This document provides an overview of geographic information systems (GIS). It discusses key GIS concepts including:
- The 5 components of a GIS - data, hardware, software, people, and methods.
- Types of geospatial data - spatial data that indicates location and attribute data that describes characteristics.
- Common GIS operations and tasks like data input, storage and management, manipulation and analysis, and data output/visualization.
- Coordinate systems including geographic coordinate systems based on latitude and longitude that approximate the earth's shape, and map projections that are used to translate locations on the earth's curved surface to flat maps.
basic concept of geographic data,GIS and its component,data acquisition ,raster, vector formats,spatial data,topology and data model data output ,GIS applications
Perhaps the most important component of a GIS is in the part of data used in GIS. The data for GIS can be derived from various sources. A wide variety of data sources exist for both spatial and attribute data.
This presentation gives a basic idea of GIS and its uses and different softwares commonly used. It also covers difference between vector and raster. General idea of projection is also covered.
Sharing historical maps and atlases in web appsAileen Buckley
Historical maps and atlases in print form are often difficult for large numbers of readers to find, access, and use. In this workshop, learn how to bring these valuable resources to life in web apps that not only provide users with access to the origin print content, but also add value through the user’s experience with the app. This workshop takes you step-by-step through a workflow for converting map collections and atlas content to a format that can be shared online. You’ll learn how to scan, georeference, and build metadata for the maps and atlas pages; how to convert the scanned map images to image services; and how to create a web app that gives users access to the scanned images and provides functionality for useful and engaging online map and atlas exploration.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the digital representation of the land surface elevation with respect to any reference datum. DEM is frequently used to refer to any digital representation of a topographic surface. DEM is the simplest form of digital representation of topography. GIS applications depend mainly on DEMs, today.
basic concept of geographic data,GIS and its component,data acquisition ,raster, vector formats,spatial data,topology and data model data output ,GIS applications
Perhaps the most important component of a GIS is in the part of data used in GIS. The data for GIS can be derived from various sources. A wide variety of data sources exist for both spatial and attribute data.
This presentation gives a basic idea of GIS and its uses and different softwares commonly used. It also covers difference between vector and raster. General idea of projection is also covered.
Sharing historical maps and atlases in web appsAileen Buckley
Historical maps and atlases in print form are often difficult for large numbers of readers to find, access, and use. In this workshop, learn how to bring these valuable resources to life in web apps that not only provide users with access to the origin print content, but also add value through the user’s experience with the app. This workshop takes you step-by-step through a workflow for converting map collections and atlas content to a format that can be shared online. You’ll learn how to scan, georeference, and build metadata for the maps and atlas pages; how to convert the scanned map images to image services; and how to create a web app that gives users access to the scanned images and provides functionality for useful and engaging online map and atlas exploration.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the digital representation of the land surface elevation with respect to any reference datum. DEM is frequently used to refer to any digital representation of a topographic surface. DEM is the simplest form of digital representation of topography. GIS applications depend mainly on DEMs, today.
Welcome to our ultimate guide to Geographical Information System (GIS). Discover how GIS revolutionizes data analysis, mapping.
Explore the comprehensive guide to Geographical Information System (GIS). Learn about GIS benefits, applications, and implementation. Click here to uncover the potential.
A Geographical Information System (GIS) is a computer-based tool used to capture, store, manipulate, analyse, and present spatial or geographic data. It combines various types of data such as maps, satellite imagery, aerial photographs, and tabular data to create layers of information that can be visualized and analysed in relation to their geographic location.
GIS technology allows users to explore, interpret, and understand patterns and relationships within geographic data. It provides a framework for organizing and managing data, enabling users to query and retrieve specific information based on spatial and non-spatial attributes. GIS can be used in various fields, including urban planning, natural resource management, environmental assessment, transportation, agriculture, and emergency management
Geography is the study of Earth’s features and patterns of their variations in spatial
location and time. Many questions of agricultural production are geographic in nature as the
production depends on the environment and prevailing socio economic conditions, both of
which vary spatially and in time
Geographic Information System for Bachelor in Agriculture EngineeringDinesh Bishwakarma
This slide tells about the basic of the Geographic Information System and use of GIS and Remote Sensing in Agriculture
for more details goto www.dineshbishwakarma.com.np
my youtube channel : https://www.youtube.com/c/L%C3%B8stB%C3%B8y/videos
What is GIS ?
Dimensions Modeling in GIS ?
GIS Models real word(Raster, Vector)
GIS Challenges ? Data and Tech.
