The spontaneous reporting system is a passive surveillance system where health professionals voluntarily report adverse drug reactions directly to regulatory authorities or pharmaceutical companies. It involves 3 main processes: 1) data acquisition from reported cases, 2) data assessment of individual cases and pooled data, and 3) data interpretation to generate safety signals. Countries have different reporting forms, like the Yellow Card used in the UK since 1964. Factors like educational campaigns and inclusion of reporting options in prescription pads have helped increase reporting rates in the UK. India's Pharmacovigilance Programme similarly encourages voluntary reporting of all suspected adverse reactions via established adverse drug monitoring centers.
Spontenous adr reporting in india
PASSIVE survillence system, data assement
data aciqsition, data interpretation, what all information required in ADR form, WHEN TO REPORT
BLUE CARD,YELLOW CARD, WHO CODES
SEVERITY AND SERIOUSNESS ASSESSMENT OF ADR’S
Definitions, Severity assessment, Seriousness assessment
Naranjo algorithm, Preventability assessment
By
Ms. B. Mary Vishali
Department of Pharmacology
The safety monitoring in a clinical trail accompanies by common practices in safety monitoring, communicating safety information among stakeholders in a clinical trail.
Spontenous adr reporting in india
PASSIVE survillence system, data assement
data aciqsition, data interpretation, what all information required in ADR form, WHEN TO REPORT
BLUE CARD,YELLOW CARD, WHO CODES
SEVERITY AND SERIOUSNESS ASSESSMENT OF ADR’S
Definitions, Severity assessment, Seriousness assessment
Naranjo algorithm, Preventability assessment
By
Ms. B. Mary Vishali
Department of Pharmacology
The safety monitoring in a clinical trail accompanies by common practices in safety monitoring, communicating safety information among stakeholders in a clinical trail.
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
breif notes on what is pharmacoepidemiology, why do we need pharmacoepidemiology, whats is its aim and its main applications, advantages and disadvantages
detection methods of Adverse drug reactions, postal survey method, Reporting of Adverse drug reactions, Preventability assessment, predictability assessments
Genetic polymorphism in drug transport and drug targets.pavithra vinayak
Genetic polymorphism in drug transport and targets.--pharmacogenetics
DRUG TRANSPORTER
Two types of transporter :
•ATP binding Cassette (ABC) – Found in ABCB, ABCD and ABCG family. Associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells causing treatment failure in cancer.
•Solute Carrier (SLC) – Transport varieties of solute include both charged or uncharged
P-glycoprotein
• ATP binding cassette subfamily B member- 1 (ABCB 1)
• Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)
• Transport various molecules, including xenobiotic, across cell membrane
• Extensively distributed and expressed throughout the body
Mechanism of Pglycoprotein
Substrate bind to P-gp form the inner leaflet of the membrane
ATP binds at the inner side of the protein
ATP is hydrolyzed to produce ADP and energy
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
breif notes on what is pharmacoepidemiology, why do we need pharmacoepidemiology, whats is its aim and its main applications, advantages and disadvantages
detection methods of Adverse drug reactions, postal survey method, Reporting of Adverse drug reactions, Preventability assessment, predictability assessments
Genetic polymorphism in drug transport and drug targets.pavithra vinayak
Genetic polymorphism in drug transport and targets.--pharmacogenetics
DRUG TRANSPORTER
Two types of transporter :
•ATP binding Cassette (ABC) – Found in ABCB, ABCD and ABCG family. Associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells causing treatment failure in cancer.
•Solute Carrier (SLC) – Transport varieties of solute include both charged or uncharged
P-glycoprotein
• ATP binding cassette subfamily B member- 1 (ABCB 1)
• Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)
• Transport various molecules, including xenobiotic, across cell membrane
• Extensively distributed and expressed throughout the body
Mechanism of Pglycoprotein
Substrate bind to P-gp form the inner leaflet of the membrane
ATP binds at the inner side of the protein
ATP is hydrolyzed to produce ADP and energy
ADR reporting (Clinical Research & Pharmacovigilance).pptxDureshahwar khan
The content here, include passive surveillance system, ADR reporting, ADR reporting process, different countries ADR reporting systems, what to report?, how to report?, where to report?, Health professionals are encouraged to report adverse reactions which they believe to be drug related directly to The regulatory authority or The company marketing the suspected product on voluntary basis.
The safe use of medicines is perhaps the single most important criteria that any regulatory authority within a given country has to ensure in order both to protect the public health and the integrity of its health care system. For the same purpose pharmacovigilance was established. According to WHO, Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to the collection, detection, and assessment of ADR’s. It promotes the systematic, rational use and assures the confidence for the safety of drugs. It improves patient care and safety. Significance of pharmacovigilance is growing as the patients or consumers have become more responsive about the advantage and hazard of medicines. Pharmacovigilance is a complex process and a robust system is essential to undertake the activity. A good pharmacovigilance system will identify the hazard aspects in the short period of time. This review article tries to explain the some basic principles, history and developments, methods and some scope of this developing field i.e. Pharmacovigilance in India.
