This document discusses methods for estimating wastewater and stormwater quantities for sewer system design. It defines key terms like sewage, sewer, and sewerage. It describes the components of wastewater engineering like collection, disposal, and treatment systems. It discusses different sewer systems like separate, combined, and partially separated. Methods for estimating sanitary sewage include considering population, water supply rate, and a peaking factor. Stormwater is estimated using the Rational Method or empirical formulas considering rainfall intensity, runoff coefficient, and catchment area. The document provides examples to calculate runoff coefficient, design discharge, and stormwater quantity.
The document discusses the design and construction of sewers. It outlines the objectives, which are to understand sewer design procedures, types of sewers, materials used, and construction. It covers sewer shapes, design criteria including discharge, velocity, size and grades. Hydraulic formulae and elements for circular and partially full sewers are provided. Common sewer materials like concrete, steel, plastic, vitrified clay and their properties are described.
Collection of sewage & estimation of its dischargeRajdip Bhdaraka
This document provides an overview of wastewater and sewerage systems. It defines wastewater as water used in homes, commercial spaces, and industries that needs treatment and disposal. Effective wastewater collection is important to prevent unhygienic conditions. The document then describes the components of typical sewerage systems and different types of sewer pipes used, including their characteristics and suitable applications. It also discusses factors that affect wastewater flow estimation and formulas used to calculate peak storm discharge in sewer design.
Water demand, Types of demands, Factors affecting per capita demand, waste and losses, variations in demand, design periods, population forecasting methods & problems.
The document discusses several common methods for population forecasting used in urban planning and design of water works, including:
- Arithmetical increase method which assumes a constant population increase over time, generally providing lower estimates.
- Geometrical increase method which assumes a constant percentage increase, providing higher estimates as the percentage rarely remains constant.
- Incremental increase method which combines arithmetical and geometrical by using actual census data on population changes.
- Decrease rate method which models decelerating growth approaching a saturation population based on practical constraints.
- Graphical methods which plot past population data and extend trends to forecast future populations based on comparisons to other similar cities.
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
The document discusses various aspects of sewage conveyance and pumping systems, including:
- Types of sewers like soil pipes, waste pipes, lateral sewers, branch sewers, and main/outfall sewers.
- Materials used for sewer construction like bricks, vitrified clay, concrete, steel, asbestos cement, plastic, and glass fiber reinforced plastic.
- Classification of sewer systems as combined, separate, or partially separate depending on how stormwater and sewage are conveyed. Combined systems convey both through one sewer while separate systems use different sewers.
Disposal by dilution is a process where treated sewage or effluent is discharged into a river or stream. For dilution to be an effective means of disposal, certain conditions must be met, such as the sewage being relatively fresh, the receiving water having a high dissolved oxygen content, and the receiving water not being used for navigation downstream. The amount of treatment required depends on the dilution factor - a higher dilution factor means less treatment is required. Natural processes like dilution, sedimentation, sunlight, oxidation, and reduction help purify the sewage over time as it mixes with the receiving water.
Dry weather flow refers to the waste water flow in sewer systems during dry periods and consists mainly of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. The key factors that affect dry weather flow are the rate of water supply, population growth, type of area served (residential, industrial, commercial), and infiltration of groundwater. The sewers must be designed to carry a minimum of 150 litres of water per capita per day to account for these factors.
The document discusses the design and construction of sewers. It outlines the objectives, which are to understand sewer design procedures, types of sewers, materials used, and construction. It covers sewer shapes, design criteria including discharge, velocity, size and grades. Hydraulic formulae and elements for circular and partially full sewers are provided. Common sewer materials like concrete, steel, plastic, vitrified clay and their properties are described.
Collection of sewage & estimation of its dischargeRajdip Bhdaraka
This document provides an overview of wastewater and sewerage systems. It defines wastewater as water used in homes, commercial spaces, and industries that needs treatment and disposal. Effective wastewater collection is important to prevent unhygienic conditions. The document then describes the components of typical sewerage systems and different types of sewer pipes used, including their characteristics and suitable applications. It also discusses factors that affect wastewater flow estimation and formulas used to calculate peak storm discharge in sewer design.
Water demand, Types of demands, Factors affecting per capita demand, waste and losses, variations in demand, design periods, population forecasting methods & problems.
The document discusses several common methods for population forecasting used in urban planning and design of water works, including:
- Arithmetical increase method which assumes a constant population increase over time, generally providing lower estimates.
- Geometrical increase method which assumes a constant percentage increase, providing higher estimates as the percentage rarely remains constant.
- Incremental increase method which combines arithmetical and geometrical by using actual census data on population changes.
- Decrease rate method which models decelerating growth approaching a saturation population based on practical constraints.
- Graphical methods which plot past population data and extend trends to forecast future populations based on comparisons to other similar cities.
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
The document discusses various aspects of sewage conveyance and pumping systems, including:
- Types of sewers like soil pipes, waste pipes, lateral sewers, branch sewers, and main/outfall sewers.
- Materials used for sewer construction like bricks, vitrified clay, concrete, steel, asbestos cement, plastic, and glass fiber reinforced plastic.
- Classification of sewer systems as combined, separate, or partially separate depending on how stormwater and sewage are conveyed. Combined systems convey both through one sewer while separate systems use different sewers.
