This document defines various metallurgical and steelmaking terms. It describes terms related to steel alloys like alloying elements, alloy steel, and plain carbon steel. It also defines terms for steel production processes such as casting, heat treatment, annealing, quenching, and cold working. Additionally, it covers steel properties and tests like hardness, tensile strength, ductility, and microstructure. The document serves as a reference for many technical terms used in steelmaking and metallurgy.

1. BY- ANIL SHARMA , AFRICAN FOUNDERY LTD,
NIGERIA

2. ADDITIONS
Materials, typically alloy elements, added to molten steel
to produce the chemical specifications for the desired
steel grade.

3. ALLOY
A substance that has metallic properties and is
comprised of two or more chemical elements of which at
least one is a metal.

4. ALLOY STEEL
Steel containing one or more alloying element. Steel is
classified as alloy when the maximum content of alloying
elements exceeds one or more of the following:
manganese 1.65%, silicon 0.60%, copper 0.60%.

5. ALLOYING
ELEMENTS
Chemical elements added for improving the properties of
the finished products. Some alloying elements are:
nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, and
silicon.

6. ANNEALING
A process involving heating and cooling, usually applied
to induce softening of steel. The term also refers to
treatments intended to alter mechanical or physical
properties, produce a definite microstructure or remove
gasses.

7. ARGON SHROUD
A procedure using argon gas to shield molten steel from
oxygen as it is teemed from the ladle.

8. ARGON STIRRING
An inert gas introduced through a nozzle to stir molten
steel to promote chemical and temperature
homogenization and float out inclusions.

9. AUSTENITE
High-temperature solid form of steel with face-centered
cubic crystal structure.

10. BILLET
A semi-finished piece of steel that results from rolling
an ingot or a bloom. It may be square but is never
more than twice as wide as thick. Its cross-sectional
area is usually not more than 36 square inches.

11. BLOOM
A semi finished piece of steel resulting from the rolling
or forging of an ingot. A bloom is square or not more
than twice as wide as thick and usually not less than
36 square inches in cross-sectional area.

12. BLOOM SHEAR
A shear used to cut a rolled ingot into shorter bloom
lengths or to cut off the ends of a bloom.

13. BLOWHOLE
An internal cavity in steel produced by gases during
the solidification of the metal.

14. BREAKOUT
Liquid steel flowing through the shell of a ladle or EAF.

15. BRINNEL
HARDNESS
A hardness test commonly used for soft steel and metals
which measures diameter of an indentation made by a
steel ball under a given load.

16. CARBIDE
A compound of iron (or other element) and carbon in
steel, forming a very hard, nonmetallic substance
(Fe3C). Fe3C is also called cementite.

17. CASTING
Pouring molten metal into a mold, or the metal object
(i.e., ingot) produced by such pouring.

18. CASTING
POWDER
A powder applied to the inside of a mold before
teeming to prevent the metal from sticking to the mold.

19. CHARGE
To load a furnace with scrap and flux prior to melting,
or to load a soaking pit with ingots for reheating.

20. CHEMISTRY
The chemical constituents of a heat of steel.

21. COLD WORKING
Rolling or drawing semi-finished steel products to
provide higher physical properties or better surfaces
than can be produced by hot-working.

22. CONTINUOUS
CASTER
A machine used to continuously produce blooms from
molten steel with no interruptions or intermediate
operations.

23. CREEP
Failure of a metal caused by gradual elongation due to
constant stress.

24. DEOXIDIZE
Removal of oxygen from steel.

25. DUCTILITY
Ability to undergo permanent changes of shape without
rupturing.
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26. ELASTIC
DEFORMATION
Temporary distortion of a material under the action of
applied stresses.

27. ELECTRIC ARC
FURNACE (EAF)
A refractory-lined steel vessel used to melt steel. An
electric arc generates the heat.

28. ELECTRODE
A carbon (graphite) rod that carries electricity to melt
the scrap in an EAF.

29. FORGING
Forming hot metal in the desired shape by means of
hammering or pressing.

30. GRADE
Classification of steel based on carbon content or
mechanical properties.

31. GRAIN
Orderly arrangement of atoms or crystal structure.
Individual crystal of a microstructure.

32. GRINDING
Method of conditioning steel by removing surface flaws
using a power-driven grinding wheel.
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33. HARDENABILITY
The depth and distribution of hardness below the
surface of steel.

34. HARDENING
The process of increasing the hardness of steel
through controlled heating and cooling.

35. HARDNESS
Resistance to indentation.

36. HEAT
An individual batch of metal as it is treated in a furnace.

37. HEAT TREATMENT
A combination of heating and cooling operations applied to a
metal or alloy to obtain desired microstructure conditions or
properties.

38. INGOT
Steel, formerly in a molten state, transferred to an ingot
mold to solidify.

39. IRON
A pure metal that serves as the basis for steel, cast iron
and stainless steel. Iron is relatively weak and soft when
in its pure form.
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40. KILLED STEEL
Steel that is deoxidized with a strong deoxidizing agent, such as
silicon or aluminum. Reducing the oxygen content minimizes
chemical reaction between carbon and oxygen during
solidification.
-----

41. LADLE
A vessel for receiving and handling liquid steel. It is
constructed of a refractory-lined steel shell.

42. LOW-ALLOY
STEEL
Steel containing up to 5% alloying elements other than
carbon.
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43. MARTENSITE
Room temperature structure of steel formed as a result of a
rapid quench from the austenitic condition. Hard, strong, and
brittle structure.

44. MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
Those properties of a material that reveal the elastic
and inelastic reaction when force is applied or that
improve the relationship between stress and strain.

45. MICROSTRUCTURE
Microscopic structure of steel. Under a microscope, certain
elements of the solidified metal are visible (crystal structure).

46. MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
A measurement of the stress-per-unit strain, an
indication of the resistance of the steel to deformation
within its elastic limit.

47. MOLD
An iron-casting container used to hold and cool molten
metal as it solidifies.

48. OXIDATION
Process in which carbon combines with oxygen to form
oxides.

49. PLAIN CARBON
STEEL
Iron-carbon alloys with minimal alloy content.

50. PLASTIC
DEFORMATION
Permanent distortion of a material under the action of
applied stresses

51. PULPIT
An enclosed operator's platform.
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52. QUENCHING
The process of rapidly cooling the steel from a
temperature above the critical temperature.

53. SCRAP
Iron or steel discard, cuttings, or raw material which will
be reprocessed.

54. SHEAR
A machine for cutting steel products.

55. STRESS
The load per unit of area.

56. TENSILE STRENGTH
A measurement of the maximum load per unit of original
area that a steel has prior to fracture.

57. TOUGHNESS
Ability to absorb impact energy.