ADR Surveillance in Pharmacovigilance (Clinical Research & Pharmacovigilance)...Dureshahwar khan
The slides include knowledge sharing about International classification of Diseases, international non-proprietary names of drugs, Pharmacovigilance methods, Passive surveillance, Active surveillance, comparative observational studies, targetted clinical investigations and vaccine sfety surveillance.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. THE SPONTANEOUS REPORTING
SYSTEM
Passive surveillance system:
Health professionals are encouraged to
report adverse reactions which they believe
to be drug-related directly to
the regulatory authority or
the company marketing the suspected
product on a voluntary basis
3. The spontaneous
reporting system
process
1. Data acquisition
which depends largely on the input
of information derived from reports
submitted by the health professionals
who have encountered what they
suspect is an ADR
The spontaneous reporting
system
1.data acquisition
2.data assessment
3.data interpretation
4. The spontaneous
reporting system
processes:-
2. data assessment
which involves assessment of
the individual case reports and
assessment of pooled data
obtained from various sources
such as the international database
of the WHO
The spontaneous reporting
system
1.data acquisition
2.data assessment
3.data interpretation
5. The spontaneous
reporting system
processes:-
3. data interpretation
based on the available data and
the assessments made, a signal
related to the adverse reaction
may be generated
The spontaneous
reporting system
1.data acquisition
2.data assessment
3.data interpretation
6. India – ‘Suspected Adverse Drug
Reaction Reporting Form’
UK – ‘Yellow Card’, since 1964
Australia – ‘Blue Card’ , since 1964
US – ‘Med Watch’
7. Spontaneous reporting - UK
Lincencing authority: Ministers, including Sect., of state for
health .
Authority’s key function: control of medicines by
the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products
Regulatory Agency (MHRA) formed on 1st April
2003 from merger of Medicines Control Agency
(MCA) and Medical Devices Agency (MDA).
Key functions: safety, quality and efficacy of
medicines and safeguard public health.
8. Introduction of yellow card scheme
• Introduced in 1964 (Sir Derrick Dunlop) after
thalidomide tragedy
• Over 600,000 confidential reports have been
received in UK
• Doctors, dentists, pharmacists, coroners, nurses,
midwifes, health visitors
• Non medical prescribers and
now patients
• MHRA can detect duplicate reports
9. • Survey in 1984: Only 16% of doctors who were
eligible to report suspected ADRs to the Scheme
had actually submitted a Yellow Card between
1972 and 1980.
• Analysis of Yellow Card reports submitted
between 1992 and 1995 showed that around one-
third of practising doctors submitted report.
10.
11. a.Introduction of the CSM(committee on safety of
medicines) drug safety bulletin Current
Problems in Pharmacovigilance
b.The inclusion of a yellow page in
prescription pads used by GPs
Reasons
12.
13. Information to include on a
Yellow Card
4 critical pieces of information that must be
included on the report :-
Suspected drug(s)
Suspect reaction(s)
Patient details
Reporter details
14. Suspected Drug(s)
• Name of medicine
• including brand and batch number if known
Route of administration
• Daily dose
• Date medicine started
and stopped if applicable
• Reason why the medication was given
• Multiple drugs can be listed if more than one
drug is suspected of causing the reaction
15. Suspect reaction(s)
Describe the reaction
Include a diagnosis if relevant
Include when the reaction occurred
whether the reaction was considered to be serious
and complete tick box for reasons why
Document if any treatment was given for the
reaction
Eventual outcome tick relevant box
16. Patient Details
Sex of the patient
Age at time of reaction
Weight if known
Do not need to know name or DOB as this could
identify patient and break patient confidentiality
Patients initials and local identification number
(hospital or practice number) which will identify
patient to you in the event of future
correspondence
17. Reporter details
Must be completed in all cases
Name and full address
Need to acknowledge receipt of report
and follow up further information if
necessary.
Profession
19. Drug Analysis Prints (DAPs)
Complete list of all suspected ADRs reported via
yellow card scheme for named suspect drug
Inclusion of a particular reaction does not
necessarily mean it has been caused by the drug
Certain reported reactions are conditions which
occur spontaneously
Reporting rates are influenced by seriousness of
ADR, ease of recognition, extent of use
www.mhra.gov.uk/daps
20.
21. Where to find ADR information
Reference texts
British National Formulary (BNF)
Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)
Martindale
AHFS Drug information
Meyler’s 'The Side effects of drugs
Davies’ textbook Adverse Drug Reactions
Lee’s textbook Adverse Drug Reactions
Journals
Adverse Drug Reaction Bulletin
Drug Safety Update
Medline/Embase/Pharmline search
Electronic sources
Micromedex
www.mhra.gov.uk
22. INDIA
• Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC), Ghaziabad is
functioning as a National Coordination Centre (NCC)
for Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI).
• 150 ADR monitoring centres (AMCs) were established
in various medical institutions/hospitals across India to
monitor and collect ADR reports under NCC-PvPI
23. What to Report
• PvPI encourages all types of suspected ADRs
reporting whether they are known, unknown,
serious, or nonserious, frequent.
• ADRs related with the use of allopathic
medicines, vaccines, traditional medicines, medical
devices, contrast media, etc., can be reported.
24. Where to Report
• All healthcare professionals (clinicians, dentists,
pharmacists, nurses) and patient/consumers can report
ADRs to NCC or AMCs.
• The pharmaceutical companies can also send
individual case safety reports for their product to NCC.
25. How to Report
• Suspected ADR reporting forms for healthcare
professionals and consumers are available on the
website of IPC to report ADR.
• To remove language barrier in ADR reporting, the
consumer reporting form are made available in 10
vernacular languages (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada,
Bengali, Gujarati, Assamese, Marathi, Oriya, and
Malayalam)
26.
27. References
1.Kalaiselvan V, Mishra P, Singh GN. Helpline facility to assist reporting
of adverse drug reactions in India. WHO South East Asia J Public
Health. 2014;3:194.
2.Kalaiselvan V, Prasad T, Bisht A, Singh S, Singh GN. Adverse drug
reactions reporting culture in pharmacovigilance programme of
India. Indian J Med Res. 2014;140:563–4. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
3.Vivekanandan K, Rishi K, Prasad T, Arunabh T, Singh GN. Status of
documentation grading and completeness score for Indian individual
case safety reports. Indian J Pharmacol. 2015;47:325–7.[PMC free
article] [PubMed]