Disposal by dilution is a process where treated sewage or effluent is discharged into a river or stream. For dilution to be an effective means of disposal, certain conditions must be met, such as the sewage being relatively fresh, the receiving water having a high dissolved oxygen content, and the receiving water not being used for navigation downstream. The amount of treatment required depends on the dilution factor - a higher dilution factor means less treatment is required. Natural processes like dilution, sedimentation, sunlight, oxidation, and reduction help purify the sewage over time as it mixes with the receiving water.
Dry weather flow refers to the waste water flow in sewer systems during dry periods and consists mainly of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. The key factors that affect dry weather flow are the rate of water supply, population growth, type of area served (residential, industrial, commercial), and infiltration of groundwater. The sewers must be designed to carry a minimum of 150 litres of water per capita per day to account for these factors.
Water demand and factor affecting water demandAnkit Gola
The document discusses different types of water demand - domestic, public, industrial, commercial, fire, and losses/waste. It provides estimated per capita daily demand amounts for each type according to Indian standards. Factors that affect water demand are also outlined, such as city size, climate, cost of water, distribution systems, supply systems, industries present, water quality, and living habits. Formulas to calculate firefighting water requirements based on population are also presented.
This document discusses sedimentation and settling tank design. It covers types of settling, zones in settling tanks, ideal settling conditions, design of settling basins, inlet and outlet arrangements, types of settling tanks including rectangular and circular, and objective and theory questions related to settling tank design and performance. Key factors discussed include overflow rate, flow velocity, detention time, settling velocity, and factors that affect settling efficiency such as turbulence.
Collection and Distribution of Water: IntakesDivine Abaloyan
This document discusses different types of water intake structures used to withdraw water from sources for water supply projects. Intake structures are constructed at water sources like rivers, canals, reservoirs, and lakes. They protect the entrance to water conveyance pipes and allow water to flow by gravity or be pumped to water treatment plants. Common intake types include submerged and exposed intakes, as well as wet and dry intake towers. River intakes can be twin well or single well designs. Canal, reservoir, and lake intakes are tailored for their specific water source conditions. Intakes must be carefully sited to withdraw high quality water throughout the year while avoiding areas prone to pollution, flooding, or sediment buildup.
This document discusses two types of sedimentation processes: plain sedimentation and sedimentation with coagulation. Plain sedimentation involves separating impurities from water through natural gravitational forces alone, without chemical additives. This process lightens the load on subsequent treatment steps and reduces costs. Sedimentation occurs as particles heavier than water settle out due to gravity. Sedimentation tanks come in various shapes and sizes, and different zones exist within the tanks. Aeration is discussed as well, including its purposes and different aerator types like cascade, spray, and air diffusers. Design criteria and an example calculation for sedimentation tank sizing is also provided.
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
This document discusses various sewer appurtenances including manholes, shallow manholes, deep manholes, drop manholes, lamp holes, clean outs, street inlets, horizontal inlets, flushing tanks, automatic flushing tanks, grease and oil traps, sand grease and oil traps, inverted siphons, and storm water regulators. Manholes provide access to sewer lines and come in different depths depending on their location and purpose. Other appurtenances like drop manholes, lamp holes, and clean outs aid in accessing and maintaining sewer systems. Flushing tanks, traps, and regulators help manage waste, debris, and water flow within sewer infrastructure.
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
This document discusses water demand forecasting for urban water supply systems. It covers key factors in determining water demands, including population projections, per capita water usage rates that vary by location and usage type, and factors that affect demand like climate, income levels, development patterns and water conservation efforts. The document provides guidance on estimating average day, maximum day and peak hour water demands that systems are designed for, as well as common methods for population forecasting.
Hydraulic Design of Sewer:
Hydraulic formulae, maximum and minimum velocities in sewer, hydraulic
characteristics of circular sewer in running full and partial full conditions,
laying and testing of sewer, sewer appurtenances and network.
1. Various essential accessories in sewerage systems are called sewer appurtenances. They include manholes, drop manholes, lamp holes, street inlets, catch basins, flushing devices, grease/oil/sand traps, inverted siphons, sewer outlets, and ventilating shafts.
2. Manholes allow inspection, cleaning, repair and flow measurement of sewers. Drop manholes are used when the connection cannot be arranged within 60cm of the manhole invert. Lamp holes have openings for lowering lamps into sewers. Street inlets admit stormwater into sewers. Catch basins remove grit before sewage enters sewers.
3. Flushing devices use
This document describes various sewage treatment processes including septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, ponds, lagoons and ditches. It provides details on the process, components and design of septic tanks. Septic tanks use sedimentation and anaerobic digestion to treat sewage. The design criteria includes detention time, tank dimensions, sludge storage volume and absorption field sizing based on percolation rates. An example problem demonstrates how to design a septic tank and absorption field for a hostel.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
design and analysis of water distribution SystemMian Umair Afzal
This document provides an overview of water distribution system design and analysis. It discusses the requirements and design phases for water distribution systems, including preliminary studies, demand analysis, and network layout. It also covers topics such as design criteria, pipe sizing, head losses, and hydraulic analysis methods. The key hydraulic analysis method discussed is the Hardy-Cross method, which is an iterative process that balances the head around loops in the pipe network to solve for node pressures and pipe flows.
supplying wholesome water to consumers with suitable methods in economical way,to exist human life water is very important as air is,so,as a civil engineer's we have to supply safe water to consumers in economical way,in this we are going to explain about component parts of water supply scheme,systems of water distribution and layouts of distribution system according to their suitability.