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Building information modeling (BIM) ?
GIS Components
Spatial Data
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. • Geographic Information System: Introduction to
GIS, Components of GIS, Geospatial Data- Spatial
Data, and Attribute data-Joining Spatial and
Attribute data: GIS Operation: Spatial Data Input-
Attribute data Management.-Data display- Data
Exploration- Data Analysis. COORDINATE SYSTEMS:
Geographic Coordinate System: Approximation of
Earth, Datum; Map Projections: Types of Map
Projection Map projection parameters-Commonly
used Map projections-Projected coordinate System.
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4. Topics to be covered
• What is a GIS ?
• GIS as a Technology
• Components of a GIS
• GIS Tasks
• What GIS can do?
• Applications of GIS
For Training in GIS 4
Next
5. What is a GIS ?
A geographic information system (GIS), is an integrated set of
hardware and software tools used for the manipulation and
management of
• Spatial Data (geographic data) and
• Non Spatial Data (attribute data)
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GIS software
maintains a link
between layers of
location and
attribute data
Location Data- Where is it?
Attribute data- What is it?
With the link, we can ask
questions about our world….
6. Components of a GIS
• A working GIS integrates
five key components:
For Training in GIS
6
We commonly think of a
GIS as a single, integrated
computer system. But, GIS
can be made up of a
variety of software and
hardware tools.
The important factor is the
level of integration of these
tools to provide a smoothly
operating, fully functional
data processing
environment.
7. Contd.......Components of a GIS
• DATA
• Data is perhaps the most important component of a GIS.
Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house
& compiled to custom specifications, or purchased from a
commercial data provider.
• A GIS can integrate spatial data with other existing data resources,
stored in a DBMS. The integration of spatial data and tabular data is
a key functionality of GIS.
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Field Data
Computer Files Reports &
Tabular files
Maps
Digitization
8. •Hardware is the computer
system on which a GIS
operates. GIS software runs on
a wide range of hardware types,
from centralized computer
servers to desktop PCs used in
stand-alone or network
configurations.
•GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze,
and display geographic information. For e.g.-
•Arc View, Arc Info, Arc GIS, ERDAS, Global Mapper, Leica Photogrammetry
Suite For Training in GIS 8
DIGITAL TAPE
READER
DIGITIZER
TYPING
PC
WORKSTATION
NETWORK
DIGITAL DATA
PRINTER
PLOTTER
INPUT DATA
MANAGEMENT
OUTPUT
HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
9. • PEOPLE
• GIS technology is of limited value without the people who
manage the system and develop plans for applying it to
real world problems. GIS users range from technical
specialists who design and maintain the system to those
who use it to help them perform their everyday work.
• METHODS A successful GIS operates according to a
well-designed implementation plan and business rules,
which are the models and operating practices unique to
each organization.
• As in all organizations, new tools can only be used
effectively if they are properly integrated into the entire
business operation. To do this properly requires not only
the necessary investments in hardware and software,
but also in the training and/or hiring of personnel to
utilize the new technology in the proper context.
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10. Components of a GIS
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Processes
Data
Hardware
The GIS
People
Software
11. Thematic Layers
• A GIS stores information
about the world as a
collection of thematic
layers that can be linked
together by geography.
• The thematic layer
approach allows us to
organize the complexity of
the real world into a simple
representation to help
understand the natural
relationships.
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12. Geospatial Data
•(1.) Spatial data (stored in topology structure)Describes the absolute
and relative location of geographic features.
•(2.) Attribute data (stored in RDBMS)Describes characteristics of the
spatial features. These characteristics can be quantitative and/or
qualitative in nature. Attribute data is often tabular data.
12
Attribute
Information:
What is it?
Species:
Oak
Height:
15m
Age: 75
Yrs
Location
Information:
Where is it?
51°N, 112°W
The coordinate location of a Land parcel would be spatial data, while its
characteristics, e.g. area, owner name, vacant/ built-up, etc., would be
attribute data.
GIS technology utilizes two basic types of data. These are:
14. GIS Operations Tasks
(1.) DATA INPUT
• Before geographic data can be used in a GIS, the data must be
converted into compatible digital format through digitizing. The
data inputs are usually derived from a combination of hard copy
maps, aerial photographs, remotely sensed images, reports,
survey documents, etc.
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• Data Input
• Storage and Management,
• Manipulation and Analysis
• Data output (Visualization/display).
(2) STORAGE AND MANAGEMENT
This involves organizing the data (spatial and attribute), in a form
which permits it to be quickly retrieved by the user for analysis, and
permits rapid updates to be made to the database.
