antibiotics are necessary to treat infections and chemotherapeutic agents are also used for this purpose. Chemotherapeutic agents are also used in the treatment of cancers. These therapeutic agents have limitations, specific action and a set mode of action. We can say that they are selective. The antibiotics are natural as well as synthetic in nature and have specificity for action against the microorganisms. Chemotherapeutic agents are chemical in nature and are synthesised in labs. They are less selective in action.
antibiotics are necessary to treat infections and chemotherapeutic agents are also used for this purpose. Chemotherapeutic agents are also used in the treatment of cancers. These therapeutic agents have limitations, specific action and a set mode of action. We can say that they are selective. The antibiotics are natural as well as synthetic in nature and have specificity for action against the microorganisms. Chemotherapeutic agents are chemical in nature and are synthesised in labs. They are less selective in action.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms.
The overall theme of the Microbiology course is to study the relationship between microbes and our lives.
Microorganisms (microbes) are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye, and usually require a microscope to be seen.
This relationship involves harmful effects such as diseases and food spoilage as well as many beneficial effects.
Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent, or it may aim to prolong life or to reduce symptom
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms.
The overall theme of the Microbiology course is to study the relationship between microbes and our lives.
Microorganisms (microbes) are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye, and usually require a microscope to be seen.
This relationship involves harmful effects such as diseases and food spoilage as well as many beneficial effects.
Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent, or it may aim to prolong life or to reduce symptom
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
3. Antimicrobial drugs or agents:
Definition :
medical intervention in an infection primarily
involve attempts to eradicate the infecting pathogen
using substances actively inhibit or kill it, this substance s
is Antibiotics or Chemotherapeutic agents.
Depending on the type of organisms targeted , these
substances are also known as antibacterial , anti fungal ,
or antiviral agent.
4. Definition s:
1-Antibiotics:
Natural: substances produce by an organism to kill or
inhibit the growth of another organism. Their
effectiveness as therapeutic agents is limited by their
toxicity for human cells.
Semi-synthetic: are synthetic derivative of naturally
occurring antibiotics.
2- Chemotherapeutic agents:
Are chemical that are used for treating infectious
diseases.
5. Bacteristatic agent:
Antimicrobial the usual dosage prevent active
multiplication of bacteria.
Bactericidal agent:
Antimicrobial the usual dosage kill bacteria.
Some bacteristatic agents become bactericidal when
used at higher concentrations
Broad spectrum antibiotic:
Antimicrobial with activity against a wide range of
bacteria.
6. Efficacy of antimicrobial agents:
products of qualities that make it useful in treatment
of infectious disease, include:
o Rate of absorption.
o Rate of elimination.
o Ability to penetrate the infected site
Selective toxicity is the most important single attribute
of an antimicrobial agent.
Selective Toxicity: means that the drug is harmful to
a pathogen without being harmful to the host.
10. All antibiotics have the common property of interfering in
some way with a normal, critical function of the target
bacterial cell.
The most commonly used antibiotics exert their effect
by one of the following methods:
A) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
B) Disruption of cell membranes
C) Interference with protein synthesis
D) Interference with nucleic acid synthesis
13. 1. Penicillins (beta lactum agents):
o The first β-lactam antibiotic to be discovered was
benzylpenicillin, or penicillin-G.
o whose action is restricted to Gram-positive bacteria,
when administered intramuscularly, but cannot be
taken by mouth because it is broken down in the acid
conditions of the stomach.
Another naturally occurring penicillin, penicillin-V,
represented an advance in asmuch as it is less acid-
labile and can therefore be taken orally.
o extensive research has led to the development of many
variants of this, the so-called semisynthetic penicillins.
14. o Ampicillin is a semi-synthetic penicillin that has a
broader specificity than Penicillin G; it is appreciably
more effective against Gram-negative bacteria , its
hydrophobic nature making it better able to penetrate
their outer membrane. It has the additional benefit of
being acid-stable and can therefore be taken orally.
Another drawback to natural penicillins is that they
are susceptible to naturally occurring bacterial β-
lactamases (also called penicillinases), which breaks a
bond in the β-lactam core of the penicillin molecule.
15. o Penicillin is not an appropriate treatment for the
estimated 1–5 per cent of adults who show an allergic
reaction to it; in extreme cases, death from
anaphylactic shock can result.
o Hypersensitivity include anaphylaxis (IgE mediated)
delayed hypersensitivity (IgG mediated), erythemia
and skin rash.
16. A. Benzylpenecillin (Penicillin G) (IV & IM) and
Phenoxymethyl penecillin (Penicillin V) (oral):
are drugs of choice of infections caused by
streptococci, pneumococci, meningococci ,Spirocaehte
& Closteridia
B. Ampicillins and oxacillins:
(can be administrated orally) Semi-synthetic
penicillins, broad spectrum, useful in treating gram +ve
bacteria including enterococci, H. influenzae & many
coliform.
17. 2. Cephalosporins (beta-lactum agents):
o Produced by fungus Acremonium cephalosporium.
o Broad spectrum & structurally similar to penicillin.
o Inhibit cell wall synthesis of gram –ve & gram +ve.
o Can be given to people with allergies to penicillin.
o Use to treat severe infection caused by gram –ve bacteria
o Expensive and cause kidney damage.