This document discusses reservoir planning and design. It describes how reservoirs are created by constructing dams across rivers. Investigations including engineering surveys, geological studies, and hydrological analyses are conducted. Reservoirs have different levels like full reservoir level and minimum drawdown level. Storage zones include live, dead, and flood storage. Methods to determine reservoir capacity and yield using mass inflow and demand curves are presented. Factors affecting reservoir sedimentation and management techniques are outlined. Flow routing methods like graphical and trial and error are described to model flood waves passing through reservoirs. Spillway types including free overfall are also summarized.
sewers and sewer netwrok - design construction and maintenanceManish Goyal
This document discusses the design of sewer systems. It begins by classifying sewers into domestic, storm, and combined sewers based on what they are designed to carry. It notes the advantages and disadvantages of combined sewers. The document then discusses methods for estimating sewage flow rates, including population forecasting, per capita flow rates, and peak flow factors. It also covers stormwater runoff estimation and the rational method formula. Finally, it discusses some hydraulic design considerations for sewers, such as designing for partial flow rather than full flow due to gas generation in sewers.
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
Water demand and factor affecting water demandAnkit Gola
The document discusses different types of water demand - domestic, public, industrial, commercial, fire, and losses/waste. It provides estimated per capita daily demand amounts for each type according to Indian standards. Factors that affect water demand are also outlined, such as city size, climate, cost of water, distribution systems, supply systems, industries present, water quality, and living habits. Formulas to calculate firefighting water requirements based on population are also presented.
This document discusses sedimentation and settling tank design. It covers types of settling, zones in settling tanks, ideal settling conditions, design of settling basins, inlet and outlet arrangements, types of settling tanks including rectangular and circular, and objective and theory questions related to settling tank design and performance. Key factors discussed include overflow rate, flow velocity, detention time, settling velocity, and factors that affect settling efficiency such as turbulence.
Collection and Distribution of Water: IntakesDivine Abaloyan
This document discusses different types of water intake structures used to withdraw water from sources for water supply projects. Intake structures are constructed at water sources like rivers, canals, reservoirs, and lakes. They protect the entrance to water conveyance pipes and allow water to flow by gravity or be pumped to water treatment plants. Common intake types include submerged and exposed intakes, as well as wet and dry intake towers. River intakes can be twin well or single well designs. Canal, reservoir, and lake intakes are tailored for their specific water source conditions. Intakes must be carefully sited to withdraw high quality water throughout the year while avoiding areas prone to pollution, flooding, or sediment buildup.
This document discusses two types of sedimentation processes: plain sedimentation and sedimentation with coagulation. Plain sedimentation involves separating impurities from water through natural gravitational forces alone, without chemical additives. This process lightens the load on subsequent treatment steps and reduces costs. Sedimentation occurs as particles heavier than water settle out due to gravity. Sedimentation tanks come in various shapes and sizes, and different zones exist within the tanks. Aeration is discussed as well, including its purposes and different aerator types like cascade, spray, and air diffusers. Design criteria and an example calculation for sedimentation tank sizing is also provided.
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
This document discusses various sewer appurtenances including manholes, shallow manholes, deep manholes, drop manholes, lamp holes, clean outs, street inlets, horizontal inlets, flushing tanks, automatic flushing tanks, grease and oil traps, sand grease and oil traps, inverted siphons, and storm water regulators. Manholes provide access to sewer lines and come in different depths depending on their location and purpose. Other appurtenances like drop manholes, lamp holes, and clean outs aid in accessing and maintaining sewer systems. Flushing tanks, traps, and regulators help manage waste, debris, and water flow within sewer infrastructure.
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
This document discusses water demand forecasting for urban water supply systems. It covers key factors in determining water demands, including population projections, per capita water usage rates that vary by location and usage type, and factors that affect demand like climate, income levels, development patterns and water conservation efforts. The document provides guidance on estimating average day, maximum day and peak hour water demands that systems are designed for, as well as common methods for population forecasting.
Hydraulic Design of Sewer:
Hydraulic formulae, maximum and minimum velocities in sewer, hydraulic
characteristics of circular sewer in running full and partial full conditions,
laying and testing of sewer, sewer appurtenances and network.
1. Various essential accessories in sewerage systems are called sewer appurtenances. They include manholes, drop manholes, lamp holes, street inlets, catch basins, flushing devices, grease/oil/sand traps, inverted siphons, sewer outlets, and ventilating shafts.
2. Manholes allow inspection, cleaning, repair and flow measurement of sewers. Drop manholes are used when the connection cannot be arranged within 60cm of the manhole invert. Lamp holes have openings for lowering lamps into sewers. Street inlets admit stormwater into sewers. Catch basins remove grit before sewage enters sewers.
3. Flushing devices use
This document describes various sewage treatment processes including septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, ponds, lagoons and ditches. It provides details on the process, components and design of septic tanks. Septic tanks use sedimentation and anaerobic digestion to treat sewage. The design criteria includes detention time, tank dimensions, sludge storage volume and absorption field sizing based on percolation rates. An example problem demonstrates how to design a septic tank and absorption field for a hostel.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
design and analysis of water distribution SystemMian Umair Afzal
This document provides an overview of water distribution system design and analysis. It discusses the requirements and design phases for water distribution systems, including preliminary studies, demand analysis, and network layout. It also covers topics such as design criteria, pipe sizing, head losses, and hydraulic analysis methods. The key hydraulic analysis method discussed is the Hardy-Cross method, which is an iterative process that balances the head around loops in the pipe network to solve for node pressures and pipe flows.
supplying wholesome water to consumers with suitable methods in economical way,to exist human life water is very important as air is,so,as a civil engineer's we have to supply safe water to consumers in economical way,in this we are going to explain about component parts of water supply scheme,systems of water distribution and layouts of distribution system according to their suitability.