This component usually involves use of a DBMS for maintaining
15. • For many types of
geographic operation
the end result is best
visualized as a map or
graph.
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The data output involves generation of graphic displays,
normally maps, and tables representing derived
information products that can be integrated with reports.
(4.)DATA OUTPUT
(Visualization/Display)
16. For Training in GIS 17
Any spatial features of the Earth’s surface are
represented in GIS by the following:
•Area/polygons : features which occupy a certain
area, e.g. glacier units, lake units, land use units,
geological units etc.
• Lines/segments: linear features, e.g. drainage lines,
contour lines, boundaries of glaciers and lakes etc;
•Points : points define the discrete locations of
geographic features, the areas of which are too small
to illustrate as lines or polygons, e.g. mountain peaks
or discrete elevation points, sampling points for field
observations, identification points for polygon
features, centres of glaciers and lakes etc, and
attribute data refer to the properties of spatial entities
17. For Training in GIS 18
SPATIAL DATA INPUT TECHNIQUES
The following are the basic procedures
for inputting spatial data into a GIS.
These are:
Manual digitizing
Automatic scanning
Entry of coordinates using coordinate
geometry
Conversion of existing digital data.
18. Manual Digitizing
• Sends an electrical impulse
from the edges that is read
to determine Location.
• Accuracy of tablets ranges
form .01” to .002”
Manual digitising is the most common method of encoding spatial
features from paper maps. It is a process of converting the spatial
features on a map into a digital format. Point, line, and area
features that form a map, are converted into (x, y) coordinates.
19. Digitizing Procedure
• Turn on digitizer and place map on tablet
– This will let the map and tablet reach thermal
equilibrium
• Tape the map to the tablet
• Register the map using control points
– Must have at least 4 control points with known
location
• Digitize the features
• Fix Digitizing errors (TOPOLOGY)
20. Two Methods of Digitizing
• Point Mode
– One (X,Y) Location is captured for each click of the puck
button
– More accurate
– Requires less skill
• Stream Mode
– The digitizer will send locations while the puck button is
held down
– Requires more skill
– Can be faster
– Slow operators will capture many more points than
necessary
21. On Screen Digitizing
The original is scanned and Geo referenced
Features are captured using the mouse
24. Automated Digitizing
• Tools to automatically convert a raster scan to vector
lines
• Requires a very clean scan
• Scans can be cleaned using raster cleanup tools
• The vector files usually require cleanup after
conversion
• If you start with a clean image it can save a lot of
time
• If you image is not clean manual digitizing may be
faster
28. Introduction:
• A map is a graphical representation of the location
of individual features on the surface of the earth.
• Since the surface is curved and the surface of the
map is a plane, it is difficult to represent a given
area with out some distortion.
• As the size of the area increases, the various types
of projections are employed to minimise the effect
of map distortion. On such a map, spherical co-
ordinates of control maps are used.
• The spherical coordinates of a point are its Latitude
and Longitude.
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29. • Features on spherical surfaces are not easy to measure
• Features on planes are easy to measure and calculate
– distance
– angle
– Area
• Coordinate systems provide a measurement framework
• Lat/long system measures angles on spherical surfaces
• 60º east
• 55º north of equator
• 1° of longitude at the equator 1° of longitude near the
poles 30
30. Geographic coordinate system
• A geographic coordinate system is a
coordinate system that enables every location
on the Earth to be specified by a set of
numbers or letters, or symbols. The
coordinates are often chosen such that one of
the numbers represents vertical position, and
two or three of the numbers represent
horizontal position.
• A common choice of coordinates is latitude,
longitude and elevation.
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31. Approximation of Earth Datum;
• Definition of Datum: In surveying and geodesy, a datum is a
reference system or an approximation of the Earth's
surface against which positional measurements are made
for computing locations. Horizontal datum’s are used for
describing a point on the Earth's surface, in latitude and
longitude or another coordinate system.
• Commonly used datums in North
America
– North American Datum of
1927 (NAD27)
– NAD83
– World Geodetic System of
1984 (WGS84)
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32. Map Projections:
• To specify a location on a two-dimensional
map requires a map projection
What is map projection?
• The system of representing the earth’s
parallel and meridian with respect to which
control points in spherical terms, are plotted
on the map is called a map projection.