18. Cephalosporins generations:
o 1st cephalexin and cephradine.
o 2nd cefoxitin and cefuroxime.
o 3rd cetriaxone and ceftoxime.
o 4th cefepime.
19. 3- Bactericin:
o Peptide antibiotics produce by Bacillus subtitles.
o It prevents peptidoglycan synthesis.
o Toxic for human cells.
o Topical application.
o Since , its use internally can cause kidney damage.
o Act against gram-positives bacteria.
.
20. 4. Carbapenems:
(Imipenem and Meropenem)
o Carbapenems are β-lactam antibiotics produced
naturally by a species of Streptomyces.
o A semisynthetic form, imipenem, is active against a
wide range of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria,
and is used when resistance to other β-lactams has
developed.
Beta-lactam agent, Potent, Broad spectrum, expensive,
resistant to hydrolysis by beta lactamases.
21. 5. Glycopeptides (IV)
e.g. Vancomycin and Teicoplanin.
o Are produce by Streptomyces orientalis
o Vancomycin is used to treat serious infection
(endocarditis and septicaemia) caused by gram +ve
bacteria.
o Important "last line" against multidrug resistant
MRSA.
o Expensive & cause ototoxicity & nephrotoxicity
6.Cycloserine:
o Produce by Streptomyces species.
22. B- Antibiotics acting on cell membrane
1.Polymexin:
o produced by Bacillus ploymyxa
o Inhibit the normal function of bacterial cells
membrane.
o Too toxic for internal use (topical treatment).
2. Nystatin:
Used as topical antifungal agents
23. 3. Amphotericin B:
o Is used to treat systemic mycosis
o Its highly nephrotoxic (bind to cholesterol in
mammalian cells)
4.The imidaole:
topical antifungal agent (Ketocanazole, miconazole)
24. C. Antibiotics Inhibit protein synthesis
1. Aminoglycosides (bactricidal):
o Inhibits proteins synthesis in bacteria by binding to
ribosome.
o Show synergy with beta-lactam agents
o Used to treat severe sepsis due to coliforms.
o Cause hypersensitivity, oto- and nephrotoxicicty
o e.g. Streptomycin, Amikacin, kanamycin, neomycin,
gentamicin, and tobramycin.
25. 2. Tetracycline (bacteristatic):
o Include tetracycline and doxycycline
o broad-spectrum, produce by streptomyces
o It prevents the interaction of new amino acids into the
polypeptide chains.
o Side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances,
kidney damage, and stainig of teeth in children.
o It should not be used in pregnancy.
26. 3. Chloramphincol:
o prevents peptide bond formation by blocking the
action of peptidtransferase
o Bacteristatic and broad spectrum
o Rabidly absorbed from GIT
o Used for many types of infections.
o May cause A plastic anaemia and is toxic in neonates.
27. 4.Macrolides (Erythromycin):
o Produced by streptomyces erythrus.
o bacteristatic agent
o Active against gram +ve bacteria
o Side effects include gastrointestinal upsets and rashes.
5.lincosamides:
o Useful in treating staphylococcal bone and joint
infections, associated with with pseudomembrane
colitis.
28. D. Antibiotics inhibt transcription of
nucleic acid synthesis
1- Quinlones:
Nalidixic
Fluroquinlones (Ciprofloxacin & Norfloxacin)
o Bacteristatic or bactericidal.
o Active against gram -ve & gram +ve bacteria.
o Have grater antibiotic activity & low toxicity.
29. 2.Sulphanomides and trimethoprim:
o Include: Co-trimoxazole, Trimethoprim,
Sulphadimine, and Sulphadoxine
o Bacteristatic.
o Active against gram - ve & gram +ve bacteria.
o Side effects include nausea, vomiting, mouth
ulceration, rashes, and occasionally thrombocytopenia
and leucopenia.
30. 3. Metronidazole:
o Used to treat anaeobic infection, Vincent,s angina,
and protozoal infection.
o Bactericidal.
31. Anti - Mycobacterial agents:
1- Rifamicin:
o Semi-synthetic derivative of rifamycin.
o Active against some G -ve & G +ve, Mycobacteria &
Chlamydia
2. Ethambutol.
3. Isonizid.
32. Antimicrobial resistance
o Most of the antimicrobial resistance which is now
making it difficult to treat some infectious diseases is
due to the extensive use and misuse of antimicrobial
drugs which have favoured the emergence and survival
of resistant strains of micro-organisms.
33. Bacteria become resistant to antimicrobial agents
by a number of mechanisms, the commonest being:
1) production of enzymes which inactivate or modify
antibiotics,(Production of beta-lactamase enzymes
that destroy the beta-lactam ring of penicillins and
cephalosporins (commonest form of resistance).
2) changes in the bacterial cell membrane, preventing the
uptake of an antimicrobial,
3) modification of the target so that it no longer interacts
with the antimicrobial.
4) development of metabolic pathways by bacteria which
enable the site of antimicrobial action to be bypassed.