The document discusses the preliminary works involved in building construction projects. It covers topics like site and soil investigation, site clearance and setting out, site facilities, excavation and timbering, and site plant and equipment. Site investigation involves collecting data on site conditions to inform design and construction. Setting out precisely places a building on site using baselines and corner markers. Excavation removes earth and is classified by depth and type, with timbering providing support to excavation sides.
For innovation in construction, use video presentations with 3D animations to plan and communicate how a project will be carried out and the timeline. This presentation can be used to communicate with the Client, Stakeholders and Site Team.
Structural systems in high rise building and analysis methodsDP NITHIN
This presentation is about the structural systems in tall buildings and also consists of overview of methods of analysis in tall buildings like linear and non linear seismic analysis.
1. Site Investgation.pptxDebre Markos University Technology College Departmen...teseraaddis1
Soil Exploration
“ The process of exploring to characterize or define small scale properties of substrata at construction sites is unique to geotechnical engineering.
In other engineering disciplines, material properties are specified during design, or before construction or manufacture, and then controlled to meet the specification. Unfortunately, subsurface properties cannot be specified; they must be deduced through exploration.” Charles H. Dowding (1979).
For innovation in construction, use video presentations with 3D animations to plan and communicate how a project will be carried out and the timeline. This presentation can be used to communicate with the Client, Stakeholders and Site Team.
Structural systems in high rise building and analysis methodsDP NITHIN
This presentation is about the structural systems in tall buildings and also consists of overview of methods of analysis in tall buildings like linear and non linear seismic analysis.
1. Site Investgation.pptxDebre Markos University Technology College Departmen...teseraaddis1
Soil Exploration
“ The process of exploring to characterize or define small scale properties of substrata at construction sites is unique to geotechnical engineering.
In other engineering disciplines, material properties are specified during design, or before construction or manufacture, and then controlled to meet the specification. Unfortunately, subsurface properties cannot be specified; they must be deduced through exploration.” Charles H. Dowding (1979).
Excavation and filling - Execution, QC & Equipment 101SHAZEBALIKHAN1
The article enlists several aspects of earthwork. The classification of earthwork material such as soft soil, hard soil, rock etc.
The execution part details the various steps involved in excavation and filling along with their quality control methods.
By the end of the article, the manual and mechanical equipment are enlisted with their functions, usability and efficiency.
Foundation and its functions
Essential requirements
Sub soil exploration and Site exploration
Methods of site exploration
Settlement of foundations
Causes of failure of foundation and remedial measures
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
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The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
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Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
2. Stages of building construction
1. Preliminary works
2. Foundations
3. Ground floors
4. Frames and upper floors
5. Stairs
6. Roofs
7. Walls and partitions with doors and windows
8. Mechanical and electrical works
9. Internal and external wall, floor and ceiling finishes
10. External works
2
3. Topics
Site and soil investigation
Site clearance and setting out
Site facilities
Excavation and timbering
Site plant and equipment
Health and safety measures on site
Scaffolding
3
4. References
Chudley, R & Greeno, R 2005, Construction Technology
Part 1.1 Site Works and Setting Out
Part 1.4 Excavations and Timbering
Part 1.5 Scaffolding
Part 2.1 Trench and Basement Excavation
Chudley, R & Greeno, R 2006, Advanced Construction
Technology, Part 2 Plant and Equipment
Chudley, R & Greeno, R 2010, Building Construction
Handbook
Part 2 Site Works
Part 3 Builders Plant
Part 4 Substructure 4
5. Week 3 Lecture: Preliminary Works
Site & Soil Investigation
5
6. _site investigation__ is to collect systematically
and record all the necessary data which will be
needed or will help in the design and construction
processes of the proposed work.
The collected data should be presented in the form
of fully annotated and dimensioned plans and
sections.
Anything on adjacent sites which may affect the
proposed works or conversely anything
appertaining to the proposed works which may
affect an adjacent site should also be recorded.
6
8. Site investigation is all-embracing, taking into
account such factors as location, topography,
accessibility, space, existing services and any local
restrictions.
Soil investigation could be part of or separate from
the site investigation.
Soil investigation_ is a means of obtaining data
regarding the characteristics of subsoils by
providing samples for testing or providing a means
of access for visual inspection.
8
9. Purposes of soil investigation:
To determine the suitability of site for the
proposed construction project.