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34. (d) Conical-type projections
1. Perspective conic projection
2. Simple conic projection: one standard parallel
3. Bonne's projection
4. Conic projection with two standard parallels
5. Polyconic projection
(c) Zenithal projections
1. Gnomonic projection
2. Stereographic projection
3. Orthographic projection
4. Zenithal equidistant projection
5. Zenithal equal-area projection
35
35. Map Projection parameters
• . The parameters specify the origin and customize a projection for
your area of interest. , linear parameters use the projected
coordinate system units, while angular parameters use the
geographic coordinate system units
• Linear parameters
• Angular parameters
• Unitless parameters
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36. Linear parameters
• False easting is a linear value applied to the origin
of the x coordinates. False northing is a linear
value applied to the origin of the y coordinates.
False easting and northing values are usually
applied to ensure that all x and y values are
positive. You can also use the false easting and
northing parameters to reduce the range of the x
or y coordinate values. For example, if you know all
y values are greater than 5,000,000 meters, you
could apply a false northing of -5,000,000.
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37. Angular parameters
• Azimuth—Defines the center line of a projection; the rotation angle measures east
from north. Azimuth is used with the Azimuth cases of the Hotine Oblique
Mercator projection.
Central Meridian—Defines the origin of the x-coordinates
Longitude of Origin—Defines the origin of the x-coordinates; the central meridian
and longitude of origin parameters are synonymous.
Central Parallel—Defines the origin of the y-coordinates
Latitude of Origin—Defines the origin of the y-coordinates; this parameter may
not be located at the center of the projection. In particular, Conic projections use
this parameter to set the origin of the y-coordinates below the area of interest. In
that instance, you do not need to set a false northing parameter to ensure that all
y-coordinates are positive.
Longitude of Center—Is used with the Hotine Oblique Mercator Center (both Two-
Point and Azimuth) cases to define the origin of the x-coordinates; usually
synonymous with the longitude of origin and central meridian parameters.
Latitude of Center—Used with the Hotine Oblique Mercator Center (both Two-
Point and Azimuth) cases to define the origin of the y-coordinates; it is almost
always the center of the projection.
For Training in GIS 38
38. Unitless parameters
Scale factor is a unitless value applied to the center point
or line of a map projection.
The scale factor is usually slightly less than
one. The UTM coordinate system, which uses the
Transverse Mercator projection, has a scale factor of
0.9996. Rather than 1.0, the scale along the central
meridian of the projection is 0.9996. This creates two
almost parallel lines approximately 180 kilometers, or
about 1°, away where the scale is 1.0. The scale factor
reduces the overall distortion of the projection in the
area of interest.
x- and y-scales are used in the Krovak projection to
orient the axes. 39
39. State Plane
Codified in 1930s
Use of numeric zones for shorthand
SPCS (State Plane Coordinate System)
FIPS (Federal Information Processing System)
Uses one or more of 3 different projections:
Lambert Conformal Conic (east-west orientation )
Transverse Mercator (north-south orientation)
Oblique Mercator (nw-se or ne-sw orientation)
40. Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM)
Based on the Transverse
Mercator projection
60 zones (each 6° wide)
false eastings
Y-0 set at south pole or equator
41. Projected Coordinate Systems
A Projected coordinate system
(PCS) is a two-dimensional planar
surface. However, the Earth's surface
is three-dimensional.
Transforming three-dimensional
space onto a two-dimensional
surface is called projection.
Projection formulas are
mathematical expressions that
convert data from a geographical
location (latitude and longitude) on a
sphere or spheroid to a
corresponding location (x and y) on a
flat,two-dimensional-surfaces. 42
42. • A PCS inherits the components of a geographic
coordinate system and also has:
• Projection: The mathematical transformation used
to convert from geographic coordinates to planar
(projected) coordinates.
• Parameters: Parameters used in the
transformation. These parameters are specific to
the projection.
• Units: Linear measurement for coordinates on the
plane.
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44. ASSIGNMENT-UNIT_1
• Short Answer Questions
• 1 Define Principle & Photogrammetry?
• 2 Types of Aerial Photos
• 3. Types of Aerial Photogrammetry?
• 4. Write short notes on fiducial points
• 5. What is Parallex?
• 6 What is stereoscopy?
• 7 Define the followings: Nadir Point, Pass
Point, tie point and control point, Principal
point For Training in GIS 45
45. Essay Questions
1. Write the equation for finding Parallax of any point with
figure and also derive the equations for finding object height
and ground coordinate location from parallax measurement.
2. The flying height for an overlapping pair of photos is
1600m above the ground and Pa is 75.60mm. Find the
height of the tree if the parallax difference is 1.20mm.
