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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE
HUANCAVELICA
Docente Adscrito al Departamento Académico de
Ciencias y Humanidades
edgar.yalli@unh.edu.pe
http://www.unh.edu.pe/
Docente: Edgar YALLI HUAMAN
Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación
Matemática Computación e Informática
Se sabe que los números naturales son: ℕ = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, …
SISTEMA DE LOS NUMEROS ENTEROS
Extensión de los números naturales
Si: 𝑎 ≥ 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∈ ℕ
Si: 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∉ ℕ
Definición:
Sea 𝑓: ℕ × ℕ → ℤ , donde: ℤ = … , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …
𝑎, 𝑏 → 𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑏
7, 4 → 3
¿Determine los pares ordenados equivalentes a 7, 4 ?
SISTEMA DE LOS NUMEROS ENTEROS
Definición de Relación de equivalencia en los números enteros (ℤ):
El par ordenado de números naturas 𝑎, 𝑏 es equivalente al par 𝑐, 𝑑 y escribimos:
∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℕ2, ∀ 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℕ2 / 𝑎, 𝑏 ≡ 𝑐, 𝑑 ⟺ 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 𝑏 + 𝑐
Ejemplo: 2 , 3 ≡ 3, 4 ⟺ 2 + 4 = 3 + 3
Teorema:
La relación 𝑎, 𝑏 ≡ 𝑐, 𝑑 es una relación de equivalencia, es decir goza de las siguientes propiedades:
Reflexiva: ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℕ2
/ 𝑎, 𝑏 ≡ 𝑎, 𝑏
Simétrica: ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℕ2, ∀ 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℕ2 / 𝑎, 𝑏 ≡ 𝑐, 𝑑 ⟺ 𝑐, 𝑑 ≡ 𝑎, 𝑏
Transitiva: ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℕ2, ∀ 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℕ2, ∀ 𝑒, 𝑓 ∈ ℕ2 / 𝑎, 𝑏 ≡ 𝑐, 𝑑 ∧ 𝑐, 𝑑 ≡ 𝑒, 𝑓 ⟹ 𝑎, 𝑏 ≡ 𝑒, 𝑓
Definición:
Sea a y b números enteros, donde:
𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ∧ 𝑏 = 𝑏1, 𝑏2 ; 𝑎1, 𝑎2, 𝑏1, 𝑏2 ∈ 𝑁
𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝒂𝟏, 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏, 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒃𝟏, 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
Notación de adición de a y b en Z
𝟐, 𝟓 + 𝟑, 𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝟑, 𝟓 + 𝟏 = 𝟓, 𝟔
-3 2 -1
ADICIÓN DE NUMEROS ENTEROS
ADICIÓN DE NUMEROS ENTEROS
Definición del cero entero: 0 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ; Si: 𝑎1 = 𝑎2
Definición del uno entero: 1 = 𝑛 + 1, 𝑛 ; Si: 𝑛𝜖𝑁
Definición del entero opuesto: Si 𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 es un entero, su opuesto es − 𝑎 = 𝑎2, 𝑎1
I:TEOREMA (Adición de números enteros)
La suma (𝑎 + 𝑏) es independiente de los pares que se consideran para definirla. Es decir:
𝑎 = 𝑎1; 𝑎2 , 𝑎1
,
; 𝑎2
,
, 𝑎1
,,
; 𝑎2
,,
, …
𝑏 = 𝑏1; 𝑏2 , 𝑏1
,
; 𝑏2
,
, 𝑏1
,,
; 𝑏2
,,
, …
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒃𝟏, 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 ≡ 𝒂𝟏
,
+ 𝒃𝟏
,
; 𝒂𝟐
,
+𝒃𝟐
,
II:TEOREMA (Adición de números enteros)
La adición de números enteros goza de las siguientes propiedades:
❖ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ; ∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍
❖ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎 ; ∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍
❖ ∃! 0 𝜖 𝑍 /𝑎 + 0 = 0 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 , ∀𝑎 𝜖 𝑍
❖ ∀𝑎 𝜖 𝑍 ∃! (−𝑎) 𝜖 𝑍 / 𝑎 + −𝑎 = −𝑎 + 𝑎 = 0
❖ Si: 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 → 𝑎 = 𝑐; ∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍
Definición:
Sea a y b números enteros, donde:
𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ∧ 𝑏 = 𝑏1, 𝑏2 ; 𝑎1, 𝑎2, 𝑏1, 𝑏2 ∈ 𝑁
𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 = 𝒂𝟏; 𝒂𝟐 ∙ 𝒃𝟏; 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟏 ∙ 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 ∙ 𝒃𝟐 ; 𝒂𝟏 ∙ 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 ∙ 𝒃𝟏