This document discusses reservoir planning and design. It describes how reservoirs are created by constructing dams across rivers. Investigations including engineering surveys, geological studies, and hydrological analyses are conducted. Reservoirs have different levels like full reservoir level and minimum drawdown level. Storage zones include live, dead, and flood storage. Methods to determine reservoir capacity and yield using mass inflow and demand curves are presented. Factors affecting reservoir sedimentation and management techniques are outlined. Flow routing methods like graphical and trial and error are described to model flood waves passing through reservoirs. Spillway types including free overfall are also summarized.
sewers and sewer netwrok - design construction and maintenanceManish Goyal
This document discusses the design of sewer systems. It begins by classifying sewers into domestic, storm, and combined sewers based on what they are designed to carry. It notes the advantages and disadvantages of combined sewers. The document then discusses methods for estimating sewage flow rates, including population forecasting, per capita flow rates, and peak flow factors. It also covers stormwater runoff estimation and the rational method formula. Finally, it discusses some hydraulic design considerations for sewers, such as designing for partial flow rather than full flow due to gas generation in sewers.
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
Estimating sewage discharge and peak drainage dischargeAnkit Gola
This document discusses methods for estimating sewage discharge and drainage/runoff. It explains that sewage is estimated based on water supplied plus additions from other sources and minus subtractions. Drainage is estimated using factors like rainfall intensity, duration, soil moisture, and catchment area. The Rational Method and empirical formulas like Dickens are presented to calculate peak runoff rates based on these factors and the imperviousness of surfaces. An example application of the Rational Method to a 36 hectare district with maximum 5 cm/hr rainfall is also provided.
This document discusses methods for estimating the maximum discharge in small catchment areas of less than 50 square kilometers. It focuses on the rational method, which estimates peak discharge as the product of rainfall intensity, catchment area, and a runoff coefficient. The key parameters in the rational method - runoff coefficient, catchment area, and time of concentration - are defined. Typical values of runoff coefficients for different land uses are provided. Methods for calculating the time of concentration using empirical equations are also described. The document emphasizes that the storm duration used in the rational method should be equal to the time of concentration for the catchment area.
The document discusses the design of surface drainage systems for agricultural areas. It covers estimating design surface runoff using methods like the Rational Method, considerations for layout of drainage networks including topography and minimizing costs, hydraulic design of surface drains using principles from open channel design, and provides an example problem to calculate design discharge capacities. Key aspects include sizing drains to carry peak runoff from drainage areas, using recurrence intervals to determine design storms, and factors that influence runoff generation from rainfall.
This document discusses watersheds and concepts related to watershed hydrology. It begins by defining a watershed as a drainage area that contributes runoff to an outlet point. It then discusses key characteristics of watersheds including size, shape, slope, soils and land use. The document also covers watershed delineation, functions of watersheds, types of watersheds, and hydrologic analysis parameters such as outfall and watershed boundary. Finally, it discusses runoff estimation methods including the Rational Method and provides examples of applying the Rational Method to calculate peak runoff rates.
This document provides a solution to a hydrology problem using the Rational Method. The key details are:
1) The problem involves calculating the withdrawal rate from a reservoir given inflow, seepage loss, precipitation, evaporation, and change in storage over a period.
2) The calculations involve determining the inflow (Qin), outflow (Qout), and change in storage (ΔS) over the period using the provided data.
3) The withdrawal rate is then calculated as the difference between inflow, outflow, and change in storage. The final withdrawal rate is calculated to be 10.11 m3/s.
Evaporation can be measured using lysimeters, which are devices that measure actual evapotranspiration from plants and soils. There are two main types of lysimeters - non-weighable lysimeters that measure percolation, and weighable lysimeters that directly measure weight changes. Weighable lysimeters can use mechanical scales, load cells, or hydraulic principles to continuously record the weight of the soil and calculate evapotranspiration from changes in water content over time. Lysimeters provide useful data for measuring actual evaporation and water budgets in agricultural and natural areas.
The document discusses various methods for analyzing rainfall and runoff data in hydrology. It describes hyetographs and mass curves as ways to present rainfall intensity over time. Point rainfall data represents daily/weekly rainfall values in bar diagrams. Intensity-duration-frequency curves relate rainfall intensity, duration and probability. Depth-area-duration curves show the relationship between rainfall depth, area and duration. Infiltration and factors affecting it are also discussed. Common methods for measuring infiltration include single tube and double tube infiltrometers. Empirical equations, tables and regression models are presented for estimating runoff from rainfall-runoff data.
This document provides an introduction to hydrology and discusses several key hydrologic concepts and processes. It defines hydrology and outlines its main applications, such as determining water balances, designing irrigation and drainage systems, and assessing impacts of environmental change. It also describes the hydrologic cycle, methods for measuring precipitation, estimating missing rainfall data, determining areal rainfall, and optimal rain gauge network densities.
