The Nyaya philosophy was founded by the sage Gautama and is also known as the Akshapada system. It accepts 16 categories of knowledge including perception, inference, comparison, and testimony. Perception is considered a valid source of knowledge and is defined as the contact between a sense organ and object. Perception is classified as ordinary and extraordinary, with ordinary perception occurring through the 5 senses and mind. Ordinary perception is further classified into indeterminate, determinate, and recognition. Inference is also accepted as a valid source of knowledge in Nyaya.

1. Dr Keerti choudhary
Assistant Professor’
Department of Philosophy,
Patna Women‘s College

2. • THE NYAYA PHILOSOPHY IS FOUNDED BY THE SAGE
GOTAMA.
• HE ALSO KNOWN AS AKASAPADA.
• ACCORDINGLY ,THE NYAYA IS ALSO KNOWN AS
AKSAPADA SYSTEM.
• LATER ON NYAYA IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PATH

3. NYAYA PHILOSOPHY
 NYAYA sanskrit ni-aya, literally
recursion,
 Used in the sense of syllogism, inference
 THE first work of the nyaya philosphy is
nyaya-sutra of GOTAMA.

4. EPISTEMOLOGY
 Epistemology derived from greek word
episteme, means’ knowledge’’.
 LOGOS means ‘’study or science’’
 Epistemology is the important branch of
philosophy.
 What is knowledge, source of valid
knowledge

5. The Nyaya System accept sixteen Padartha,
these are given below:-
 Pramana
Prameya
Samsaya
Prayojana
Drstanta
Siddhant
Avayava
Tarka
Nirnaya
Vada
Jalpa
Vitanda
Hetbabhasa
Chala
Jati
Nigrahasthana

6. PRAMA
PERCEPTION INFERENCE
COMPARION SABDA
VALID
KNOWLEDGE

7. APRAMA
MEMORY DOUBT
ERROR
HYPOTHETICAL
ARGUMENTs
INVALID
KNOWLEDGE

8. PERCEPTION
 VALID SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE, ACCPTED BY
EVERY SCHOOL OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
 PERCEPTION IS THE VALID KNOWLEDGE
PRODUCED BY THE CONTACT OF AN OBJECT
WITH A SENSE ORGAN.
 THE OLD SCHOOL OF NYAYA DEFINES
PERCEPTION IN TERMS OF SENSE-OBJECT
CONTACT [indriyarthasannikarsa]

9. 1.Perception classification
perception
Alaukika[extra
ordinary]
Laukika[ordinary]

10. ORDINARY PERCEPTION
• The visual
• Auditory
• Tactual
• Gustatory
• Olfactory
PERCERTION
BY SENSE
ORGANS
• Manas
PERCEPTION
BY MANAS

11. LAUKIKA[ORDINARY PERCEPTION]
1.The visual 2.Auditory 3.Tactual
4.Gustatory 5.Olfactory

12. 1. Nirvikalpaka
(Indeterminate),
2. Savikalpaka
(Determinate)
3. Pratabhijna
(Recognition)
THREE M0DES OF ORDINARY
PERCEPTION

13. EXTRA ORDINARY
PERCEPTION[ALAUKIKA]
SAMANYALAKSANA
GYANLAKASANA
YOGAJA

14. Samanyalaksana:-
When we ask whether all men are
mortal the question raised is as to
whether morality is true, not of this
or that men only nor of all men who
are dead and gone, but of all men in
the past, present and future.

15. Jnanalaksana:-
We often use such expressions as “ice
looks cold”, the stone books hard”,
“the grass looks soft”, and so forth.
When our one sense organ to do the
work of another sense organs.

16. Yogaja:-
The third kind of extraordinary
perception is called yogaja. It is the
intuitive perception of all objects – past
and future, hidden and infinitesimal – by
one who possesses some supernatural
power generated in the mind by devout
meditation (yogabhyasa) .

17. Three modes of ordinary perception
According to another classification,
ordinary perception is of three kinds
namely Nirvikalpaka (indeterminate),
Savikalpaka (Determinate) and
Pratabhijna (Recognition)
Contd……

18. Nirvikalpaka (indeterminate):-
Nirvikalpaka (indeterminate) perception
is the primary cognition of an object and
its diverse characters without any
judgment to interrelate them.
Contd……

19. Savikalpaka (Determinate):-
Savikalpaka (Determinate) perception is
the cognition of an object as possessed of
some character.
Contd……

20. Pratabhijna (Recognition):-
Pratabhijna (Recognition) is recognition
in its literal meaning. It is re-cognition of
some object, a cognition of its as that
which was cognised before.

21. CONCLUSION
 EVERY SCHOOL OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY ACCEPT
PERCEPTION AS A VALID SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE.
 BUT OUR SENSE ORGANS ARE LIMITED.
 SO WE REQUIRED INFERENCE,COMPARISION, TESTIMONY
ETC.
 NYAYA PHILOSOPHY REPRESENT A UNIQE DEFINATION OF
PERCEPTION.
 NYAYA PHILOSOPHY INCLUDE MANAS ALSO WHICH ARE
UNIQUE DEFINITION OF PERCEPTION.