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Mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell and have the same number of chromosomes. Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells that have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell and are genetically different from each other. Meiosis is involved in sexual reproduction to create gametes, while mitosis produces somatic cells for growth and repair of organisms.
Taxonomy ppt
The document discusses the classification and taxonomy of organisms. It explains that taxonomy involves assigning scientific names to organisms and grouping them hierarchically based on biological similarities. The hierarchical system includes seven main taxa from broadest to most specific - kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Scientific names use binomial nomenclature, consisting of the genus and specific epithet. Classification aims to reflect evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Evol populations
This document discusses population growth and the factors that control population size. It begins by defining what a population is and explaining that populations have a biotic potential to grow without limits, but limiting factors like food, water, shelter and space prevent unlimited growth. Populations follow either exponential or logistic growth curves. Exponential growth leads to rapid increases while logistic growth levels off as the carrying capacity is reached. Natural selection acts on population variation and competition for resources influences survival and reproduction. Human populations have grown exponentially with improvements to limiting factors but may eventually reach Earth's carrying capacity.
Scientific inv and nature of science
Here are 3 observations and an inference for each set of animal tracks:
Set 1:
Observations:
1. There are 4 toe prints in each track.
2. The prints form a line with space between each set.
3. The prints are rounded with claw marks.
Inference: Based on the observations, I infer these tracks were made by a dog or wolf.
Set 2:
Observations:
1. There are 3 long toe prints in each track.
2. The prints form a staggered line with one print in front of the other.
3. The prints are elongated with no claw marks.
Inference: Based on the observations, I infer these tracks were
Dna protein synthesis_ppt
DNA contains the master code for proteins. During transcription, mRNA is created by copying sections of DNA, which carry the code for proteins. Translation then uses the mRNA code to assemble amino acids brought by tRNA molecules. The amino acids bond together through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains, also known as proteins, according to the mRNA instructions. This allows DNA to direct the synthesis of proteins through intermediate RNA molecules.
RNA & Protein Synthesis
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. During transcription, mRNA is produced by copying DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA then transports the genetic code to the cytoplasm for translation at the ribosome. Translation is the process where tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codons to produce a protein, consisting of a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
Homeostasis 4 themes ppt
The document discusses four major themes that help maintain homeostasis in the body:
1) Feedback loops are stimulus-response reactions that help regulate processes like blood sugar, salt, hormone, and blood pressure levels to maintain homeostasis.
2) Structure is related to function, as demonstrated by examples of how an organism's physical form relates to its role.
3) Division of labor refers to how body systems and their parts take on specialized functions, similar to how different workers have distinct roles in building a structure.
4) The interdependence of organ systems means that all body systems rely on each other to function properly, so if one fails it affects the others. Working together is key to maintaining homeostasis.
Photo cr with plant anatomy
This document provides information about plant anatomy and reactions. It discusses the main types of plants, including non-vascular and vascular plants, and details the structures of xylem and phloem. It also examines plant leaves and guard cells and stomata. Finally, it outlines the ways plants can react to stimuli like light, gravity, and touch through processes such as phototropism, gravitropism, and thigmatropism.
Recommended
Mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell and have the same number of chromosomes. Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells that have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell and are genetically different from each other. Meiosis is involved in sexual reproduction to create gametes, while mitosis produces somatic cells for growth and repair of organisms.
Taxonomy ppt
The document discusses the classification and taxonomy of organisms. It explains that taxonomy involves assigning scientific names to organisms and grouping them hierarchically based on biological similarities. The hierarchical system includes seven main taxa from broadest to most specific - kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Scientific names use binomial nomenclature, consisting of the genus and specific epithet. Classification aims to reflect evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Evol populations
This document discusses population growth and the factors that control population size. It begins by defining what a population is and explaining that populations have a biotic potential to grow without limits, but limiting factors like food, water, shelter and space prevent unlimited growth. Populations follow either exponential or logistic growth curves. Exponential growth leads to rapid increases while logistic growth levels off as the carrying capacity is reached. Natural selection acts on population variation and competition for resources influences survival and reproduction. Human populations have grown exponentially with improvements to limiting factors but may eventually reach Earth's carrying capacity.
Scientific inv and nature of science
Here are 3 observations and an inference for each set of animal tracks:
Set 1:
Observations:
1. There are 4 toe prints in each track.
2. The prints form a line with space between each set.
3. The prints are rounded with claw marks.
Inference: Based on the observations, I infer these tracks were made by a dog or wolf.