This document provides an introduction to hydrology. It discusses the hydrologic cycle and its components like evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, etc. It also discusses different types of precipitation like rain, snow, drizzle and methods of precipitation classification. Measurement of rainfall using rain gauges and estimation of rainfall for areas between gauges using methods like arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygon and isohyetal maps are described. Optimum density of rain gauges for different terrains is also mentioned.
This document provides an introduction to hydrology. It discusses the hydrologic cycle and its components like evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, etc. It also describes different types of precipitation like rain, snow, sleet and drizzle. Methods for measuring rainfall like rain gauges and types of rain gauges are explained. The concept of water balance and its application is introduced. Common methods for estimating rainfall over an area like arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygon and isohyetal methods are summarized.
Cimahi river benchmarking flood analysis based on threshold of total rainfalleSAT Journals
Abstract
Flood in Cimahi city coming from the overflow of Cimahi river is a disaster that often occur in the middle Cimahi and extends
downstream region namely Bandung Regency which is still included in the Cimahi Watershed. Flood in Cimahi can earlier be
estimated when the design intensity of rainfall determined and calculate the flow of the river from upstream to downstream.The
purpose of this study was to determine total rainfall that caused the peak river discharge of Cimahi river in upper and middle
cross section and could easily received. The method used in this study is an early warning flood with benchmarking discharge
based on rainfall-runoff models in the Cimahi watershed derived from unit hydrograph synthetic Nakayasu of Cimahi river. The
results obtained from this study is the peak discharge of the Cimahi river upstream at Q= 1.41 m3 / s and in the middle of the
cross section of Q = 2.12 m3 / s. Based on the measurements obtained bankfull discharge Cimahi river upstream cross section of
191.8 m3 / s and bankfull discharge in the middle cross section is 556.26m3 / s. With the drainage coefficient of Cimahi city based
on land use obtained 0,57, then obtained a threshold total rainfall causes of flooding in the upper and middle is respectively as
high as 239 mm and 460 mm. Threshold of Rainfall, bankfull discharge and Cimahi river cross section in this research
integrated on the map namely Benchmarking Flood Diagram of Cimahi City that can be published to stakeholders and the public.
Keywords: bankfull discharge, benchmarking flood diagram, hydrograph, peak discharge,threshold of rainfall
Module 2 ch-1 heytograph and hydrology analysisAnkit Patel
This document discusses hyetographs, hydrographs, runoff, and unit hydrographs. It contains the following key points:
1. A hyetograph is a graphical representation of rainfall intensity over time, showing the relationship between rainfall amount and time. A hydrograph shows stream discharge over time.
2. Runoff is the portion of rainfall that flows into streams and rivers. It is affected by rainfall characteristics and basin properties like soil, vegetation and topography.
3. A unit hydrograph represents the runoff from 1 cm of effective rainfall uniformly distributed over a basin and duration. It can be used to estimate flood hydrographs from storm rainfall amounts and distributions.
Basic appoarch to urban drainage runoff quantity and qualityvishwaleenram
This document discusses approaches to urban drainage and management of runoff quantity and quality. It explains that traditional drainage methods focus on end-of-pipe solutions and canalization, which can increase surface flows and flood peaks. Sustainable drainage systems (SUDS) methods maintain natural conditions using storage and infiltration to control runoff. Common design approaches include empirical peak runoff methods, hydrologic simulation models, and the Rational Method equation. Models simulate the effects of development on stormwater systems. Managing runoff quality is also important as urbanization increases impervious surfaces and runoff into streams.
This document discusses hydrographs and the factors that influence them. It defines a hydrograph as a graphical representation of discharge over time at a particular point in a river. It also defines components of the hydrograph like the rising and falling limbs. Additionally, it discusses how watershed characteristics such as area, slope, rock type, soil, land use and precipitation patterns can impact the shape of the hydrograph. Specifically, steeper slopes and impermeable surfaces can produce a steeper rising limb while permeable soils and rocks or forested land can result in a more gradual rising limb.
Urbanization has led to migration to cities, creating problems of water supply and wastewater management. Most cities discharge partially treated or untreated wastewater, polluting water bodies. Domestic sewage is the main source of water pollution in India. The regular water quality monitoring reveals coliform counts exceeding safe levels. Historically, waste was disposed manually but this was replaced by water carriage systems, mixing waste with water in closed conduits. This system avoids odors and disease but requires treatment of large wastewater volumes and a water supply. Sewer design considers flow, materials, patterns and characteristics to efficiently transport and treat wastewater.
This document summarizes a student project on rainwater harvesting. It defines rainwater harvesting as collecting water from surfaces where rain falls and storing it for later use, usually from rooftops. Benefits include being inexpensive and providing a continuous local water source. Challenges are limited supply due to rainfall variability. Systems include catchment areas, collection/storage tanks, and conveyance systems to transfer water. The document provides diagrams and examples of rainwater harvesting and its importance for agriculture, livestock, meeting water demands, and preventing waterlogging and soil erosion. It suggests starting with government and public buildings to test effectiveness before broader implementation.
This document provides information on storm drainage design and subsurface drainage systems. It discusses the types and aims of drainage, as well as the design of surface drainage systems including estimation of peak flows using methods like the Rational Formula. It also covers the design of subsurface drainage systems using buried drains, including considerations like drainage coefficients, drain depth and spacing, diameters and gradients. Filters for tile drains are also discussed.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
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1. ESTIMATION OF WASTEWATER QUANTITIES
FINAL TERM COURSE
Lecture No 1
Prepared By
Engr. Umair Afzal
(*MSc Water Resources Engg., UET Lahore)
2. BASIC TERMS
• Sewage: It is the Liquid Waste or Wastewater
produced as a result of water use.
