI (1076-1126 CE) was another powerful ruler who started the Chalukya Vikram era and was known for his patronage of art and literature. However, after his death the dynasty went into decline.
3) The Western Chalukya dynasty ruled from the 10th-12th century in the region of
The Rashtrakuta Period lasted from approximately 753-982 CE. The Rashtrakuta dynasty originated from the Elichpur branch of the dynasty, which was originally a feudatory of the Badami Chalukyas. During the rule of Dantidurga in the 8th century, the Elichpur clan overthrew the Chalukya king Kirtivarman II and established an empire with its base in the Gulbarga region of modern Karnataka. The Rashtrakuta empire extended from the Ganga-Yamuna doab in the north to Kanyakumari in the south during its peak. The early Rashtrakuta kings were influenced by Brahmanism, Buddhism
Vijayaditya III was a powerful king of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty of Vengi who reigned from 849-892 CE. He defeated several neighboring dynasties including the Rashtrakutas, Pallavas, Gangas, and Cholas, gaining control over a large portion of the Deccan. After the death of his Rashtrakuta ally Amoghavarsha I, Vijayaditya declared independence from the Rashtrakutas. His successors Bhima I and Vijayaditya IV continued expanding the kingdom, but it eventually declined with the rise of the Kakatiya dynasty.
The document provides details about town planning and architecture in the Indus-Saraswati River Valley civilization. The cities were well-planned with grid-based layouts consisting of rectangular blocks separated by streets intersecting at right angles. Drainage systems and burned bricks were used in construction. Notable structures included granaries, the Great Bath at Mohenjodaro, and multi-story buildings arranged around inner courtyards. Residents had access to wells and an effective sanitation system was in place, demonstrating sophisticated municipal management.
The document discusses the history and principles of town planning and architecture in ancient India. It describes how the early cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro were planned with separate areas for housing, markets, and industries. It also outlines Chanakya's teachings on ideal town layouts, which recommended circular or rectangular designs with defenses, amenities, and different zones for residents of varying castes. The goal of town planning is to guide physical development to meet social, cultural, economic needs and provide healthy living conditions for all residents through zoning, amenities, and orderly growth.
This PPT is for educational purpose not for commercial and not even for API purpose.
This is prepared for the students of art, architecture and archaeology.
The Gandhara janapada, located in modern-day northwest India and Pakistan, issued punch-marked coins with a distinctive "bent-bar wheel-marked" design. While some attribute these coins to the Achaemenid Persian Empire that ruled the area, their unique design suggests coinage originated earlier in Gandhara itself. Even though Gandhara was a Persian satrapy, its coins differed radically from standard Persian coinage, implying they had a long history of local use prior to Persian rule. The bent-bar wheel design provides evidence that coinage was developed independently in India, including the Gandhara region, before later Persian and Greek influence.
Skandagupta issued an inscription in 459-460 CE that was erected as a pillar at Kahom village in Deoria district, Uttar Pradesh. The pillar contained sculptures of Jain tirthankaras and an inscription describing the lineage of the individuals who commissioned the pillar's construction. It was erected by Madra, son of Rudrasoma, for the welfare of all beings and to honor the first Jain teachers. The inscription provides valuable information about the Gupta dynasty and Skandagupta's reign.
The document provides an overview of mural art traditions in India, beginning with early traditions at sites like Ajanta, Ellora, Bagh, and later traditions under dynasties like the Chola. It discusses the history, themes, techniques, and materials of important mural art centers in India. Key points include the use of natural pigments like ochres and lapis lazuli, application over plaster on cave walls or plain temple walls, and depictions of religious, political, and secular themes through narratives and figures. Mural traditions evolved over time, with regional styles developing under the Pallava and Chola that built upon earlier Gupta and Vakataka styles seen at Ajanta.
1. SEMESTER - IV
AIHC & Arch-C-401: Ancient Indian Social Life and
Institutions
Unit IV : Samsakāras
Aims, types and significance
of Samsakāras
Sachin Kr. Tiwary
3. • संस्कार शब्द का मूल अर्थ है, 'शुद्धीकरण'।
• मूलतः संस्कार का अभिप्राय उन धाभमथक कृ त्यों से र्ा जो ककसी व्यक्तत को अपने समुदाय का पूणथ रुप
से योग्य सदस्य बनाने क
े उद्देश्य से उसक
े शरीर, मन और मक्स्तष्क को पवित्र करने क
े भलए ककए
जाते र्े, ककन्तु हहंदू संस्कारों का उद्देश्य व्यक्तत में अिीष्ट गुणों को जन्म देना िी र्ा।
• िूषणिूत सम्यकीकरण को संस्कार कहते हैं। अर्ाथत् क्जस किया से शरीर, मन और आत्मा उत्तम हो उसे
संस्कार कहते हैं। िैहदक सोलह संस्कार मानि जीिन ननमाथण योजना है।
संस्कार बीज से कमथिृक्ष का विस्तार होता है।
• संस्कार संस्कृ नत को जन्म देते हैं। संस्कृ नत का अर्थ है शोिामय सम्यक् कृ नत। मनुष्य क
े व्यक्ततगत
तर्ा सामाक्जक सिाथभ्युदय क
े अनुक
ू ल आचार-विचार ही संस्कारमय िणाथश्रम प्रणाली का उद्देश्य है।
संस्कार रूपी किया से मनुष्य का शरीर और आत्मा सुसंकृ त होने से धमथ, अर्थ, काम और मोक्ष को
प्राप्त हो सकता है। शरीर और आत्मा सुसंस्कृ नत िािना संस्कार प्रारम्ि में ही है, जब संस्कारी और
संस्कारकताथ ब्रह्म हमारा बबछौना ओढ़ना हो कहकर सत्य, यश, श्री, समृद्धधपूणथ जीिन की कामना
करता है।
•
महवषथ दयानन्द सरस्िती ने संस्कारविधध ग्रन्र् में सोलह संस्कारों का विधान ककया है। क्जनमें तीन
गर्ाावस्था सम्बक्न्धत, आठ ब्रह्मचर्ाावस्था सम्बक्न्धत, दो गृहस्थावस्था सम्बक्न्धत, एक िानप्रस्र् तर्ा
एक संन्यास सम्बक्न्धत है एिं अक्न्तम संस्कार मरणोपरान्त पार्ीि शरीर पर ककया जाता है। िे सोलह
संस्कार ननम्न हैं-
(1) गिाथधान संस्कार, (2) पुंसिन संस्कार, (3) सीमन्तोन्नयन संस्कार, (4) जातकमथ संस्कार, (5)
नामकरण संस्कार, (6) ननष्िमण संस्कार, (7) अन्नप्राशन संस्कार, (8) चूडाकमथ संस्कार, (9) कणथिेध
संस्कार, (10) उपनयन संस्कार, (11) िेदारम्ि संस्कार, (12) समाित्तथन संस्कार, (13) वििाह संस्कार,
(14) िानप्रस्र् संस्कार, (15) संन्यास संस्कार, (16) अन्त्येक्ष्ट संस्कार।
4. Types
40 Gautam
Dharmasutra
18 Vaikhanasa
13 Manusmriti,
Bauddhayana,
Paraskar, and
Varaha
12 Yagyawalkya
Smriti
16 Rishi Veda Vyas
Swami Dayanand
Saraswati and Pt.
Bheemsen Sharma
11 Ashwalayan
Grihasutra