To determine an adequate and economic
foundation design.
To determine the difficulties which may arise
during the construction process and period.
To determine the occurrence and/or cause of all
changes in subsoil conditions.
9
10. During the soil investigation, soil samples should
be taken from positions on the site which are truly
representative of the area but are not taken from
the actual position of the proposed foundations.
Soil samples can be obtained as disturbed or
undisturbed samples.
10
11. __disturb soil sample___
These are soil samples obtained from trial pits and
boreholes.
The method of extraction disturbs the natural
structure of the subsoil.
__undisturb soil sample____
These are soil samples obtained using sampling shells.
The method of extraction preserves the natural
structure and properties of the subsoil.
This method of obtaining soil samples is suitable for
rock and clay subsoils only.
But difficulties can be experienced in trying to obtain
undisturbed soil samples in other types of subsoil. 11
13. The test results of
soil samples are
usually shown on a
drawing which gives
the location of each
sample and in the
form of a hatched
section.
As a general guide,
the cost of site and
soil investigation
should not exceed
1% of estimated
project costs.
13
14. The nature and bearing capacity of subsoils can be
determined by the following soil investigation
methods:
Trial pits
boreholes
14
15. Method chosen will depend on several factors:
Size of contract
Type of proposed foundation
Type of soil sample required
Type of subsoil which may be encounter
As a general guide, the most suitable methods in
terms of investigation depth are:
_trial pits_: small contracts where foundation
depths are not likely to exceed 3m;
_boreholes__: medium to large contracts with
foundations up to 30m deep.
15
16. _trial pits__
The pits can be hand- or machine-excavated to a
plan size of 1.2 x 1.2m.
Subsoil can be visually examined in-situ on the
faces of the excavated pit, and samples taken for
further laboratory tests.
The spoil removed will provide disturbed samples
for testing purposes, whereas undisturbed samples
can be cut and extracted from the walls of the pit.
Suitable for dry ground which requires little or no
temporary support to sides of excavation.
For exploration of shallow depth up to 3m, this is
usually more economical than boreholes. 16
18. __boreholes____
These enable disturbed or undisturbed samples to
be removed for testing.
Disturbed samples can be obtained by using a
rotary flight auger fixed to a tripod .
Undisturbed samples can be obtained from
cohesive soils using 450mm long x 100mm
diameter sampling shells, which are driven into the
soil to collect the sample; upon removal the tube is
capped, labelled and sent off to laboratory for
testing.
18
22. Week 3 Lecture: Preliminary Works
Site Clearance & Setting Out
22
23. When a contractor is given possession of a
construction site, he will be provided with the site
layout plan and the detailed drawings necessary
for him to construct the building.
_site clearance_ shall be undertaken first, which
may involve the demolition of existing buildings,
grubbing out of bushes and trees, and removal of
soil to reduced levels.
Then the precise placing of a building on a
construction site is determined by _setting out__.
23
24. 1. The first task of setting out is to establish a
baseline from which the whole building can be
referred to.
2. A steel or linen tape (30m would be a suitable
length) can be used for on site measuring.
24
25. 3. After the baseline has been set out, marked and
checked, the main lines of building can be set
out by having each building corner being marked
with a timber peg fixed with nail and string.
25
26. 4. A check should now be made of the setting out
lines for right angles and correct lengths.
5. There are several methods of checking whether a
right angle has been established:
26
_3-4-5 triangle
Theorem of pythagorus_
32. Before a foundation can be constructed, it is
necessary to undertake excavation and timbering.
32
33. Types of excavation
Excavation is carried out to remove earth to form a
cavity in the ground.
Excavations may be classified as shallow, medium
or deep as follows:
Shallow – up to 1.5m deep;
Medium – 1.5 – 3.0m deep;
Deep – over 3.0m deep.
33
36. 2. __ reduce level excavation ____
Carried out below oversite level to form a level
surface on which to build.
Consists of cutting and filling operations.
The level to which the ground is reduced is called
the formation level.
36
38. 3. __trench excavation____
Long and narrow
excavation primarily
for strip foundations,
ground beams and
buried services.
Excavation can be
carried out by hand or
mechanical plant.
Sides of excavation can
be battered or straight.
38
43. Types of timbering
Timbering is the temporary supports to the sides
of excavation.
Sometimes called planking and strutting.