• Sewer: It is a pipe or conduit for carrying
sewage. It is generally closed and flow takes
place under gravity .
3. • Sewerage: Sewerage is the system of collection of
wastewater and conveying it to the point of disposal
with or without treatment.
Sources of Wastewater
1.Dometic: It is wastewater from houses offices,
other buildings, hotels and institutions
2.Industrial: It is the liquid waste from industrial
process
3.Storm-water: It includes surface run-off
generated by rainfall and the street wash
4. COMPONENTS OF WASTEWATER
ENGINEERING
1. Collection System Network of Sewer pipes
2. Disposal Sewage Pumping Stations and
Outfalls
3.Treatment Works Wastewater treatment
Plants
6. TYPES OF SEWER SYSTEMS
• It is the system and infrastructure of collecting,
treating and disposal of sewage.
There are three sewerage systems types:
• 1. Separate System
• 2. Combined System
• 3. Partially Separated System
7. TYPES OF SEWER SYSTEMS
1. Separate System
If storm water is carried separately from domestic
and industrial wastewater the system is called as
separate system.
• In this system the sanitary sewage and storm
water are carried separately in two sets of
sewers.
• The sewage is conveyed to waste water
treatment plant (WWTP) and the storm water is
discharges into rivers without treatment.
9. TYPES OF SEWER SYSTEMS
2. Combined System
It is the system in which the sewers carry both
sanitary and storm water, combined system is
favored when;
(i) Combined sewage can be disposed off without
treatment
(ii) Both sanitary and storm water need treatment
(iii) Streets are narrow and two separate sewer
cannot be laid
10.
11. TYPES OF SEWER SYSTEMS
3. Partially Combined System
If some portion of storm or surface run-off is
allowed to be carried along with sanitary
sewage the system is known as partially
combined system.
(In Urban area of developing countries, mostly
partially combined system is employed as it is
economical)
In Pakistan we use this system
12. TYPES OF SEWER SYSTEMS
3. Partially Combined System
This system is the compromise between
separate and combine system taking the
advantages of both systems.
In this system the sewage and storm water
of buildings are carried by one set of sewers
while the storm water from roads, streets,
pavements etc are carried by other system
of sewers usually open drains.
13.
14. QUANTITY ESTIMATION OF SEWAGE
Before designing the sewer, it is necessary to know the
discharge i.e., quantity of sewage, which will flow in it
after completion of the project.
Accurate estimation of sewage discharge is necessary for
hydraulic design of the sewers.
Far lower estimation than reality will soon lead to
inadequate sewer size after commissioning of the scheme
or the sewers may not remain adequate for the entire
design period.
15. QUANTITY ESTIMATION OF SEWAGE
Very high discharge estimated will lead to larger sewer
size affecting economy of the sewerage scheme.
Lower discharge actually flowing in the sewer may not
meet the criteria of the self cleansing velocity and
hence leading to deposition in the sewers.
16. DRY WEATHER FLOW
Dry weather flow is the flow that occurs in sewers in
separate sewerage system or the flow that
occurs during dry seasons in combined system.
This flow indicates the flow of sanitary sewage.
This depends upon the following:
rate of water supply,
type of area served,
economic conditions of the people,
weather conditions and
infiltration of groundwater in the sewers, if sewers
are laid below groundwater table.
17. EVALUATION OF SEWAGE DISCHARGE
Apart from accounted water supplied by water
authority that will be converted to wastewater,
following quantities are considered while estimating
the sewage quantity
a. Addition due to unaccounted private water
supplies
b. Addition due to infiltration
Storm water drainage may also infiltrate into
sewers. This inflow is difficult to calculate. This
extra quantity can be taken care of by extra empty
space left at the top in the sewers, which are
designed for running ¾ full at maximum design
discharge.
18. EVALUATION OF SEWAGE DISCHARGE
c. Subtraction due to water losses
d. Subtraction due to water not entering the
sewerage system
Net quantity of sewage:
Generally, 75 to 80% of accounted water supplied is
considered as quantity of sewage produced
19. DESIGN DISCHARGE OF SANITARY SEWAGE
The max. quantity of sewage generated per day is
estimated as product of forecasted population at the
end of design period considering per capita sewage
generation and appropriate peak factor.
The per capita sewage generation can be considered
as 75 to 80% of the per capita water supplied per
day.
The increase in population also result in increase in
per capita water demand and hence, per capita
production of sewage.
20. DESIGN DISCHARGE OF SANITARY SEWAGE
This increase in water demand occurs due to increase in living
standards, betterment in economical condition, changes in
habit of people, and enhanced demand for public utilities.
Variation in Sewage Flow
21. FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUANTITY OF
STORM WATER
The surface run-off resulting after precipitation
contributes to the storm water. The quantity of
storm water reaching to the sewers or drains is very
large as compared with sanitary sewage.
The factors affecting the quantity of storm water
flow are as below:
i. Area of the catchment
ii. Slope and shape of the catchment area
iii. Porosity of the soil
iv. Obstruction in the flow of water as trees, fields,
gardens, etc.
22. FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUANTITY OF
STORMWATER
v. Initial state of catchment area with respect to wetness.
vi. Intensity and duration of rainfall
vii. Atmospheric temperature and humidity
viii. Number and size of ditches present in the area etc.