Notación de multiplicación de a y b en Z
𝟐, 𝟓 ∙ 𝟑, 𝟏 = 𝟐 ∙ 𝟑 + 𝟓 ∙ 𝟏 ; 𝟐 ∙ 𝟏 + 𝟓 ∙ 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟕
-3 2 -6
MULTIPLICACIÓN DE NUMEROS ENTEROS
I:TEOREMA (Multiplicación de números enteros)
La multiplicación de números enteros goza de las siguientes propiedades:
❖ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐 ; ∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍
❖ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑏 ∙ 𝑎 ; ∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍
❖ ∀𝑎 𝜖 𝑍 ∃! 1𝜖 𝑍 / 𝑎 ∙ 1 = 1 ∙ 𝑎 = 𝑎
❖ Si: 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 = 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐 ∧ 𝑐 ≠ 0 → 𝑎 = 𝑏; ∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍
❖ ൠ
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 + 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐
𝑏 + 𝑐 ∙ 𝑎 = 𝑏 ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑐 ∙ 𝑎
∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍
Definición:
Sean 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍, decimos que números: 𝒂 − 𝒃 = 𝒄 ⟺ ∃! 𝒄 ∈ 𝒁 / 𝒂 = 𝒃 + 𝒄
SUSTRACCIÓN DE NUMEROS ENTEROS
Ejemplos: 𝟓 − 𝟑 = 𝟐 ⟺ ∃! 𝟐 ∈ 𝒁 / 𝟓 = 𝟑 + 𝟐
𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎 = −𝟒 ⟺ ∃! − 𝟒 ∈ 𝒁 / 𝟔 = 𝟏𝟎 + (−𝟒)
I: TEOREMA.
𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛: 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍
Si: 𝑎 = 𝑏 ∧ ∃ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∧ ∃ 𝑏 − 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑐 = 𝑏 − 𝑐
II: TEOREMA.
𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛: 𝑎, 𝑏 𝜖 𝑍 ∧ ∃ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑏 es única
III: TEOREMA.
𝑆𝑖 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑢 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑐
Definición:
Sean 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 ≠ 0 ∈ 𝑍, decimos que
DIVISIÓN DE NUMEROS ENTEROS
Ejemplos:
I: TEOREMA.
Si: 𝑎 = 𝑏 ∧ ∃
𝑎
𝑏
∧ ∃
𝑏
𝑐
, 𝑐 ≠ 0 ⇒
𝑎
𝑐
=
𝑏
𝑐
II: TEOREMA.
𝐸𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑦 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑜
𝒂
𝒃
= 𝒄 ⟺ ∃! 𝒄 ∈ 𝒁 / 𝒂 = 𝒃 ∙ 𝒄
𝟏𝟐
𝟒
= 𝟑 ⟺ ∃! 𝟑 ∈ 𝒁 / 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑 ∙ 𝟒
III: TEOREMA.
Definición:
Sean 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 ≠ 0 ∈ 𝑍 ∧
𝑎
𝑏
= 𝑐, 𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒:
ቊ
𝑎) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 = 0
𝑏) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑐 ≠ 0
Definición:
Sea 𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 un número entero, diremos que:
𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ∈ 𝑍0
+
; 𝑠𝑖: 𝑎1 ≥ 𝑎2
𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ∈ 𝑍0
−
; 𝑠𝑖: 𝑎1 ≤ 𝑎2
𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ∈ 𝑍+
; 𝑠𝑖: 𝑎1 > 𝑎2
𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ∈ 𝑍−; 𝑠𝑖: 𝑎1 < 𝑎2
NUMEROS ENTEROS (Z)
𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑏1, 𝑏2 son números
enteros, entonces se cumple:
I: TEOREMA.
a) 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍0
+
∧ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0
+
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0
+
∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0
+
b) 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍0
−
∧ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0
−
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0
−
∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0
+
c) 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍0
+
∧ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0
−
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0
−
I:COROLARIO.
𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑏1, 𝑏2 son números
enteros, entonces se cumple:
a) 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍+ ∧ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍+ ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍+ ∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍+
b) 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍−
∧ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍−
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍−
∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍+
c) 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍+
∧ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍−
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍−
Demostrar:
I. 𝒂 = −𝒂 ⇔ 𝒂 = 𝟎
II. − −𝒂 = 𝒂; ∀ 𝒂 ∈ 𝒁
III. − 𝒂 + 𝒃 = −𝒂 + (−𝒃)
IV. − 𝒂𝒃 = −𝒂 𝒃 = 𝒂 −𝒃
V. −𝒂)(−𝒃 = 𝒂𝒃
VI. 𝒂 ∙ 𝟎 = 𝟎, ∀ 𝒂 ∈ 𝒁
VII. 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎 ∧ 𝒃 ≠ 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒂𝒃 ≠ 𝟎
NUMEROS ENTEROS (Z)
Potenciación en los números enteros (Z)
PROPIEDADES.
Definición:
Sean 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍 𝑦 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, la n-potencia de a, es el numero entero 𝑎𝑛
= 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 ×∙∙∙× 𝑎 × 𝑎, n factores a.
𝑎0
= 1 , si 𝑎 ≠ 0
00
es indeterminado.
Clausura:
Para 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍 𝑦 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, se tiene que 𝑎𝑛
∈ 𝑍 siempre que 𝑎𝑛
no sea indeterminado.
Distributiva (por derecha respecto a la multiplicación):
Para 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍 𝑦 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, se tienen:
(𝑎 × 𝑏)𝑛
= 𝑎𝑛
× 𝑏𝑛
(𝑎 ÷ 𝑏)𝑛= 𝑎𝑛 ÷ 𝑏𝑛, 𝑏 ≠ 0
Otras:
Para 𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑍, 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑁, 𝑎𝑚
𝑥𝑎𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
Para 𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑍, 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑁, con 𝑚 ≥ 𝑛 𝑎𝑚
÷ 𝑎𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
Para 𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑍, 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑁, (𝑎𝑚
)𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑥𝑛
OBS: La potenciación no es distributiva respecto a
la adición y ni a la sustracción.
Para 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍 𝑦 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, se tienen:
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛
≠ 𝑎𝑛
+ 𝑏𝑛
(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑛
≠ 𝑎𝑛
− 𝑏𝑛
La potenciación no es conmutativa ni asociativa,
la expresión 𝑎𝑛𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑎 𝑛𝑚
RELACION “MENOR QUE” DE NUMEROS ENTEROS (Z)
𝒂 ≮ 𝒂, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍
I: TEOREMA.
Definición:
Sean 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍, decimos que:
𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 ⇔ ∃! 𝒄 ∈ 𝑍0
+
/𝒂 + 𝒄 = 𝒃
𝑎 < 𝑏 ⇔ ∃! 𝒄 ∈ 𝑍+
/𝒂 + 𝒄 = 𝒃
II: TEOREMA.
𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑏1, 𝑏2 son números
enteros, entonces se cumple:
𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 ⇔ 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 ≤ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏
I:COROLARIO.
𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑏1, 𝑏2 son números
enteros, entonces se cumple:
𝑎 < 𝑏 ⇔ 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 < 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏
𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑏1, 𝑏2 son números
enteros, entonces se cumple:
1) 𝒂 ≤ 𝒂, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍
2) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 ∧ 𝑏 ≤ 𝑐 ⇒ 𝒂 ≤ 𝒄
3) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 𝒃 ∈ 𝑍 ⇒ 𝒂 ≤ 𝑏 ó 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎
4) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 ⟺ −𝑎 ≥ −𝑏
5) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≥ 0 ∧ 𝑏 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ≥ 0 ∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ≥ 0
6) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≤ 0 ∧ 𝑏 ≤ 0 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ≥ 0
7) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≥ 0 ∧ 𝑏 ≤ 0 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ≤ 0
8) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 ⟺ 𝑎 + 𝑐 ≤ 𝑏 + 𝑐
9) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 ∧ 𝑐 ≥ 0 ⟺ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 ≤ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐
10)𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 ∧ 𝑐 ≤ 0 ⟺ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 ≥ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐
Un número entero 𝑐 = 𝑐1, 𝑐2 es positivo o nulo (respectivo negativo o nulo) si y solo si 𝑐 ≥ 0
(respectivamente c = 0)
𝑖) 𝑐 ∈ 𝑍0
+
⟺ 𝑐 ≥ 0
𝑖𝑖) 𝑐 ∈ 𝑍0
−
⟺ 𝑐 ≤ 0
III: TEOREMAS.
