Runoff computation by infiltration indices
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This document discusses methods for computing runoff using infiltration rates. It defines infiltration as the process by which water enters the soil, governed by gravity and capillary action. There are two key terms: infiltration capacity, which is the maximum rate of water entering soil in a given condition; and infiltration rate, which is the actual rate of water entering during a storm, equal to the capacity or rainfall rate, whichever is lower. There are two main methods for computing runoff - using an infiltration capacity curve, which plots capacity versus rainfall to determine excess rainfall/runoff; and infiltration indices, which provide average loss rates for larger catchment areas. Specific indices discussed are the W-Index and φ-Index. An example calculation is provided
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Abstract
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This document discusses methods for estimating wastewater and stormwater quantities for sewer system design. It defines key terms like sewage, sewer, and sewerage. It describes the components of wastewater engineering like collection, disposal, and treatment systems. It discusses different sewer systems like separate, combined, and partially separated. Methods for estimating sanitary sewage include considering population, water supply rate, and a peaking factor. Stormwater is estimated using the Rational Method or empirical formulas considering rainfall intensity, runoff coefficient, and catchment area. The document provides examples to calculate runoff coefficient, design discharge, and stormwater quantity.
STA412.5__Lecture_3.pd Water and Soil Manage
A lecture note from the university lecturer. This module lecture is covered by the students streamed into Agricultural production strand, as well as the Agricultural business student. It pays a vital role in boosting the technological capacity of many students in the university.
1 introduction to hydrology
This document provides an introduction to hydrology. It discusses the hydrologic cycle and its components like evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, etc. It also discusses different types of precipitation like rain, snow, drizzle and methods of precipitation classification. Measurement of rainfall using rain gauges and estimation of rainfall for areas between gauges using methods like arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygon and isohyetal maps are described. Optimum density of rain gauges for different terrains is also mentioned.
1introductionpptx20180717161655-180731180418 (1).pdf
This document provides an introduction to hydrology. It discusses the hydrologic cycle and its components like evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, etc. It also describes different types of precipitation like rain, snow, sleet and drizzle. Methods for measuring rainfall like rain gauges and types of rain gauges are explained. The concept of water balance and its application is introduced. Common methods for estimating rainfall over an area like arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygon and isohyetal methods are summarized.
Hydrology.pptx
This document provides an introduction to hydrology and discusses several key hydrologic concepts and processes. It defines hydrology and outlines its main applications, such as determining water balances, designing irrigation and drainage systems, and assessing impacts of environmental change. It also describes the hydrologic cycle, methods for measuring precipitation, estimating missing rainfall data, determining areal rainfall, and optimal rain gauge network densities.
HYDROGRAPH AND HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS.ppt
This document discusses hydrographs and hydrological analysis for floods. It begins by defining a hyetograph as a plot of rainfall intensity over time that is used to understand storm characteristics. A hydrograph is then defined as a graph of discharge over time at a point in a river. Key components of a hydrograph are identified such as the rising and falling limbs, peak discharge, and basin lag time. Factors that influence the shape of a hydrograph include characteristics of the drainage basin like area, slope, soil type and land use. Methods for separating baseflow from surface runoff on a hydrograph are also presented. Finally, the concept of a unit hydrograph is introduced, which represents the hydrograph from 1cm of excess
Basic appoarch to urban drainage runoff quantity and quality
This document discusses approaches to urban drainage and management of runoff quantity and quality. It explains that traditional drainage methods focus on end-of-pipe solutions and canalization, which can increase surface flows and flood peaks. Sustainable drainage systems (SUDS) methods maintain natural conditions using storage and infiltration to control runoff. Common design approaches include empirical peak runoff methods, hydrologic simulation models, and the Rational Method equation. Models simulate the effects of development on stormwater systems. Managing runoff quality is also important as urbanization increases impervious surfaces and runoff into streams.
Module 2 ch-1 heytograph and hydrology analysis
This document discusses hyetographs, hydrographs, runoff, and unit hydrographs. It contains the following key points:
1. A hyetograph is a graphical representation of rainfall intensity over time, showing the relationship between rainfall amount and time. A hydrograph shows stream discharge over time.
2. Runoff is the portion of rainfall that flows into streams and rivers. It is affected by rainfall characteristics and basin properties like soil, vegetation and topography.
3. A unit hydrograph represents the runoff from 1 cm of effective rainfall uniformly distributed over a basin and duration. It can be used to estimate flood hydrographs from storm rainfall amounts and distributions.