23. MEASUREMENT OF RAINFALL
The rainfall intensity could be measured by
using rain gauges and recording the amount of
rain falling in unit time.
The rainfall intensity is usually expressed as
mm/hour or cm/hour.
The rain gauges used can be manual recording
type or automatic recording rain gauges.
29. METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF
QUANTITY OF STORM WATER
1. Rational Method
2. Empirical formulae method
In both the above methods, the quantity of storm water is
considered as function of intensity of rainfall, coefficient of
runoff and area of catchment.
Time of Concentration: The period after which the entire
catchment area will start contributing to the runoff is called as
the time of concentration.
The rainfall with duration lesser than the time of concentration
will not produce maximum discharge.
30. METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF
QUANTITY OF STORM WATER
The runoff may not be maximum even when the duration of the
rain is more than the time of concentration. This is because in
such cases the intensity of rain reduces with the increase in its
duration.
The runoff will be maximum when the duration of rainfall is
equal to the time of concentration and is called as critical
rainfall duration.
The time of concentration is equal to sum of inlet time and time
of travel.
Time of concentration = Inlet time + time of travel
32. METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF
QUANTITY OF STORM WATER
Inlet Time: The time required for the rain in falling on the
most remote point of the tributary area to flow across the ground
surface along the natural drains or gutters up to inlet of sewer is
called inlet time.
The inlet time ‘Ti’ can be estimated using relationships similar
to following.
These coefficients will have different values for different
catchments.
Ti = [0.885 L3/H] 0.385
33. METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF
QUANTITY OF STORM WATER
Where,
Ti = Time of inlet, minute
L = Length of overland flow from critical point to mouth of drain
(Km)
H = Total fall of level from the critical point to mouth of drain
(m)
Time of Travel: The time required by the water to flow in the
drain channel from the mouth to the point under consideration
or the point of concentration is called as time of travel.
Time of Travel (Tt) = Length of drain / velocity in drain
Time of concentration Tc = Ti + Tt
34. METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF
QUANTITY OF STORM WATER
Runoff Coefficient: The total precipitation falling on any area
is dispersed as percolation, evaporation, storage in ponds or
reservoir and surface runoff.
The runoff coefficient can be defined as a fraction, which is
multiplied with the quantity of total rainfall to determine the
quantity of rain water, which will reach the sewers. The runoff
coefficient depends upon the porosity of soil cover, wetness and
ground cover.
36. EMPIRICAL FORMULAE FOR RAINFALL INTENSITIES
The relationships between rainfall intensity and duration are
developed based on long experience in field. intensity of rainfall
in design is
usually in the range 12 mm/h to 20 mm/h.
For T varying between 5 to 20 minutes
I
For T varying between 20 to 100 minutes
I
37. METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF
QUANTITY OF STORM WATER
The overall runoff coefficient for the catchment area can be
worked out as follows:
Overall runoff coefficient
Where, A1, A2, ….An are types of areas with C1, C2, …Cn as
their coefficient of runoff respectively.
38. The typical runoff coefficient for the different ground cover is
provided in the below table
Runoff coefficient for various sources
Sno Type of Surface Value of C
1 Water Tight Roof surface 0.70 - 0.95
2 Asphalt Pavement 0.85 – 0.90
3 Stone, brick, wood-block
pavement with cemented joints
0.75 - 0.85
4 Stone, brick, wood-block
pavement with uncemented joints
0.50 - 0.70
5 Water bond Macadam roads 0.25 - 0.60
6 Gravel road and walks 0.15 – 0.30
7 Unpaved streets and vacant lands 0.10 – 0.30
8 Parks, Lawns, gardens, meadows
etc.,
0.05 – 0.25
9 Wooden lands 0.01 – 0.20
39. (1) RATIONAL METHOD
Storm water Runoff, Use any one of these units systems
Q = C.I.A
Q = Quantity of storm water, m3/hr
C = Coefficient of runoff (From Table)
I = intensity of rainfall (mm/hr) for the duration equal
to time of concentration
A = Drainage area (m2 )
Q= C.I.A *
1
36
Q = Quantity of storm water, m3/sec
C = Coefficient of runoff (From Table)
I = intensity of rainfall (cm/hr
A = Drainage area (hectares )
Note: (1 ha = 10,000 m2) , ( 1 ha-cm/hr = 1/36 𝑚3/𝑠 )
40. (2) DICKEN’S FORMULA
Peak Discharge in
cumecs
QP = Peak Discharge in
cumecs
M = Catchment area in
Km2
C = a constant depending
upon all those fifteen to
twenty factors which affect
the runoff (C=11.5)
41. (3) DICKEN’S FORMULA
QP = Peak Discharge in cumecs
M = Catchment area in Km2
C1 = a constant depending upon all those fifteen to twenty
factors which affect the runoff (C=6.8)
Location of Catchment Value of C1
Areas within 24Km from the coast 6.8
Areas within 24Km – 16Km from
the coast
8.8
Limited areas near hills 10.1
42. CALCULATION OF PEAK FACTOR
The peaking factor (PF) is the ratio of the maximum
flow to the average daily flow in a water system.
43. CALCULATION OF INFILTRATION FLOW
Infiltration Inflow:
• Q(infiltration) is taken as [24-95 m3/day/km]
or
[0.5 m3/day/diameter (cm)], take the bigger value of the two.
