This document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and other routes. Enteral routes include oral, sublingual, and rectal administration. Parenteral routes involve injections through various methods like intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, and inhalation. Other routes mentioned are transdermal, topical, and insufflation. For each route, the document outlines the forms used, requirements, advantages, and disadvantages.

1. Routes of
Drugs Administration
By Sameh AM. Abdel-Ghany

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Routes of Drug administration
Other routes
Parenteral routes
Enteral routes

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A- Enteral routes
Oral Sublingual Rectal

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I- Oral route
 Forms used
 Requirements needed
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
N.B. Gastric gavage-Gastric lavage

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Forms used

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Advantages
osafe
o easy
o selfuse
o no need for sterilization

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Disadvantages
o Maybe inefficient - high dose, low
solubility
o First-pass effect – GIT enzymes
o Food Interaction
o Local effect - GI flora
o Unconscious patient - not able to
swallow

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II- Sublingual route
 Forms used
 Requirements needed
 Advantages
 Disadvantages

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Forms used

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Advantages
oAvoid first pass effect
oRapid absorption
oDrug stability
oAvoid GIT problems
oCan remove medicine

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Disadvantages
oInconvenience
oadvantages lost if swallowed
oSmall dose limit

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III- Rectal route
 Forms used:
a- suppository
b- enema
 Requirements needed
 Advantages
 Disadvantages

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a- supppsitory

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b- Enema

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Advantages
oBy pass liver – GIT enzymes
oUseful – children
oadministration of large volume of
fluids (enema)

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Disadvantages
oIrregular absorption
omay cause irritation of the rectal
mucosa

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B- Parentral route
1
Injections 2
Inhalation
3
Transdermal
delivery
system

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I- Injections
 Definition
 Forms used
 Requirements needed
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Indications

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Forms used

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Advantages
oRapid effect.
oNo destruction of drug by G.I.
enzymes & no local action on
G.I.T.
ouseful in coma and convulsions

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Disadvantages
oneeds trained person.
oneeds aseptic precautions.
oPain at site of injection.
oDanger of infection.

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Indications
oThe drug is ineffective by other routes
oThe drug has intense local irritant.
oa high concentration of the drug is
required very rapidly.
oIn emergencies and in unconscious
patients.

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www.themegallery.com
Types of
injections
Intradermal
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intracardiac
Intraperitoneal
Intrathecal
Intravenous
Intrarterial
Intra-articular

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a- Intradermal route
 Definition
 Requirements needed
 Advantages
 Disadvantages

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b- Subcutaneous route
 Definition
 Requirements needed
 Sites
 Advantages
 Disadvantages

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Sites

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Advantages
oCan be given by the patient
oSlow but generally complete
oabsorption

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Disadvantages
oPainful
oTissue damage from irritant drugs
oMaximum of 2 ml injection.

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c- Intramuscular route
 Requirements needed
 Sites
 Advantages
 Disadvantages

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Sites

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Advantages
o injection of moderately irritant drugs.
o injection of large amount of fluid than
S.C..
o suitable for solutions or suspensions of
insoluble drugs in water or oil.

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Disadvantages
oTrained personnel
oAbsorption may be incomplete
oAvoid in patients with bleeding
tendency

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d- Intravenous route
 Forms used
 Intravenous infusion
 Requirements needed
 Sites
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Precautions

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Forms

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Intravenous infusion

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Sites

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Advantages
o rapid (used in emergency).
o avoid rapid chemical decomposition
o very irritant drugs can be given
o Large amount of fluids can be given by
I.V. infusion and for nutrition.
o Immediate cessation of administration is
possible of unwanted effects occur
during drug administration.

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Disadvantages
oPyrogenic reactions and
anaphylactoid reactions
oExtravasation
oNot suitable for drugs in an oily
vehicle or those that hemolyse
RBcs.

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Precautions
o must be performed slowly.
o Not add more than one drug to one infusion.
o Saline is generally suitable for infusing many drugs.
o Fresh preparation
o Change the infusion set whenever clear fluids are to follow blood proteins or
amino acids.
o Do not add drugs to blood, amino acid solutions or fat emulsion.
o Do not add aminophylline, hydrocortisone or erythromycin to dextrose
solution.
o Do not add corticotrophin, tertracyclines, suxamethonium or metaraminol to
any strength of mannitol.
o Do not add tetracyclines, calcium salts, corticotrophin, hydrocortisone or
insulin or methicillin to sodium bicarbonate.
o Heparin and aminophylline must not be added to acidic solutions.
o Insulin must not be added to strongly alkaline solutions

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e- Intra-arterial route
oDefinition
oUses
i. Diagnstic
ii. Therapeutic

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f- Intracardiac route
oDefinition
oUses

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g- Intraperitoneal route
oDefinition
oUses

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h- Intrathecal route
o Definition
o Uses:
i. Diagnstic
ii. Therapeutic

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i- Intra-articular route
o Definition
o Uses

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II- Inhalation
 Definition
 Preparation
 Advantages

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Preparations
o Gases
o Vapours
o Steam inhalation
o Inhalers:
i. Aerosols e.g MDI - Nebulizer
ii. Dry powder inhalers e.g spinhaler

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NebulizerSpinhalerMDI(metered
dose inhaler)

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Advantages
orapid
oavoid GIT problems like first
pass effect
oMinimize side effects if used
locally
oAbsorption of gases efficient
and rapid

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III- Transdermal delivery system
 Definition
 Forms used
 Advantages

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Administration for local use
Topical
Injections
Inhalation

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a- Topical
 Skin :
i. Ointment
ii. Cream
iii. Liniment
iv. Lotions
v. Powder

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Cont.
 Mouth: washes – gargles
 Eye : drops – solution
 Nose – Ear: drops
 Vagina: douches

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b- injections:
i. infiltration anaesthesia
ii. nerve block
iii. intra-articular
c- Inhalation

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C- Other routes
B- InsufflationA- Diadermal
administration
(Iontophoresis)
Other routes

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Contact informations
 Facebook: Dr-Sameh Abdel-Ghany
www.facebook.com/samghany
 Tel: 01003798288
 Email:
dr.samghany@gmail.com