Environmental science

1. TOPIC : GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
U MANJUNATH
(1GG21CS051)
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
GUIDED BY : KAVITHA V
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE,RAMANAGARA

2. Contents
What is GIS?
Components of GIS
GIS Process
Functions of GIS
Data Structure
GIS Data Sources
Conclusion

3. What is GIS?
“A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing
and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth. This is normally
considered to involve a spatially referenced computer database and appropriate
applications software”
A set of tools for
 Collecting
 Storing
 Manipulating
 Retrieving
 Transforming and Display of Spatial Data from the Real World

4. • GEOGRAPHIC implies that locations of the data items are
known, or can be calculated, in terms of Geographic
coordinates (Latitude, Longitude)
• INFORMATION implies that the data in a GIS are organized
to yield useful knowledge, often as colored maps and
images, but also as statistical graphics, tables, and various
on-screen responses to interactive queries
• SYSTEM implies that a GIS is made up from several inter-
related and linked components with different functions.
Thus, GIS have functional capabilities for data capture,
input, manipulation, transformation, visualization,
combinations, query, analysis, modelling and output

5. Components of GIS
GIS links locational (spatial) and database (tabular) information and enables a person to visualize
patterns, relationships and trends. The five components of GIS are as under:
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Data
4. People
5. Methods

6.  Hardware
Systems to support rapid graphic analysis and processing
(CPU, processor, keyboard etc.)
 Software
A technology for storing and analyzing location and
attribute data (ArcGIS, Map Info, AutoDesk Map etc.)
 Data
Geographical data in form of hardcopy map, digital map,
aerial photos, satellite images, other documents for GIS
operations
 Methods
Various procedures including analysis, manipulation, presentation,
visualization, modelling
 People
Different user and GIS application experts

7. GIS Process
• Links databases and maps
• Manages information about places
• Helps answer questions such as:
 Where is it?
 What else is nearby?
 Where is the highest concentration
of ‘X’?
 Where can I find things with
characteristic ‘Y’?
 Where is the closest ‘Z’ to my
location?

8. Functions of GIS
 Data Capture
 Data Storage & Management
 Data Display
 Data Editing, Manipulation and Analysis
 Presentations & Visualization

9. Data Structure

10. GIS Data Sources
Existing data
Digital
Map and Plan
Paper Files
Low Cost
Acquisition
Remote Sensing
Photogrammetry
Field Survey
High Cost

11. Operations
• Surface analysis
In particular analyzing the properties of physical surfaces, such as gradient, aspect and visibility,
and analyzing surface-like data “fields”
• Network analysis
Examining the properties of natural and man-made networks in order to understand the behavior of
flows within and around such networks; and locational analysis
• Geovisualization
The creation and manipulation of images, maps, diagrams, charts, 3D views and their associated
tabular datasets

12. Conclusion
GIS is a broad term that can refer to a number of different
technologies, processes, and methods
It is attached to many operations and has many applications related
to engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics,
insurance, telecommunications, and business
Modern GIS technologies use digital information, for which
various digitized data creation methods are used
Many disciplines benefit from GIS

13. FEW QUESTIONS ON G. I. S :
Q1. GIS stands for
1.Geographic Information System
2.Generic Information System
3.Geological Information System
4,Geographic Information Sharing
Answer : 1
Q2. GIS deals with which kind of data
1.Numeric data
2.Binary data
3.Spatial data
4.Complex data
Answer : 3
Q3. Which of the following statements is true
about the capabilities of GIS.
1.Data capture and preparation
2.Data management, including storage and
maintenance
3.Data manipulation and analysis
4.Data presentation
5.All of the above
Answer : 5
Q4. By ‘spatial data’ we mean data that has
1.Complex values
2.Positional values
3.Graphic values
4.Decimal values
Answer : 2
Q5. What is ‘Metadata’ ?
1.It is ‘ data about data’
2.It is ‘meteorological data’
3.It is ‘oceanic data’
4.It is ‘contour data’
Answer : 1