• Qinflow is taken as 0.2-30 [m3/ha/day]. ( hectare = 10,000 m2 )
• Qdes = Qmax + QI/I ( if found)
Where,
QI/I = Qinfil + Qinflow
• Qmax = [0.80* Qavg] * Pƒ ( 0.8 > 80% return from water
supply).
45. METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF QUANTITY OF STORM
WATER
Question 1
Determine designed discharge for a combined system serving
population of 50000 with rate of water supply of 135 LPCD. The
catchment area is 100 hectares and the average coefficient of
runoff is 0.60.
Given
Population = 50,000
Rate of water supply = 135 lpcd
Catchment Area = 100 Hectares
Average coefficient of runoff =0.60
To Find
Designed Discharge for combined system
46. Solution
Estimation of sewage quantity
STEP 1
Assumption 1: Considering 80% of the water supplied will result
in wastewater generation
Quantity of sanitary sewage Q
[𝑄 𝑎𝑣𝑔]𝑤 = 𝑄 𝑎𝑣𝑔 x 0.8
= Population x Quantity of water supply x 0.8
= 50000 x 135 x 0.80
= 5400 m3/day = 0.0625 m3/sec
STEP 2
Assumption 2: Considering peak factor of 2.5
Design discharge for sanitary sewage = 0.0625 x 2.5
= 0.156 m3/sec
47. Estimation of storm water discharge
STEP 3
Intensity of rainfall,
I
Therefore, I = 100/(30 + 20) = 2 cm/hr
Storm water runoff, Q = C.I.A* 1/36
Q = 0.6 x 2 x 100/(36) = 3.33 m3/sec
Design discharge for combined sewer
= 3.33 + 0.156 = 3.49 m3/sec
48. METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF QUANTITY OF STORM
WATER
Question 2
The catchment area is of 300 hectares. The surface cover in the
catchment can be classified as given below:
S # Type of Cover
Runoff Co-
efficient (C)
Percentage
of area (A)
1 Roof s 0.90 15
2 Pavements and yards 0.80 15
3 Lawns and gardens 0.15 25
4 Roads 0.40 20
5 Open Ground 0.10 15
6 Single Family dwelling 0.50 10
49. METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF QUANTITY OF STORM
WATER
Calculate the runoff coefficient and quantity of storm water
runoff, if intensity of rainfall is 30 mm/h for rain with duration
equal to time of concentration. If population density in the area
is 350 persons per hectare and rate of water supply is 200
LPCD, calculate design discharge for separate system, partially
separate system, and combined system.
Given
Population density in the area = 350 persons per hectare
Catchment Area = 300 hectares
Rate of water supply = 200 lpcd
Intensity of rainfall = 30mm/h = 3cm/h
To Find
1) Average coefficient of runoff
2) Quantity of storm water runoff
50. METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF QUANTITY OF STORM WATER
Solution
Estimation of storm water discharge for storm water drain of
separate system
STEP 1
Overall runoff coefficient
Where, A1, A2, ….An are types of area with C1, C2, …Cn as
their coefficient of runoff, respectively.
51. So we get C = 0.44
Estimation of storm water discharge
STEP 2
Storm water runoff, Q = C.I.A / 36
Q = 0.44 x 3 x 300/(36) = 11 m3/sec
Estimation of sewage discharge for separate system sanitary sewer
STEP 3
Assumption 1: Considering 80% of the water supplied will result
in wastewater generation
Quantity of sanitary sewage Qavg
Qavg = Population density x Area x Quantity of water supply x 0.8
Qavg = 350 x 300 x 200 x 0.80
Qavg = 16800 m3/day = 0.194 m3/sec
52. METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF QUANTITY OF STORM WATER
Assumption 2: Considering peak factor of 2 or can also use
formula
Design discharge for sanitary sewage, Ignoring the Q (infil)
Qmax= 0.194 x 2
= 0.388 m3/sec
Estimation of discharge for partially separate system
STEP 4
Storm water discharge falling on roofs and paved courtyards will
be added to the sanitary sewer.
For Roof For Paved Courtyard
C = 0.9 C= 0.8
Area = 0.15*300 = 45 ha Area = 0.15*300 = 45 ha
53. Average coefficient of runoff
Cavg = (0.90 x 45 + 0.80 x 45) / (45+45) = 0.85
Discharge = Q = C.I.A / 36
Q = 0.85 x 3 x 90 /(36) = 6.375 m3/sec
Total discharge in the sanitary sewer of partially separate
system = 6.375 + 0.388 = 6.764 m3/sec
Discharge in storm water drains = 11 – 6.375 = 4.625 m3/sec
METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF QUANTITY OF STORM WATER
54. Example
a. Calculate the average domestic WW flow:
[Qavg]w = 0.8 Qavg = 0.80 * 120 L/c/d * 50,000 capita* 10-3
= 4800 m3
/d
b. Calculate the peak factor:
Pf
P
4
14
1 = 26.2
504
14
1
Solution
55. a. Calculate the maximum wastewater flow:
Qmax = [Qavg]w * Pƒ = 2.26 * 4800 = 10848 m3
/d
b. Calculate the minimum wastewater flow:
wavg
QPQ
*6
1
2.0
min
18424800*6
1
)50(2.0 m3
/d
c. Calculate the infiltration flow:
Qinfil = 30 *0.20 = 6 m3
/d
d. Calculate the design flow:
Qdes = Qmax + QI/I = 10848 + 6 = 10854 m3
/d