Infiltration of rain water
When rainwater falls on the ground, a small part of it is initially absorbed by the top thin layer of soil so as to replenish the soil moisture deficiency.
Bridge Hydrology in bridge engineering.pptx
This PPT contains a some basic information about bridge hydrology which is essential in bridge design. This is only for civil engineering students for their subject of bridge engineering.
Similar to Runoff computation by infiltration indices (20)
Cimahi river benchmarking flood analysis based on threshold of total rainfall
Cimahi river benchmarking flood analysis based on threshold of total rainfall
1introductionpptx20180717161655-180731180418 (1).pdf
1introductionpptx20180717161655-180731180418 (1).pdf
Basic appoarch to urban drainage runoff quantity and quality
Basic appoarch to urban drainage runoff quantity and quality
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Measurement of spot speed
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Brief study on measurement of spot speed with the help of enoscope for diploma engineering students of civil engineering stream.
Parking study
The document discusses the need for and purpose of conducting a parking study. A parking study is needed to collect data on the existing parking facilities' capacity and usage, the availability of parking spaces, the extent of usage, and parking demand. The purpose of a parking study is to understand existing parking facilities and usage, determine the area required for parking, organize or create new parking spaces, decide on pay parking, and determine different parking locations. The study also defines several terms used to analyze parking data such as accumulation, volume, load, average duration, turnover, and index.
Types of organization cwm
An organization is a social entity with a collective goal linked to an external environment. There are four main types of organizations: functional, line, line and staff, and matrix.
A line and staff organization has line executives responsible for goals and staff/consultants who help the lines by providing suggestions. Staff are experts who provide auxiliary functions and advice to line managers.
A matrix organization has employees reporting to both their immediate manager and a cross-functional leader. It is known as a matrix because the relationships between employees and management can be illustrated in a square diagram.
Sample calculation for design mix of concrete
This document provides details on designing a concrete mix with a characteristic compressive strength of 35 MPa at 28 days. The mix uses M35 grade cement, medium sand, and a coarse aggregate of 20mm angular gravel mixed with 10mm gravel in a 70:30 ratio. The mix design calculations determine a water-cement ratio of 0.40, a cement content of 370 kg/m3, and aggregate contents of 1150 kg/m3 for 20mm gravel and 345 kg/m3 for 10mm gravel. The final concrete mix is specified with weight proportions of cement, water, fine aggregate, 20mm coarse aggregate, 10mm coarse aggregate, and admixture.
Types of sedimentation tank
The document discusses different types of sedimentation tanks used to remove particles from water and wastewater. There are three main types: rectangular tanks with baffle walls to reduce flow velocity; circular tanks which use scrapers along the bottom to remove sludge; and hopper bottom tanks where water flows vertically from inlet to outlet, settling particles in the tapered bottom section. Sedimentation tanks are an important part of water and wastewater treatment systems.
Non destructive test (ndt) on concrete msu
Non destructive test (NDT) on concrete can evaluate properties without damage. Common NDT methods described include rebound hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity, half-cell potential, cover meter, core, pull-out, and pull-off tests. Rebound hammer measures surface hardness related to strength. Ultrasonic pulse velocity depends on density and elasticity. Half-cell potential detects corrosion. Cover meter uses magnetism to locate rebar. Core tests are most accurate but damage concrete. Pull-out and pull-off tests evaluate bond strength. NDT allows testing structures at various locations and ages without harming the concrete.
On street and off street parking
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https://civilengineers4you.blogspot.com
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chemical attack on concrete structure which are responsible for reducing durability of structure
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一比一原版(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 Standard
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Ericsson LTE Throughput Troubleshooting Techniques.ppt
Ericsson LTE Throughput Troubleshooting Techniques
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...Paris Salesforce Developer Group
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Mechanical Engineering PROJECT REPORT ON SUMMER VOCATIONAL TRAINING
AT MBB AIRPORT
smart pill dispenser is designed to improve medication adherence and safety f...