Set 2:
Observations:
1. There are 3 long toe prints in each track.
2. The prints form a staggered line with one print in front of the other.
3. The prints are elongated with no claw marks.
Inference: Based on the observations, I infer these tracks were
Dna protein synthesis_ppt
DNA contains the master code for proteins. During transcription, mRNA is created by copying sections of DNA, which carry the code for proteins. Translation then uses the mRNA code to assemble amino acids brought by tRNA molecules. The amino acids bond together through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains, also known as proteins, according to the mRNA instructions. This allows DNA to direct the synthesis of proteins through intermediate RNA molecules.
RNA & Protein Synthesis
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. During transcription, mRNA is produced by copying DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA then transports the genetic code to the cytoplasm for translation at the ribosome. Translation is the process where tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codons to produce a protein, consisting of a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
Homeostasis 4 themes ppt
The document discusses four major themes that help maintain homeostasis in the body:
1) Feedback loops are stimulus-response reactions that help regulate processes like blood sugar, salt, hormone, and blood pressure levels to maintain homeostasis.
2) Structure is related to function, as demonstrated by examples of how an organism's physical form relates to its role.
3) Division of labor refers to how body systems and their parts take on specialized functions, similar to how different workers have distinct roles in building a structure.
4) The interdependence of organ systems means that all body systems rely on each other to function properly, so if one fails it affects the others. Working together is key to maintaining homeostasis.
Photo cr with plant anatomy
This document provides information about plant anatomy and reactions. It discusses the main types of plants, including non-vascular and vascular plants, and details the structures of xylem and phloem. It also examines plant leaves and guard cells and stomata. Finally, it outlines the ways plants can react to stimuli like light, gravity, and touch through processes such as phototropism, gravitropism, and thigmatropism.
Comparative anatomy
The document discusses comparative anatomy and how body systems have evolved across different animal phyla. It provides examples of the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, and skeletal systems in cnidarians, annelids, arthropods, and mammals. Key evolutionary adaptations include the development of internal organs, closed circulatory systems, and increasingly complex nervous systems including the brain.
Comparative anatomy
The document reviews key concepts in comparative anatomy including structure and function, diffusion, and surface area. It discusses how these concepts help the villi in the digestive system function, and compares the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory and nervous systems across different animal phyla like mammals, arthropods, annelids, and cnidarians.
Good bad ecological
Bacteria can be categorized as good, bad, or ecological. The good bacteria maintain ecological equilibrium as producers, decomposers, and nitrogen fixers. They are also useful for food production, cleaning oil spills, and human digestion. However, bad bacteria cause disease and disrupt equilibrium. They damage cells by using them for food or releasing toxins. Controlling pathogenic bacteria requires resources. Ecological bacteria are important as decomposers, nitrogen fixers in food chains and symbiotic relationships, and many other living things could not survive without them.
Terrestrial biomes
This document describes the major biomes of the world. It discusses tropical rainforests, temperate rainforests, temperate deciduous forests, taiga, tropical savannas, grasslands and prairies, deserts, tundra. For each biome it outlines the climate, plant and animal adaptations that allow organisms to thrive in each distinctive environment.
Introduction to energy flow
The document introduces the concepts of energy flow through food chains and webs in ecosystems. It explains that the sun is the ultimate energy source and that plants convert the sun's energy to food through photosynthesis. This energy then flows to consumers as herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores or other carnivores. Detritivores and decomposers break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients and energy back into the system. Food chains illustrate a single path of energy transfer, while food webs show the multiple feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
Greenhouse effect
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases. It explains that sunlight warms the Earth's surface and some heat escapes into the atmosphere and is trapped by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. Carbon dioxide is identified as the most important greenhouse gas because the extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels and deforestation traps more heat, contributing to global warming. Global warming is projected to increase Earth's average temperature by around 4 degrees Fahrenheit by 2050, with consequences including more hurricanes, droughts, floods, and changed weather patterns and higher sea levels. Reducing fossil fuel usage and preserving forests can help slow the greenhouse effect.