CONTACTO
GRACIAS
Por su atención!
http://campus.unh.edu.pe/
edgar.yalli@unh.edu.pe
961833730
Av
.LosIncass/n,SantaAna–Huancavelica
EDGAR YALLI HUAMAN

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S1 z(def., prop., y operaciones)

  • 1. UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE HUANCAVELICA Docente Adscrito al Departamento Académico de Ciencias y Humanidades edgar.yalli@unh.edu.pe http://www.unh.edu.pe/ Docente: Edgar YALLI HUAMAN Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación Matemática Computación e Informática
  • 2. Se sabe que los números naturales son: ℕ = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, … SISTEMA DE LOS NUMEROS ENTEROS Extensión de los números naturales Si: 𝑎 ≥ 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∈ ℕ Si: 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∉ ℕ Definición: Sea 𝑓: ℕ × ℕ → ℤ , donde: ℤ = … , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … 𝑎, 𝑏 → 𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 7, 4 → 3 ¿Determine los pares ordenados equivalentes a 7, 4 ?
  • 3. SISTEMA DE LOS NUMEROS ENTEROS Definición de Relación de equivalencia en los números enteros (ℤ): El par ordenado de números naturas 𝑎, 𝑏 es equivalente al par 𝑐, 𝑑 y escribimos: ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℕ2, ∀ 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℕ2 / 𝑎, 𝑏 ≡ 𝑐, 𝑑 ⟺ 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 Ejemplo: 2 , 3 ≡ 3, 4 ⟺ 2 + 4 = 3 + 3 Teorema: La relación 𝑎, 𝑏 ≡ 𝑐, 𝑑 es una relación de equivalencia, es decir goza de las siguientes propiedades: Reflexiva: ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℕ2 / 𝑎, 𝑏 ≡ 𝑎, 𝑏 Simétrica: ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℕ2, ∀ 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℕ2 / 𝑎, 𝑏 ≡ 𝑐, 𝑑 ⟺ 𝑐, 𝑑 ≡ 𝑎, 𝑏 Transitiva: ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℕ2, ∀ 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℕ2, ∀ 𝑒, 𝑓 ∈ ℕ2 / 𝑎, 𝑏 ≡ 𝑐, 𝑑 ∧ 𝑐, 𝑑 ≡ 𝑒, 𝑓 ⟹ 𝑎, 𝑏 ≡ 𝑒, 𝑓
  • 4. Definición: Sea a y b números enteros, donde: 𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ∧ 𝑏 = 𝑏1, 𝑏2 ; 𝑎1, 𝑎2, 𝑏1, 𝑏2 ∈ 𝑁 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝒂𝟏, 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏, 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒃𝟏, 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 Notación de adición de a y b en Z 𝟐, 𝟓 + 𝟑, 𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝟑, 𝟓 + 𝟏 = 𝟓, 𝟔 -3 2 -1 ADICIÓN DE NUMEROS ENTEROS
  • 5. ADICIÓN DE NUMEROS ENTEROS Definición del cero entero: 0 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ; Si: 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 Definición del uno entero: 1 = 𝑛 + 1, 𝑛 ; Si: 𝑛𝜖𝑁 Definición del entero opuesto: Si 𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 es un entero, su opuesto es − 𝑎 = 𝑎2, 𝑎1
  • 6. I:TEOREMA (Adición de números enteros) La suma (𝑎 + 𝑏) es independiente de los pares que se consideran para definirla. Es decir: 𝑎 = 𝑎1; 𝑎2 , 𝑎1 , ; 𝑎2 , , 𝑎1 ,, ; 𝑎2 ,, , … 𝑏 = 𝑏1; 𝑏2 , 𝑏1 , ; 𝑏2 , , 𝑏1 ,, ; 𝑏2 ,, , … 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒃𝟏, 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 ≡ 𝒂𝟏 , + 𝒃𝟏 , ; 𝒂𝟐 , +𝒃𝟐 , II:TEOREMA (Adición de números enteros) La adición de números enteros goza de las siguientes propiedades: ❖ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ; ∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍 ❖ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎 ; ∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍 ❖ ∃! 0 𝜖 𝑍 /𝑎 + 0 = 0 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 , ∀𝑎 𝜖 𝑍 ❖ ∀𝑎 𝜖 𝑍 ∃! (−𝑎) 𝜖 𝑍 / 𝑎 + −𝑎 = −𝑎 + 𝑎 = 0 ❖ Si: 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 → 𝑎 = 𝑐; ∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍
  • 7. Definición: Sea a y b números enteros, donde: 𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ∧ 𝑏 = 𝑏1, 𝑏2 ; 𝑎1, 𝑎2, 𝑏1, 𝑏2 ∈ 𝑁 𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 = 𝒂𝟏; 𝒂𝟐 ∙ 𝒃𝟏; 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟏 ∙ 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 ∙ 𝒃𝟐 ; 𝒂𝟏 ∙ 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 ∙ 𝒃𝟏 Notación de multiplicación de a y b en Z 𝟐, 𝟓 ∙ 𝟑, 𝟏 = 𝟐 ∙ 𝟑 + 𝟓 ∙ 𝟏 ; 𝟐 ∙ 𝟏 + 𝟓 ∙ 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟕 -3 2 -6 MULTIPLICACIÓN DE NUMEROS ENTEROS
  • 8. I:TEOREMA (Multiplicación de números enteros) La multiplicación de números enteros goza de las siguientes propiedades: ❖ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐 ; ∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍 ❖ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑏 ∙ 𝑎 ; ∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍 ❖ ∀𝑎 𝜖 𝑍 ∃! 1𝜖 𝑍 / 𝑎 ∙ 1 = 1 ∙ 𝑎 = 𝑎 ❖ Si: 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 = 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐 ∧ 𝑐 ≠ 0 → 𝑎 = 𝑏; ∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍 ❖ ൠ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 + 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑐 ∙ 𝑎 = 𝑏 ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑐 ∙ 𝑎 ∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍
  • 9. Definición: Sean 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍, decimos que números: 𝒂 − 𝒃 = 𝒄 ⟺ ∃! 𝒄 ∈ 𝒁 / 𝒂 = 𝒃 + 𝒄 SUSTRACCIÓN DE NUMEROS ENTEROS Ejemplos: 𝟓 − 𝟑 = 𝟐 ⟺ ∃! 𝟐 ∈ 𝒁 / 𝟓 = 𝟑 + 𝟐 𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎 = −𝟒 ⟺ ∃! − 𝟒 ∈ 𝒁 / 𝟔 = 𝟏𝟎 + (−𝟒) I: TEOREMA. 𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛: 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑍 Si: 𝑎 = 𝑏 ∧ ∃ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∧ ∃ 𝑏 − 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑐 = 𝑏 − 𝑐 II: TEOREMA. 𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛: 𝑎, 𝑏 𝜖 𝑍 ∧ ∃ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑏 es única III: TEOREMA. 𝑆𝑖 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑢 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑐
  • 10. Definición: Sean 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 ≠ 0 ∈ 𝑍, decimos que DIVISIÓN DE NUMEROS ENTEROS Ejemplos: I: TEOREMA. Si: 𝑎 = 𝑏 ∧ ∃ 𝑎 𝑏 ∧ ∃ 𝑏 𝑐 , 𝑐 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑎 𝑐 = 𝑏 𝑐 II: TEOREMA. 𝐸𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑦 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝒂 𝒃 = 𝒄 ⟺ ∃! 𝒄 ∈ 𝒁 / 𝒂 = 𝒃 ∙ 𝒄 𝟏𝟐 𝟒 = 𝟑 ⟺ ∃! 𝟑 ∈ 𝒁 / 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑 ∙ 𝟒 III: TEOREMA. Definición: Sean 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 ≠ 0 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑐, 𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒: ቊ 𝑎) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 = 0 𝑏) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑐 ≠ 0
  • 11. Definición: Sea 𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 un número entero, diremos que: 𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ∈ 𝑍0 + ; 𝑠𝑖: 𝑎1 ≥ 𝑎2 𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ∈ 𝑍0 − ; 𝑠𝑖: 𝑎1 ≤ 𝑎2 𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ∈ 𝑍+ ; 𝑠𝑖: 𝑎1 > 𝑎2 𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ∈ 𝑍−; 𝑠𝑖: 𝑎1 < 𝑎2 NUMEROS ENTEROS (Z) 𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑏1, 𝑏2 son números enteros, entonces se cumple: I: TEOREMA. a) 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍0 + ∧ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0 + ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0 + ∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0 + b) 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍0 − ∧ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0 − ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0 − ∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0 + c) 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍0 + ∧ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0 − ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍0 − I:COROLARIO. 𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑏1, 𝑏2 son números enteros, entonces se cumple: a) 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍+ ∧ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍+ ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍+ ∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍+ b) 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍− ∧ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍− ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍− ∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍+ c) 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍+ ∧ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍− ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍−