3. Explain with sketch the Geometry of vertical aerial
photograph, Scale and Height measurement on single
vertical aerial photograph
4. Height measurement based on relief displacement
5 Define an aerial vertical photograph, an aerial tilted
photograph, a low oblique aerial photograph, and a high
oblique aerial photograph 46
47. Relational Model
•Data is often stored in several
tables. Tables can be joined or
referenced to each other by
common columns (relational fields).
•Usually the common column (Field)
is an identification number for a
selected geographic feature, e.g. a
parcel number. This ID number acts
as the primary key for the table.
• The ability to join tables
through a common column is the
advantage of the relational model.
• Such relational joins form the basis
of querying in a relational GIS
product.
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48. What can GIS do for you?
•(1.) Perform
geographic queries and
analysis
•Two types of analysis are especially
important
•Proximity analysis
•Overlay Analysis
•The ability of GIS to perform geographic
queries has saved many companies
millions of dollars. GIS has helped reduce
costs by Analyzing data quickly, as in this
example:
For Training in GIS 49
A real estate agent could use a GIS to find all apartments within a certain area
(say Andheri) that have three bedrooms and are in high-rise buildings, then list
their information.
The query could be further refined by adding criteria like - the house must cost
less than 2000 Rs/sq foot & should be within walking distance from rail station.
49. Proximity analysis
•It involves queries like-
How many houses lie within 60m of this road?
What is the total number of customers within 10 kms of this store?
What proportion of Rice crop is within 500 m of the well?
•To answer such questions, GIS technology uses a process called
buffering to determine the proximity relationship between features.
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50. What can GIS do for you?
•(2.) Improve organizational integration
•Many organizations that have
implemented GIS have found that its
main benefit is to improve management
of their own resources.
• Because GIS have the ability to link
data sets together, they facilitate
interdepartmental information sharing
and communication.
•One department can benefit from the
work of another as data can be collected
once and used many times.
•Thus redundancy is reduced and
productivity gets enhanced.
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51. Overlay Analysis
•In GIS the integration of different data layers involves a
process called overlay. For e.g.-
•This overlay, or spatial join, can integrated data on soils,
slope, vegetation or land ownership with tax assessment.
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52. What GIS can do?
• GIS has made map making much
more flexible than traditional manual
cartography. Existing paper maps can be
digitized and translated into the GIS.
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The GIS based cartographic database can be both continuous and
scale free.
Map products can then be created centered on any location, at any
scale and showing selected information theme.
(4.) Making
maps
53. Applications of GIS
• Some of the real world applications of GIS are in:
• Urban Planning
• Agriculture
• Public Utilities
• Transportation
• Health Care
• Emergency
• Real Estate
• Marketing
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54. Applications of GIS
For Training in GIS 56
Is it safe to dig here?
A proposed excavation, identified by
address, is compared to pipelines in the area
using Geotechnology.
PUBLIC UTILITIES
55. Applications of GIS
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Where is my Dream
Home?
With Geotechnology, an agent can
show a map of a neighborhood and a
picture or video of the actual
properties.
REAL ESTATE
56. Applications of GIS
•EMERGENCY
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What is the fastest
route to the
Hospital?
Geotechnology can choose the
fastest route to a hospital. The
GIS can take into account
traffic and other impediments.
57. Applications of GIS
•MARKETING
For Training in GIS 59
How can I optimize
my Marketing
Campaign?
Geotechnology can query a database and
identify only those areas with the highest
household income within a specified distance
of a store.
58. Topics covered
• What is a GIS ?
• GIS as a Technology
• Components of a GIS
• GIS Data Types
• GIS Tasks
• What GIS can do?
• Applications of GIS
For Training in GIS 60
Back
59. SPECIAL DESCRIPTIVE TEST
• PART - A
1. Answer all the following Questions :-(3 Marks)
• Define GIS? (1 M)
• Define Remote Sensing? (1 M)
• What are the different types of sensors?(1 M)
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60. PART – B (7 marks)
Answer the following Questions:-
3. a) Explain with sketch the Geometry of vertical
aerial photograph, Scale and Height measurement on single
vertical aerial photograph. (4 marks)
. b) Write short note on digital data analysis. (3 marks)
OR
4. a) What is EMR? Discuss about spectral reflectance
patterns for different region of Electromagnetic spectrum,
with a neat diagram.
(3 marks)
b) Explain Spatial & attribute data in GIS. What are the
different applications in GIS explain? (4 marks)
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