Purposes of timbering to sides of excavation:
To uphold the sides of excavation to avoid
collapse of sides.
To protect the labours while in the excavation.
To avoid the wasteful labour of constantly
clearing falling earth from the excavation
bottom.
43
44. The material most used for temporary support to
the sides of excavation is rough sawn timber.
The timbers used are struts fixed across the width
of trench, supporting walings and vertical sheeting.
Whichever system of timbering is used, there
should be as few struts fixed across the width of
trench as possible as these obstruct ease of working
in the trench.
Struts should be cut to fit tightly between walings
and secured with wedges so that they are not easily
knocked out of place.
44
46. Trench excavation & timbering
Long and narrow trenches in firm soil may be
excavated to the full depth by mechanical
excavators first, then enabling the support
timbering to be placed in one continuous
operation.
Weak and waterlogged ground must be supported
before excavation commences by driving timber
runners or steel trench sheeting to a position
below the formation level, or by a ____________
procedure.
46
47. In the drive and dig procedure, the runners can be
driven to a reasonable depth of approximately 1.5m
followed by an excavation cut of 1.2m and then the
operation repeated until the required level has been
reached.
This will make the driving of runners easier and
enable a smaller driving appliance to be used.
47
49. Plant and equipment available for use at a construction
site can be classified into: small powered equipment,
earth moving and excavation plant, transportation
plant and concreting plant.
The choice of site plant and equipment to be used in
any construction activity is a complex matter taking
into account many factors such as volume of soil
involved, nature of site and time elements.
At this stage, only the basic types of site plant for
excavation activities will be considered here.
On small contracts such as house extensions,
excavation is effectively carried out by hand, but on
large works it will be more economic to use some form
of plant. 49
51. _mechanical shovel___
Take off layers of soil in buckets.
It can be raised, lowered or tilted to deposit the earth
into a dumper and removed elsewhere on site.
__bulldozer_
Push the soil layer by layer to one side and pile it up
nearby.
It does not dig or lift out the soil.
__dumper___
This truck can perform many tasks on a building site,
including the movement of soil over short distances.
The body of dumper can dip forward and deposit the
soil in the required position.
51
54. _backactor___
These machines are designed to excavate in a
backward motion and are suitable for bulk
excavation work.
These machines are available as cable rigged or
hydraulic excavators.
Cable rigged backactors are usually available
with larger bucket sizes and deeper digging
capacities than the hydraulic machines.
But hydraulic machines have a more positive
control and digging operation and are also easier
to operate.
54
55. _face shovel___
These machines are designed to excavate
forward above their own wheel or track level and
are suitable for bulk excavation work.
In basement work, they will require a ramp
approach unless they are to be lifted out of the
excavation area by means of a crane.
Face shovels are available as cable rigged or
hydraulic machines.
55
57. Week 3 Lecture: Preliminary Works
Health & Safety Measures on Site
57
58. Possible accidents during
the excavation & timbering
works:
Falls
Cave-ins
Drowning
Materials/equipments
falling into excavation
Damage of underground
services
Explosions
58
59. A suitable fence or barrier must be provided to the
sides of excavation.
Timber or other suitable material must be
provided and used to prevent danger from the fall
or dislodgement of materials forming the sides of
excavation.
Excavation support need to be installed or
supervised by adequately trained, suitably
knowledgeable and experienced personnel.
Prior to general access being given, an inspection
of excavation by a competent person (usually the
main contractor’s safety supervisor) must be made
to ensure that work can proceed safely. 59
62. Materials must not be placed near the edge of any
excavation, nor must plant be placed or moved
near excavation so that persons working in the
excavation are endangered.
For small pits, such as manholes and other limited
excavation, the void may be covered.
Underground services must be foreseen, located,
identified and assessed for risk to labours working
in excavation.
62
64. Scaffoldings are temporary working platforms
erected around the perimeter of a building or
structure to provide a safe working place at a height.
They are usually required when the working height
is 1.5m or more above the ground level.
Scaffolding can be of tubular steel, tubular
aluminium alloy, timber or bamboo.
There are TWO (2) basic forms of scaffolding
namely putlog scaffolds and independent scaffolds.
Special scaffolds are also available for use, such as
slung, suspended, truss-out and gantry scaffolds, as
well as the easy to erect system scaffolds.
64