Ozone Layer
The ozone layer in the stratosphere absorbs most UV light from the sun. Ozone is formed when oxygen molecules are split by UV light or lightning, then join with other oxygen molecules to form ozone (O3). Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in refrigerants and air conditioners were depleting the ozone layer as they take 10-20 years to break down in the stratosphere, and each chlorine atom can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules. This was causing seasonal thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica, known as the ozone hole. Thinning of the ozone layer allows more harmful UV-B radiation to pass through, which can damage DNA and
Climate
The document discusses the differences between climate and weather and the factors that influence climate. It describes four main factors that determine climate: latitude, atmospheric circulation patterns, ocean circulation patterns, and local geography. Latitude affects climate the most because it determines how direct or concentrated sunlight is in a given area. Atmospheric circulation patterns are influenced by differences in solar heating at various latitudes, which drives global wind and precipitation patterns. Ocean circulation also influences climate by moderating temperatures near coasts. Local features like mountains and elevation further impact climate by altering weather systems. Seasonal changes are caused by the Earth's 23.5 degree tilt on its axis relative to the sun.
Atmosphere
The document summarizes the five layers of Earth's atmosphere. It describes that the atmosphere extends from Earth's surface to hundreds of kilometers above and is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. It then outlines the characteristics of each atmospheric layer - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - including their distances from Earth's surface and key features.
Solid waste
Solid waste refers to any discarded material that is not liquid or gas, such as junk mail, coffee grounds, and junked cars. In 2007, about 65% of solid waste produced in the US went to sanitary landfills. Sanitary landfills are waste disposal facilities where trash is buried and covered with soil each day. Leachate from decomposing garbage in landfills can contaminate groundwater if not properly contained. Methane gas is also produced during decomposition and must be vented to prevent explosions. EPA regulations implemented in 1993 require landfills to have synthetic liners, collect and treat leachate, and monitor for methane gas.
Hazardous waste
Hazardous wastes can be liquid, solid, or gas and may be toxic, corrosive, or explosive. Examples include industrial wastes like pesticides, cleaners, and metals. The US did not adequately address hazardous waste disposal until passing the 1980 Superfund Act, as companies had illegally dumped wastes to save money. Superfund gave EPA authority to make polluters pay for cleanup of hazardous waste sites and established a trust fund to clean sites where responsible parties could not be identified. One example is the Love Canal tragedy where chemicals dumped in an abandoned canal contaminated nearby homes and schools.
Human body
The document summarizes several key human body systems including:
1) The integumentary system including skin, hair and nails that provides protection and regulates temperature.
2) The skeletal and muscular systems with bones, joints and muscles that provide structure, protection and movement.
3) Digestive system organs like the mouth, stomach and intestines that break down food and absorb nutrients.
4) The nervous system with neurons, brain and spinal cord that controls the body and senses like vision and hearing.
5) Respiratory and circulatory systems including lungs, blood, heart and blood vessels that supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide throughout the body.
6) Urinary and immune systems with kidneys, bladder and
Pesticides problems
There are four main problems caused by pesticides: super bugs that have evolved resistance, persistent pesticides that don't break down easily, bioaccumulation of pesticides in tissues up the food chain, and pesticides eliminating both pests and beneficial insects. A better approach is integrated pest management which uses multiple control methods like resistant plant varieties, beneficial insects, microbial pesticides, insect sterilization, biochemical pesticides, cultivation timing, and small amounts of synthetic pesticides to reduce pest populations while minimizing pesticide use. Integrated pest management has seven parts to its program.
Evidences of evolution
The document discusses four main categories of evidence for evolution: the fossil record, biochemical evidence, comparative anatomy, and observable events. It describes examples for each category, such as fossils showing gradual changes over time, similarities in genetic codes and proteins between organisms, homologous and vestigial structures, and studies observing evolutionary changes like beak size shifts in Darwin's finches. Overall, the document outlines the key types of evidence that support the theory of evolution through natural selection.
Pesticides history
The document discusses the history and types of pesticides. It defines a pest as any troublesome, destructive, or annoying organism like insects, fungi, and viruses. The first pesticides were naturally occurring minerals or chemicals produced by plants, but they were expensive and ineffective. During World War II, chemicals originally developed as nerve gases were tested on insects instead of humans. Since then, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act and the Food Quality Protection Act have regulated pesticide use and monitored pesticide levels in food. The two major groups of pesticides are chlorinated hydrocarbons, including the now-banned DDT, and organic phosphates used in insecticides.
Darwin and natural_selection
Charles Darwin studied medicine at Edinburgh University but was repulsed by surgery without anesthesia. He then studied to become a clergyman at Cambridge University. After Cambridge, he was recommended for a surveying trip on the HMS Beagle where he worked as a naturalist for 5 years sailing around the world. His observations and evidence collected on this voyage, especially from the Galapagos Islands, led to his theory of evolution by natural selection, which challenged the prevailing views that species were fixed and unchanging and had been created only a few thousand years ago.
Types of agriculture
The document discusses different types of agriculture including industrialized agriculture, traditional agriculture like subsistence farming, and specific traditional practices such as interplanting, polyvarietal cultivation, agroforestry, polyculture, terracing, hydroponics, and genetically engineered crops. It provides brief definitions and examples of each type.
Viruses-Pointer
Viruses are microscopic particles that contain nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. They cannot replicate without infecting a host cell and hijacking the cell's machinery. There are two main viral replication cycles - lytic and lysogenic. Lytic viruses immediately take over the cell to produce new virus particles that burst and destroy the host cell. Lysogenic viruses integrate their DNA into the host cell which continues normal functions with the viral DNA. Some common viral diseases include influenza, HIV, hepatitis B, measles, rabies, and Ebola.
More Related Content
More from Karl Pointer
Comparative anatomy
The document discusses comparative anatomy and how body systems have evolved across different animal phyla. It provides examples of the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, and skeletal systems in cnidarians, annelids, arthropods, and mammals. Key evolutionary adaptations include the development of internal organs, closed circulatory systems, and increasingly complex nervous systems including the brain.
Comparative anatomy
The document reviews key concepts in comparative anatomy including structure and function, diffusion, and surface area. It discusses how these concepts help the villi in the digestive system function, and compares the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory and nervous systems across different animal phyla like mammals, arthropods, annelids, and cnidarians.
Good bad ecological
Bacteria can be categorized as good, bad, or ecological. The good bacteria maintain ecological equilibrium as producers, decomposers, and nitrogen fixers. They are also useful for food production, cleaning oil spills, and human digestion. However, bad bacteria cause disease and disrupt equilibrium. They damage cells by using them for food or releasing toxins. Controlling pathogenic bacteria requires resources. Ecological bacteria are important as decomposers, nitrogen fixers in food chains and symbiotic relationships, and many other living things could not survive without them.
Terrestrial biomes
This document describes the major biomes of the world. It discusses tropical rainforests, temperate rainforests, temperate deciduous forests, taiga, tropical savannas, grasslands and prairies, deserts, tundra. For each biome it outlines the climate, plant and animal adaptations that allow organisms to thrive in each distinctive environment.
Introduction to energy flow
The document introduces the concepts of energy flow through food chains and webs in ecosystems. It explains that the sun is the ultimate energy source and that plants convert the sun's energy to food through photosynthesis. This energy then flows to consumers as herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores or other carnivores. Detritivores and decomposers break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients and energy back into the system. Food chains illustrate a single path of energy transfer, while food webs show the multiple feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
Greenhouse effect
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases. It explains that sunlight warms the Earth's surface and some heat escapes into the atmosphere and is trapped by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. Carbon dioxide is identified as the most important greenhouse gas because the extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels and deforestation traps more heat, contributing to global warming. Global warming is projected to increase Earth's average temperature by around 4 degrees Fahrenheit by 2050, with consequences including more hurricanes, droughts, floods, and changed weather patterns and higher sea levels. Reducing fossil fuel usage and preserving forests can help slow the greenhouse effect.
Ozone Layer
The ozone layer in the stratosphere absorbs most UV light from the sun. Ozone is formed when oxygen molecules are split by UV light or lightning, then join with other oxygen molecules to form ozone (O3). Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in refrigerants and air conditioners were depleting the ozone layer as they take 10-20 years to break down in the stratosphere, and each chlorine atom can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules. This was causing seasonal thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica, known as the ozone hole. Thinning of the ozone layer allows more harmful UV-B radiation to pass through, which can damage DNA and
Climate
The document discusses the differences between climate and weather and the factors that influence climate. It describes four main factors that determine climate: latitude, atmospheric circulation patterns, ocean circulation patterns, and local geography. Latitude affects climate the most because it determines how direct or concentrated sunlight is in a given area. Atmospheric circulation patterns are influenced by differences in solar heating at various latitudes, which drives global wind and precipitation patterns. Ocean circulation also influences climate by moderating temperatures near coasts. Local features like mountains and elevation further impact climate by altering weather systems. Seasonal changes are caused by the Earth's 23.5 degree tilt on its axis relative to the sun.
Atmosphere
The document summarizes the five layers of Earth's atmosphere. It describes that the atmosphere extends from Earth's surface to hundreds of kilometers above and is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. It then outlines the characteristics of each atmospheric layer - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - including their distances from Earth's surface and key features.
Solid waste
Solid waste refers to any discarded material that is not liquid or gas, such as junk mail, coffee grounds, and junked cars. In 2007, about 65% of solid waste produced in the US went to sanitary landfills. Sanitary landfills are waste disposal facilities where trash is buried and covered with soil each day. Leachate from decomposing garbage in landfills can contaminate groundwater if not properly contained. Methane gas is also produced during decomposition and must be vented to prevent explosions. EPA regulations implemented in 1993 require landfills to have synthetic liners, collect and treat leachate, and monitor for methane gas.
Hazardous waste
Hazardous wastes can be liquid, solid, or gas and may be toxic, corrosive, or explosive. Examples include industrial wastes like pesticides, cleaners, and metals. The US did not adequately address hazardous waste disposal until passing the 1980 Superfund Act, as companies had illegally dumped wastes to save money. Superfund gave EPA authority to make polluters pay for cleanup of hazardous waste sites and established a trust fund to clean sites where responsible parties could not be identified. One example is the Love Canal tragedy where chemicals dumped in an abandoned canal contaminated nearby homes and schools.
Human body
The document summarizes several key human body systems including:
1) The integumentary system including skin, hair and nails that provides protection and regulates temperature.
2) The skeletal and muscular systems with bones, joints and muscles that provide structure, protection and movement.
3) Digestive system organs like the mouth, stomach and intestines that break down food and absorb nutrients.
4) The nervous system with neurons, brain and spinal cord that controls the body and senses like vision and hearing.
5) Respiratory and circulatory systems including lungs, blood, heart and blood vessels that supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide throughout the body.
6) Urinary and immune systems with kidneys, bladder and
Pesticides problems
There are four main problems caused by pesticides: super bugs that have evolved resistance, persistent pesticides that don't break down easily, bioaccumulation of pesticides in tissues up the food chain, and pesticides eliminating both pests and beneficial insects. A better approach is integrated pest management which uses multiple control methods like resistant plant varieties, beneficial insects, microbial pesticides, insect sterilization, biochemical pesticides, cultivation timing, and small amounts of synthetic pesticides to reduce pest populations while minimizing pesticide use. Integrated pest management has seven parts to its program.
Evidences of evolution
The document discusses four main categories of evidence for evolution: the fossil record, biochemical evidence, comparative anatomy, and observable events. It describes examples for each category, such as fossils showing gradual changes over time, similarities in genetic codes and proteins between organisms, homologous and vestigial structures, and studies observing evolutionary changes like beak size shifts in Darwin's finches. Overall, the document outlines the key types of evidence that support the theory of evolution through natural selection.
Pesticides history
The document discusses the history and types of pesticides. It defines a pest as any troublesome, destructive, or annoying organism like insects, fungi, and viruses. The first pesticides were naturally occurring minerals or chemicals produced by plants, but they were expensive and ineffective. During World War II, chemicals originally developed as nerve gases were tested on insects instead of humans. Since then, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act and the Food Quality Protection Act have regulated pesticide use and monitored pesticide levels in food. The two major groups of pesticides are chlorinated hydrocarbons, including the now-banned DDT, and organic phosphates used in insecticides.
Darwin and natural_selection
Charles Darwin studied medicine at Edinburgh University but was repulsed by surgery without anesthesia. He then studied to become a clergyman at Cambridge University. After Cambridge, he was recommended for a surveying trip on the HMS Beagle where he worked as a naturalist for 5 years sailing around the world. His observations and evidence collected on this voyage, especially from the Galapagos Islands, led to his theory of evolution by natural selection, which challenged the prevailing views that species were fixed and unchanging and had been created only a few thousand years ago.
Types of agriculture
The document discusses different types of agriculture including industrialized agriculture, traditional agriculture like subsistence farming, and specific traditional practices such as interplanting, polyvarietal cultivation, agroforestry, polyculture, terracing, hydroponics, and genetically engineered crops. It provides brief definitions and examples of each type.
Viruses-Pointer
Viruses are microscopic particles that contain nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. They cannot replicate without infecting a host cell and hijacking the cell's machinery. There are two main viral replication cycles - lytic and lysogenic. Lytic viruses immediately take over the cell to produce new virus particles that burst and destroy the host cell. Lysogenic viruses integrate their DNA into the host cell which continues normal functions with the viral DNA. Some common viral diseases include influenza, HIV, hepatitis B, measles, rabies, and Ebola.