  • 12. Demostrar: I. 𝒂 = −𝒂 ⇔ 𝒂 = 𝟎 II. − −𝒂 = 𝒂; ∀ 𝒂 ∈ 𝒁 III. − 𝒂 + 𝒃 = −𝒂 + (−𝒃) IV. − 𝒂𝒃 = −𝒂 𝒃 = 𝒂 −𝒃 V. −𝒂)(−𝒃 = 𝒂𝒃 VI. 𝒂 ∙ 𝟎 = 𝟎, ∀ 𝒂 ∈ 𝒁 VII. 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎 ∧ 𝒃 ≠ 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒂𝒃 ≠ 𝟎 NUMEROS ENTEROS (Z)
  • 13. Potenciación en los números enteros (Z) PROPIEDADES. Definición: Sean 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍 𝑦 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, la n-potencia de a, es el numero entero 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 ×∙∙∙× 𝑎 × 𝑎, n factores a. 𝑎0 = 1 , si 𝑎 ≠ 0 00 es indeterminado. Clausura: Para 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍 𝑦 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, se tiene que 𝑎𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 siempre que 𝑎𝑛 no sea indeterminado. Distributiva (por derecha respecto a la multiplicación): Para 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍 𝑦 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, se tienen: (𝑎 × 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 × 𝑏𝑛 (𝑎 ÷ 𝑏)𝑛= 𝑎𝑛 ÷ 𝑏𝑛, 𝑏 ≠ 0 Otras: Para 𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑍, 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑁, 𝑎𝑚 𝑥𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 Para 𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑍, 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑁, con 𝑚 ≥ 𝑛 𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 Para 𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑍, 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑁, (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑥𝑛 OBS: La potenciación no es distributiva respecto a la adición y ni a la sustracción. Para 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍 𝑦 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, se tienen: (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 ≠ 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑛 ≠ 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛 La potenciación no es conmutativa ni asociativa, la expresión 𝑎𝑛𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑎 𝑛𝑚
  • 14. RELACION “MENOR QUE” DE NUMEROS ENTEROS (Z) 𝒂 ≮ 𝒂, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍 I: TEOREMA. Definición: Sean 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍, decimos que: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 ⇔ ∃! 𝒄 ∈ 𝑍0 + /𝒂 + 𝒄 = 𝒃 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⇔ ∃! 𝒄 ∈ 𝑍+ /𝒂 + 𝒄 = 𝒃 II: TEOREMA. 𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑏1, 𝑏2 son números enteros, entonces se cumple: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 ⇔ 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 ≤ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏 I:COROLARIO. 𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑏1, 𝑏2 son números enteros, entonces se cumple: 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⇔ 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 < 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏
  • 15. 𝑎 = 𝑎1, 𝑎2 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑏1, 𝑏2 son números enteros, entonces se cumple: 1) 𝒂 ≤ 𝒂, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍 2) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 ∧ 𝑏 ≤ 𝑐 ⇒ 𝒂 ≤ 𝒄 3) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 𝒃 ∈ 𝑍 ⇒ 𝒂 ≤ 𝑏 ó 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 4) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 ⟺ −𝑎 ≥ −𝑏 5) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≥ 0 ∧ 𝑏 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ≥ 0 ∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ≥ 0 6) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≤ 0 ∧ 𝑏 ≤ 0 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ≥ 0 7) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≥ 0 ∧ 𝑏 ≤ 0 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ≤ 0 8) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 ⟺ 𝑎 + 𝑐 ≤ 𝑏 + 𝑐 9) 𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 ∧ 𝑐 ≥ 0 ⟺ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 ≤ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐 10)𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 ∧ 𝑐 ≤ 0 ⟺ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 ≥ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐 Un número entero 𝑐 = 𝑐1, 𝑐2 es positivo o nulo (respectivo negativo o nulo) si y solo si 𝑐 ≥ 0 (respectivamente c = 0) 𝑖) 𝑐 ∈ 𝑍0 + ⟺ 𝑐 ≥ 0 𝑖𝑖) 𝑐 ∈ 𝑍0 − ⟺ 𝑐 ≤ 0 III: TEOREMAS.