Smart Pill Dispenser that boosts medication adherence, empowers patients, enables remote monitoring, enhances safety, reduces healthcare costs, and contributes to data-driven healthcare improvements
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Blood finder application project report (1).pdf
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
CalArts毕业证学历书【微信95270640】CalArts毕业证’圣力嘉学院毕业证《Q微信95270640》办理CalArts毕业证√文凭学历制作{CalArts文凭}购买学历学位证书本科硕士,CalArts毕业证学历学位证【实体公司】办毕业证、成绩单、学历认证、学位证、文凭认证、办留信网认证、（网上可查，实体公司，专业可靠）
(诚招代理)办理国外高校毕业证成绩单文凭学位证,真实使馆公证（留学回国人员证明）真实留信网认证国外学历学位认证雅思代考国外学校代申请名校保录开请假条改GPA改成绩ID卡
1.高仿业务:【本科硕士】毕业证,成绩单（GPA修改）,学历认证（教育部认证）,大学Offer,,ID,留信认证,使馆认证,雅思,语言证书等高仿类证书；
2.认证服务: 学历认证（教育部认证）,大使馆认证（回国人员证明）,留信认证（可查有编号证书）,大学保录取,雅思保分成绩单。
3.技术服务：钢印水印烫金激光防伪凹凸版设计印刷激凸温感光标底纹镭射速度快。
办理加利福尼亚艺术学院加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证文凭证书流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
-办理真实使馆公证（即留学回国人员证明）
-办理各国各大学文凭（世界名校一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度）
-全套服务：毕业证成绩单真实使馆公证真实教育部认证。让您回国发展信心十足！
（详情请加一下 文凭顾问+微信:95270640）欢迎咨询！子小伍玩小伍比山娃小一岁虎头虎脑的很霸气父亲让山娃跟小伍去夏令营听课山娃很高兴夏令营就设在附近一所小学山娃发现那所小学比自己的学校更大更美操场上还铺有塑胶跑道呢里面很多小朋友一班一班的快快乐乐原来城里娃都藏这儿来了怪不得平时见不到他们山娃恍然大悟起来吹拉弹唱琴棋书画山娃都不懂却什么都想学山娃怨自己太笨什么都不会斟酌再三山娃终于选定了学美术当听说每月要交元时父亲犹豫了山娃也说爸算了吧咱学校一学期才转
一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Runoff computation by infiltration indices
- 1. 23/02/2017 1 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Topic : Computation of runoff by infiltration method By : sagar k. vekariya Infiltration : Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. Infiltration is governed by two forces: gravity and capillary action. While smaller pores offer greater resistance to gravity, very small pores pull water through capillary action in addition to and even against the force of gravity. 23/02/2017 2 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Maximum rate at which water enters the soil in a given condition. Rate at which water actually enters the soil during a storm and is equal to the infiltration capacity or the rainfall rate whichever is less. Infiltration Capacity :- Infiltration Rate :- 23/02/2017 3 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Types of computing runoff by infiltration method By infiltration capacity curve By infiltration indices 23/02/2017 4 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
- 2. 23/02/2017 2 1) By infiltration capacity curve In this method infiltration capacity curve is used. The infiltration capacity curve for a given soil and moisture conditions is subtracted from the curve of rainfall pattern to derive the excess rainfall which represent the runoff. 23/02/2017 5 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2) By infiltration indices Infiltration indices method is used to calculate runoff then, when the catchment area is greater. Infiltration Index :- Average rate of loss such that volume of rainfall in excess of that rate will be equal to direct runoff. 23/02/2017 6 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Types of infiltration index W-Index ɸ-Index 23/02/2017 7 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 1) W- Index Windex is the average infiltration rate of total precipitation (cm) – total runoff (cm)/Duration of rainfall in hrs. Where P= total precipitation in cm R= total runoff in cm t= Duration of rainfall in hrs. 23/02/2017 8 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
- 3. 23/02/2017 3 2) ɸ-Index ɸ-Index :- Rate of rainfall above which rainfall volume equal to runoff volume. Where, k=runoff co-efficient W= W-Index i= intensity of rainfall (cm/hr) 23/02/2017 9 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Example :- 1) The following are the rates of rainfall for increases 30 minutes period of a 3 hrs storm. If value of ɸ-Index is 3.4 cm/hr find I. net runoff in cm II. Total rainfall III. W- Index Time (min.) 0 - 30 30 – 60 60 – 90 90 – 120 120 – 150 150 – 180 Rainfall (cm/hr) 2.6 2.7 7.9 10.5 5.6 2.1 23/02/2017 10 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Solution :- I. Net runoff in cm : R = (7.9 – 3.4)(30/60)+(10.5 – 3.4)(30/60)+(5.6 – 3.4)(30/60) R = 6.9 cm II. Total rainfall (precipitation) : P = 30/60 {2.6+2.7+7.9+10.5+5.6+2.1} P = 15.7 cm III. W – Index : W – Index = P – R/t = 15.7 – 6.9/3 W – Index = 2.93 cm/hr 23/02/2017 11 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT