This document summarizes the key aspects of risk management in pharmacovigilance. It discusses how risk management aims to safely use drugs by identifying risks early and minimizing harmful effects. The important steps in risk management include developing a safety specification, pharmacovigilance plan, evaluating the need for risk minimization activities, and creating a risk minimization plan. These steps help identify risks, assess them, and communicate strategies to address safety concerns and optimize the benefit-risk profile of medications.
La gestión de riesgos en farmacovigilancia es una actividad global para salvaguardar la salud de los pacientes. Se autoriza un medicamento sobre la base de los resultados de estudios preclínicos y clínicos. Estos estudios generalmente se llevan a cabo en un pequeño número de pacientes en entornos controlados, por ejemplo, edad restringida, comorbilidad, comedicación y excluyendo poblaciones especiales como la población de edad avanzada, niños, mujeres embarazadas y lactantes. En el momento de la autorización, el riesgo-beneficio se considera positivo.
Sin embargo, no todos los riesgos reales o potenciales han sido identificados en el momento de la autorización. La gestión de riesgos es un conjunto de actividades realizadas para la identificación de riesgos, la evaluación de riesgos, la minimización o prevención de riesgos y la comunicación de riesgos. El Plan de gestión de riesgos (RMP) se desarrolla de acuerdo con las regulaciones y pautas aplicables. Sin embargo, en ausencia de pautas para un país, el plan se prepara de acuerdo con la guía ICH E2E sobre planificación de farmacovigilancia.
Development safety update report (dsur) pharmacovigilance and safetyAzierta
According to ICH guideline E2F (Step 5) on Development Safety Update Reports (DSURs) already implemented since 2011, companies must submit DSURs on a yearly basis for medicinal products involved in clinical trials. The focus of the DSUR is on data and findings from clinical trials of drugs and biologicals, whether they are authorized or not.
DSURs are internationally-harmonized, safety documents covering the safety summary of medicinal products during their development or clinical trial phase.
They are based heavily on the PSUR format already used for updating the safety record of drugs in their marketing phase.
A DSUR should be prepared after the first authorization of a clinical trial worldwide. A copy of the DSUR should be submitted to each concerned European Member State (MS) if a clinical trial is authorized in this MS for this investigational drug (still using the DIBD). Therefore, the first DSUR can be submitted to a concerned MS earlier than 1 year, but the covered reporting period should not be longer than 1 year.
The DSUR presents an annual review & evaluation of safety information:
• Information reported during the current review period and analysis based on previous knowledge of the products’ safety
• Description of new issues that may impact the overall program or specific clinical trials.
• Summarization of current understanding and management of known and potential safety risks to exposed patients.
• Provide an update on the status of the clinical development program.
In Azierta, scientific and healthcare consulting, we are experts in Pharmacovigilance and we have a team of highly qualified drug safety experts who support our clients to manage pharmacovigilance in an optimal way. Our work covers all areas of pharmacovigilance, both at the level of medicines, as well as medical devices and cosmetic products.
If you are interested in the contents of the good practices of pharmacovigilance (GVPs), as well as in other products related to pharmacovigilance visit our safety reports website for more details and feel free to contact us, we will be pleased to help you.
INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB/IEC).pptxRAHUL PAL
The International Council on Harmonisation (ICH) defines an institutional review board (IRB) as a group formally designated to protect the rights, safety and well-being of humans involved in a clinical trial by reviewing all aspects of the trial and approving its startup. IRBs can also be called independent ethics committees (IECs).
An IRB/IEC reviews the appropriateness of the clinical trial protocol as well as the risks and benefits to study participants. It ensures that clinical trial participants are exposed to minimal risk in relation to any benefits that might result from the research.
IRB/IEC members should be collectively qualified to review the scientific, medical and ethical aspects of the trial.
Per the FDA, an IRB/IEC should have:
At least five members.
Members with varying backgrounds.
At least one member who represents a non-scientific area (a lay member).
At least one member who is not affiliated with the institution or the trial site (an independent member).
Competent members who are able to review and evaluate the science, medical aspects and ethics of the proposed trial.
La gestión de riesgos en farmacovigilancia es una actividad global para salvaguardar la salud de los pacientes. Se autoriza un medicamento sobre la base de los resultados de estudios preclínicos y clínicos. Estos estudios generalmente se llevan a cabo en un pequeño número de pacientes en entornos controlados, por ejemplo, edad restringida, comorbilidad, comedicación y excluyendo poblaciones especiales como la población de edad avanzada, niños, mujeres embarazadas y lactantes. En el momento de la autorización, el riesgo-beneficio se considera positivo.
Sin embargo, no todos los riesgos reales o potenciales han sido identificados en el momento de la autorización. La gestión de riesgos es un conjunto de actividades realizadas para la identificación de riesgos, la evaluación de riesgos, la minimización o prevención de riesgos y la comunicación de riesgos. El Plan de gestión de riesgos (RMP) se desarrolla de acuerdo con las regulaciones y pautas aplicables. Sin embargo, en ausencia de pautas para un país, el plan se prepara de acuerdo con la guía ICH E2E sobre planificación de farmacovigilancia.
Development safety update report (dsur) pharmacovigilance and safetyAzierta
According to ICH guideline E2F (Step 5) on Development Safety Update Reports (DSURs) already implemented since 2011, companies must submit DSURs on a yearly basis for medicinal products involved in clinical trials. The focus of the DSUR is on data and findings from clinical trials of drugs and biologicals, whether they are authorized or not.
DSURs are internationally-harmonized, safety documents covering the safety summary of medicinal products during their development or clinical trial phase.
They are based heavily on the PSUR format already used for updating the safety record of drugs in their marketing phase.
A DSUR should be prepared after the first authorization of a clinical trial worldwide. A copy of the DSUR should be submitted to each concerned European Member State (MS) if a clinical trial is authorized in this MS for this investigational drug (still using the DIBD). Therefore, the first DSUR can be submitted to a concerned MS earlier than 1 year, but the covered reporting period should not be longer than 1 year.
The DSUR presents an annual review & evaluation of safety information:
• Information reported during the current review period and analysis based on previous knowledge of the products’ safety
• Description of new issues that may impact the overall program or specific clinical trials.
• Summarization of current understanding and management of known and potential safety risks to exposed patients.
• Provide an update on the status of the clinical development program.
In Azierta, scientific and healthcare consulting, we are experts in Pharmacovigilance and we have a team of highly qualified drug safety experts who support our clients to manage pharmacovigilance in an optimal way. Our work covers all areas of pharmacovigilance, both at the level of medicines, as well as medical devices and cosmetic products.
If you are interested in the contents of the good practices of pharmacovigilance (GVPs), as well as in other products related to pharmacovigilance visit our safety reports website for more details and feel free to contact us, we will be pleased to help you.
INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB/IEC).pptxRAHUL PAL
The International Council on Harmonisation (ICH) defines an institutional review board (IRB) as a group formally designated to protect the rights, safety and well-being of humans involved in a clinical trial by reviewing all aspects of the trial and approving its startup. IRBs can also be called independent ethics committees (IECs).
An IRB/IEC reviews the appropriateness of the clinical trial protocol as well as the risks and benefits to study participants. It ensures that clinical trial participants are exposed to minimal risk in relation to any benefits that might result from the research.
IRB/IEC members should be collectively qualified to review the scientific, medical and ethical aspects of the trial.
Per the FDA, an IRB/IEC should have:
At least five members.
Members with varying backgrounds.
At least one member who represents a non-scientific area (a lay member).
At least one member who is not affiliated with the institution or the trial site (an independent member).
Competent members who are able to review and evaluate the science, medical aspects and ethics of the proposed trial.
The aim of Safety reports is describe the safety during the lifecycle of the medicinal product. These reports are necessary during development as well as during the authorization process or renewal. In addition, several of these reports may be required by Health Authorities in case of safety concerns.
This presentation contains a full overview about periodic safety update reports and all the information related with it.
Clinical Trials: Types and Design
Experimental Study- RCT and Non RCT, Observation Study: Cohort, Case Control, Cross sectional
Clinical Trial Study Team Roles and responsibilities of Clinical Trial Personnel: Investigator, Study Coordinator, Sponsor, Contract Research Organization and its management.
“Regulatory writing department at Turacoz have the expertise to develop various regulatory documents such as Investigator Brochures (IBs), Protocols, Clinical Study Reports (CSRs), Common Technical Documents (CTDs) and pharmacovigilance documents such as Periodic Safety Update Reports (PSURs) and Risk Management Plans (RMPs). In these slides, we have presented an overview on Periodic safety update reports (PSURs) and also the guidelines such GVP modules and ICH E2c. We have also discussed the changes from old PSUR format to new Periodic Benefit-Risk Evaluation Report (PBRER) format.”
Slides includes ADR monitoring process, Safety reporting, what is pharmacovigilance, types of ADR, basic terms in ADR monitoring, what is PvPI in India, role. stakeholders, ADR reporting form, Apps, Role of community Pharmacist in ADR monitoring, Importance of ADR monitoring, etc.
SEVERITY AND SERIOUSNESS ASSESSMENT OF ADR’S
Definitions, Severity assessment, Seriousness assessment
Naranjo algorithm, Preventability assessment
By
Ms. B. Mary Vishali
Department of Pharmacology
Pharmacovigilance Reporting and Communication: Collaboration between Stakehol...ClinosolIndia
Effective reporting and communication in pharmacovigilance play a vital role in ensuring the safety of medications and protecting public health. This paper explores the importance of collaboration between various stakeholders in the field of pharmacovigilance for efficient reporting and communication processes.
Pharmacovigilance reporting involves the collection, analysis, and evaluation of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and other drug-related incidents. Prompt and accurate reporting of ADRs is crucial for detecting potential safety issues, identifying patterns or trends, and taking necessary actions to mitigate risks. However, the success of reporting relies on effective collaboration between healthcare professionals, regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical companies, and patients.
The paper highlights the role of healthcare professionals in recognizing and reporting ADRs. It emphasizes the importance of their active participation in pharmacovigilance activities, including the proper documentation and reporting of suspected adverse events. Additionally, the paper discusses the significance of education and training programs to enhance healthcare professionals' awareness and knowledge of pharmacovigilance principles and reporting systems.
Safety reports rmp risk management plan pharmacovigilanceAzierta
A Risk management plan is a document based on safety profile of medicines that collects all pharmacovigilance activities and it is used to plan and implement measures in order to minimize risks.
This summary explains how to develop a Risk Management Plan according to European regulatory requirements.
Implementation dates and objectives of RMP module V of Good Pharmacovigilance Practices.
History and Development of Pharmacovigilence.pdfSasikiranMarri
Pharmacovigilance, derived from the Greek words "pharmakon" (drug) and "vigilare" (to keep watch), is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. It has a rich history that spans centuries, evolving in response to medical advancements, regulatory changes, and societal needs.
The roots of pharmacovigilance can be traced back to ancient civilizations where healers and physicians observed and documented the effects of various medicinal substances. However, the formalization of pharmacovigilance began in the 20th century with significant milestones shaping its development.
In the early 20th century, the introduction of potent drugs like digitalis and barbiturates highlighted the need for monitoring their safety. However, it wasn't until the thalidomide tragedy of the 1950s and 1960s, where thousands of babies were born with severe birth defects due to prenatal exposure to the drug, that pharmacovigilance gained widespread recognition. This catastrophic event underscored the importance of systematic surveillance and led to the establishment of regulatory frameworks to ensure drug safety.
The 1960s witnessed the creation of formal pharmacovigilance systems by regulatory agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These systems aimed to collect, analyze, and disseminate information on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) through spontaneous reporting systems.
The thalidomide tragedy also spurred the development of pharmacovigilance legislation worldwide. In 1961, the Kefauver-Harris Amendments in the United States mandated pre-market approval of drugs, rigorous testing, and post-marketing surveillance. Similar regulatory measures were adopted globally, emphasizing the importance of continuous monitoring of drugs throughout their lifecycle.
The 1970s and 1980s saw further advancements in pharmacovigilance methodologies and infrastructure. The WHO established the International Drug Monitoring Program (IDMP) in 1968, facilitating international collaboration in ADR reporting and analysis. Additionally, technological innovations, such as computerized databases and signal detection algorithms, enhanced the efficiency and accuracy of pharmacovigilance activities.
The 1990s marked a period of globalization and harmonization in pharmacovigilance. The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) developed guidelines to standardize pharmacovigilance practices across regions, promoting consistency in data collection, analysis, and reporting. Furthermore, the emergence of the internet facilitated direct patient reporting of ADRs, empowering individuals to contribute to drug safety surveillance.
In the 21st century, pharmacovigilance has continued to evolve in response to emerging challenges and opportunities. The proliferation of biological therapies, personalized medicine, and pharmacogenomics has ne
The aim of Safety reports is describe the safety during the lifecycle of the medicinal product. These reports are necessary during development as well as during the authorization process or renewal. In addition, several of these reports may be required by Health Authorities in case of safety concerns.
This presentation contains a full overview about periodic safety update reports and all the information related with it.
Clinical Trials: Types and Design
Experimental Study- RCT and Non RCT, Observation Study: Cohort, Case Control, Cross sectional
Clinical Trial Study Team Roles and responsibilities of Clinical Trial Personnel: Investigator, Study Coordinator, Sponsor, Contract Research Organization and its management.
“Regulatory writing department at Turacoz have the expertise to develop various regulatory documents such as Investigator Brochures (IBs), Protocols, Clinical Study Reports (CSRs), Common Technical Documents (CTDs) and pharmacovigilance documents such as Periodic Safety Update Reports (PSURs) and Risk Management Plans (RMPs). In these slides, we have presented an overview on Periodic safety update reports (PSURs) and also the guidelines such GVP modules and ICH E2c. We have also discussed the changes from old PSUR format to new Periodic Benefit-Risk Evaluation Report (PBRER) format.”
Slides includes ADR monitoring process, Safety reporting, what is pharmacovigilance, types of ADR, basic terms in ADR monitoring, what is PvPI in India, role. stakeholders, ADR reporting form, Apps, Role of community Pharmacist in ADR monitoring, Importance of ADR monitoring, etc.
SEVERITY AND SERIOUSNESS ASSESSMENT OF ADR’S
Definitions, Severity assessment, Seriousness assessment
Naranjo algorithm, Preventability assessment
By
Ms. B. Mary Vishali
Department of Pharmacology
Pharmacovigilance Reporting and Communication: Collaboration between Stakehol...ClinosolIndia
Effective reporting and communication in pharmacovigilance play a vital role in ensuring the safety of medications and protecting public health. This paper explores the importance of collaboration between various stakeholders in the field of pharmacovigilance for efficient reporting and communication processes.
Pharmacovigilance reporting involves the collection, analysis, and evaluation of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and other drug-related incidents. Prompt and accurate reporting of ADRs is crucial for detecting potential safety issues, identifying patterns or trends, and taking necessary actions to mitigate risks. However, the success of reporting relies on effective collaboration between healthcare professionals, regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical companies, and patients.
The paper highlights the role of healthcare professionals in recognizing and reporting ADRs. It emphasizes the importance of their active participation in pharmacovigilance activities, including the proper documentation and reporting of suspected adverse events. Additionally, the paper discusses the significance of education and training programs to enhance healthcare professionals' awareness and knowledge of pharmacovigilance principles and reporting systems.
Safety reports rmp risk management plan pharmacovigilanceAzierta
A Risk management plan is a document based on safety profile of medicines that collects all pharmacovigilance activities and it is used to plan and implement measures in order to minimize risks.
This summary explains how to develop a Risk Management Plan according to European regulatory requirements.
Implementation dates and objectives of RMP module V of Good Pharmacovigilance Practices.
History and Development of Pharmacovigilence.pdfSasikiranMarri
Pharmacovigilance, derived from the Greek words "pharmakon" (drug) and "vigilare" (to keep watch), is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. It has a rich history that spans centuries, evolving in response to medical advancements, regulatory changes, and societal needs.
The roots of pharmacovigilance can be traced back to ancient civilizations where healers and physicians observed and documented the effects of various medicinal substances. However, the formalization of pharmacovigilance began in the 20th century with significant milestones shaping its development.
In the early 20th century, the introduction of potent drugs like digitalis and barbiturates highlighted the need for monitoring their safety. However, it wasn't until the thalidomide tragedy of the 1950s and 1960s, where thousands of babies were born with severe birth defects due to prenatal exposure to the drug, that pharmacovigilance gained widespread recognition. This catastrophic event underscored the importance of systematic surveillance and led to the establishment of regulatory frameworks to ensure drug safety.
The 1960s witnessed the creation of formal pharmacovigilance systems by regulatory agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These systems aimed to collect, analyze, and disseminate information on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) through spontaneous reporting systems.
The thalidomide tragedy also spurred the development of pharmacovigilance legislation worldwide. In 1961, the Kefauver-Harris Amendments in the United States mandated pre-market approval of drugs, rigorous testing, and post-marketing surveillance. Similar regulatory measures were adopted globally, emphasizing the importance of continuous monitoring of drugs throughout their lifecycle.
The 1970s and 1980s saw further advancements in pharmacovigilance methodologies and infrastructure. The WHO established the International Drug Monitoring Program (IDMP) in 1968, facilitating international collaboration in ADR reporting and analysis. Additionally, technological innovations, such as computerized databases and signal detection algorithms, enhanced the efficiency and accuracy of pharmacovigilance activities.
The 1990s marked a period of globalization and harmonization in pharmacovigilance. The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) developed guidelines to standardize pharmacovigilance practices across regions, promoting consistency in data collection, analysis, and reporting. Furthermore, the emergence of the internet facilitated direct patient reporting of ADRs, empowering individuals to contribute to drug safety surveillance.
In the 21st century, pharmacovigilance has continued to evolve in response to emerging challenges and opportunities. The proliferation of biological therapies, personalized medicine, and pharmacogenomics has ne
Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety and monitoring the risks associated with pharmaceutical products throughout their lifecycle, from pre-market clinical trials to post-marketing surveillance.
Here are some key aspects of pharmacovigilance and drug safety:
Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Monitoring: Pharmacovigilance systems aim to identify and monitor adverse drug reactions, which are harmful and unintended responses to medications. Healthcare professionals and patients are encouraged to report suspected ADRs to regulatory authorities or pharmacovigilance programs, enabling the ongoing collection and analysis of safety data.
Signal Detection: Pharmacovigilance activities involve the systematic monitoring and analysis of safety data to identify potential signals or patterns that may indicate new or previously unrecognized risks associated with a drug. This involves the use of various tools and methods, such as data mining, statistical analysis, and signal management, to detect and investigate potential safety concerns.
Benefit-Risk Assessment: Pharmacovigilance plays a critical role in assessing the balance between the benefits and risks of medications. By collecting and analyzing safety data from various sources, including clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance, regulators and healthcare professionals can evaluate the overall benefit-risk profile of drugs and make informed decisions regarding their use.
Regulatory Reporting: Pharmaceutical companies are required to report safety data and suspected adverse reactions to regulatory authorities as part of their regulatory obligations. These reports provide important information for regulatory decision-making, including labeling updates, contraindications, or restrictions on drug use.
Post-Marketing Surveillance: Once a drug is approved and available on the market, pharmacovigilance activities continue to monitor its safety in real-world clinical practice. Post-marketing surveillance systems track and evaluate the safety of drugs in larger and more diverse patient populations, detecting rare or long-term adverse events that may not have been identified during clinical trials.
Risk Management Strategies: Pharmacovigilance also involves the development and implementation of risk management strategies to minimize or mitigate known risks associated with specific drugs. This may include prescribing restrictions, monitoring requirements, educational materials for healthcare professionals and patients, and communication of safety information.
International Collaboration: Pharmacovigilance operates on a global scale, with international collaboration and information sharing being essential for timely detection and response to drug safety issues. Regulatory agencies, healthcare organizations, and pharmacovigilance netw
Pharmacovigilance is defined as, The pharmacological science and activities concerned with the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse reactions to medicines or Pharmacovigilance is the name given to the mechanisms and controls that together map and ensure the safety of a medicine throughout its life span – from test tube to patient.
Pharmacovigilance planning is a systematic approach to ensuring the safety of pharmaceutical products, including drugs and medical devices, once they are approved and available in the market. It involves creating strategies, processes, and systems to monitor, detect, assess, and prevent adverse effects or other drug-related problems throughout the product's lifecycle. The ultimate goal of pharmacovigilance planning is to protect patient safety and public health by minimizing risks associated with the use of medical products.
Pharmacovigilance - a regulator's perspectiveTGA Australia
This presentation provides an overview of the TGA's Pre-market and Post-market pharmacovigilance methods. It describes the role and content of Risk Management Plans as well as adverse event reporting and signal detection and investigation.
Presentation: Risk minimisation in the Australian contextTGA Australia
This presentation describes Risk Minimisation including general principles and the tools available for the development of Risk Minimisation Plans (RMPs)
The risk management process is a systematic approach used by organizations to identify, assess, mitigate, monitor, and communicate risks that could affect the achievement of their objectives. It involves a series of steps that help organizations understand potential risks, make informed decisions, and implement strategies to manage those risks effectively. Here's an overview of the risk management process
Pharmacovigilance planning refers to the systematic and proactive approach taken by pharmaceutical companies, regulatory agencies, and other stakeholders to establish strategies and procedures for monitoring the safety of drugs throughout their lifecycle. It involves creating a comprehensive framework to detect, assess, understand, and prevent adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. Here are some key aspects to consider in pharmacovigilance planning
Risk assessment and management during food preparationaleeban_irasna
About the challenges reagarding food safety,risk analysis, risk assessment and principles of food safety management in food industry. Also contains the case study of Listeria monocytogenes in Deli meats
Epidemiology is the study of occurrence, distribution and determinants of health and
diseases or disorders in man and its application in controlling health problems.
Epidemiology has by tradition two major areas.
First is the study of infectious diseases that spread to large populations, i.e., epidemics.
The second is the study of chronic diseases.
Epidemiological studies help to solve such health problems and provide a basis for
improving living conditions of the people.
During its progress and development, epidemiology has made available precise and
strict methodologies for the study of diseases.
Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs.
Clinical Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs in humans, It is traditionally
divided into two basic areas namely:
1. Pharmacokinetics
2. Pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of the relationship between dose administered of a drug
and the serum or blood level achieved, it deals with absorption, distribution, metabolism
and excretion.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in
populations.
Epidemics is the study of chronic/ infectious diseases in large populations.
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the use of and the effects of drugs in large
number of people.
It involves the examination of a single individual or large groups of people followed for
many years.
It involves gathering & analysis of information in order to identify possible causation &
related factors, that can be applied in clinical practice to group of people & also to
individuals undergoing treatment.
Emerging Trends in Risk Management Plans for PharmacovigilanceClinosolIndia
Risk management plans (RMPs) play a crucial role in pharmacovigilance by identifying, assessing, and minimizing the risks associated with the use of medications. As the field of pharmacovigilance continues to evolve, several emerging trends are shaping the development and implementation of RMPs. Here are some key trends in risk management plans for pharmacovigilance
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
5. INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Objective
3. Risk management
4. Important steps in risk management
5. Banned drugs
6. Steps involved in risk management
7. Conclusion
6. INTRODUCTION
1. What is pharmacovigilance
2. Pharmacovigilance has been described as “the
science and activities relating to the
detection, assessment, understanding and
prevention of the adverse effects of drugs or
any other possible drug-related problems.
7. • Pharmacovigilance supports safe and
appropriate use of drugs. Spontaneous
reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is
an essential component of pharmacovigilance.
8. OBJECTIVE
1. Safe use of drugs .
2. To identify risk at early stage .
3. To take necessary steps to minimize the harmful effect of drugs.
4. Reduce the duplication of drugs.
9. RISK MANAGEMENT
• Risk management in pharmacovigilance is vital for
the safe use of medicines and safeguarding the
health of patients.
10. Drugs have changed the way in which diseases
are treated. Adverse reactions are recognized
hazard of drug therapy. Adverse drug reactions
(ADRs) are a common, frequently preventable
cause of illness, disability and death.
11. • ICH guideline structured, Some process for
identifying and assessing risks by introducing
two foundational concepts: the Safety
Specification that describes the product’s risk
profile, and the Pharmacovigilance Plan that
describes how these risks are monitored and
characterised.
12. WHAT IS IMPORTANT IN RISK MANAGEMENT
1. Risk Detection
2. Risk Assesment
3. Risk Minimisation
4. Risk Communication
13. Some drugs are banned in India because of the benefit-risk ratio.
That are metamizole. It is nonsteroidal antinflammatory agent .
Metamizole is banned in India in 2013
Side effect – Bone marrow depression.
Which reduce production of blood cells.
14. STEPS INVOLVED IN RISK MANAGEMENT
• Safety specification
• Pharmacovigilance plan
• Evaluation of the need for risk minimization
activities
• Risk minimisation plan
15. 1. SAFETY SPECIFICATION
• Summarizes important identified risk ,and important
missing information and addresses populations
potentially at risk and outstanding safety question
• Hepls identify needs for specification data collection
and facilitates construction of a pharmacovigilance
plan .
16. 2. PHARMACOVIGILANCE PLAN
• Describes pharmacovigilance activities (routine
and additional) and action plan for each safety
concern
• Process actions to address identified safety
concerns Complementing the procedures in
place to detect safety signals .
17. 3. EVALUATION OF THE NEED FOR RISK
MINIMIZATION ACTIVITIES
• Discuss safety concerns including potential for
medication errors and the need for routine or
additional risk minimization strategies.
• Assesses for each safety concern whether risk
minimization strategies are needed beyond the
pharmacovigilance action plans.
18. 4. RISK MINIMIZATION PLAN
• List safety concern for which risk minimization activities
are proposed.
• Discuss associated routine and additional risk
minimization activities and the assessment of their
effectiveness.
19. • Educating to health care professionals.
• Restricted use of medicine.
• Take training programs associated with the
proper use of medicine.
21. REFERENCE
Risk Management Plan and Pharmacovigilance System. Biopharmaceuticals:
Biosimilars
Begoña Calvo and Leyre Zuñiga
Submitted: October 6th, 2010 Published: July 28th, 2011
• Risk Management for the 21st Century: Current Status and Future Needs
• Rania Mouchantaf, Doris Auth, [...], and Meredith Y. Smith
