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Riflessioni sulla
scienza Open-Source:
il singolo e il sistema

                                        Ilaria Capua
   OIE and FAO Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease
                                          and Avian Influenza,
           Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie
                                       Legnaro –Padova, Italy
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza,
         Italy 1999-2000
Spanish influenza 1918-1919
       20-40 million dead
Panzoozia H5N1- rilevanza
                    mondiale
• H5N1 è endemica in diversi
  paesi (aree) del mondo
• Il virus è in grado di infettare
  circa 50 specie di volatili e
  oltre 10 specie di mammiferi
• Per ogni essere umano
  infettato ci sono circa 1
  milione di animali infetti
• H5N1 sta riducendo la fonte
  di proteine animali in alcuni
  paesi in via di sviluppo
Inizio 2006 – H5N1 raggiunge l’Africa
Attività di rilevanza internazionale
            IZSVe – crisi H5N1
•       Formazione presso il Centro di Referenza
    –          30 stagisti ricevuti nel periodo 2005-2007
    –          3 corsi di formazione (FAO, EPIZONE)


•       Attività di formazione in loco (TCP/FAO)
    –        per Africa, Balcani e Asia Centrale, Medio Oriente
     (Circa 60 paesi beneficiari, 22 settimane lavorative all’estero nel 2006)


•       Sviluppo di un sistema di vaccinazione
•       Supporto diagnostico ai paesi colpiti
        (@ 10.000 campioni nel 2006)

•       Missioni di intervento in laboratori veterinari
           •         2005: Kazakhstan, Bulgaria, Ucraina e Crimea
           •         2006: Mauritania, Vietnam
           •         2007: Russia, Kuwait, Libano, Qatar, Nigeria, Ucraina

•       Partecipazione a 7 progetti EU su formazione, controllo, diagnosi e patogenesi
H5N1 in Africa
• Riduzione fonte di proteine nobili in
  popolazioni affette da malnutrizione
• Si sarebbe diffusa in maniera incontrollata
  (10 paesi in un anno)
• Implicazioni di salute pubblica aggravate da
  infezione da HIV-AIDS, e situazioni di
  povertà estrema
Prima incursione H5N1 in Africa
• L’Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle
  Venezie è stato il primo laboratorio al mondo a
  isolare il virus H5N1 africano
• Lo studio delle caratteristiche genetiche del virus
  potevano permettere una maggiore comprensione
  dell’epidemiologia e patogenicità del virus
• Abbiamo declinato l’offerta di depositare la
  sequenza genetica in un database ad accesso
  limitato (accesso a solo 15 laboratori) e abbiamo
  depositato l’intera sequenza in GenBank, un
  database pubblico
MONDAY, MARCH 13, 2006


Scientist Rebels Against WHO Over Bird Flu
Scientists around the world, racing to discover how avian influenza is spreading and whether it is evolving toward a pandemic strain,
face a dilemma: Should they share their interim findings widely, show them only to a select set of peers, or keep them to themselves
until they can publish papers, often critical to their careers?
Now, a lone Italian researcher has cast a harsh spotlight on the WHO's system, suggesting that it places academic pride over public
health - and snubbing it by posting prized bird-flu data in plain view.

                               Ilaria Capua, a 39-year-old Italian veterinarian working on avian influenza in a government lab, last month
                               received a sample of the virus in the mail from Nigerian health authorities. The virus had just attacked
                               birds in Nigeria, the first confirmed case of the disease in Africa. The sample was something of a prize, a
                               chance to study a specimen and explore how it spread from its stronghold in Asia.
                               Within days of isolating the virus, Dr. Capua says, she got an offer from a senior scientist at the WHO in
                               Geneva, whom she declined to name, to enter her finding in the closed system. She could submit the
                               virus's genetic information, or sequence, to the database. In exchange, she would be given the password to
                               the WHO's massive stash of data. A spokesman for the WHO confirmed that the offer was made.
                               Instead, Dr. Capua posted the gene sequence in a public database accessible on the Internet. She also sent
                               a letter on Feb. 16 to around 50 of her colleagues urging them to do the same with their bird-flu samples.
                               quot;If I had agreedquot; to the WHO's request, she said in an interview, quot;it would have been another secret
                               sequence.quot;
EDITORIAL
                    Secret Avian Flu Archive
Published: March 15, 2006
At a time when health authorities are racing to head off a possible avian flu
pandemic, it is distressing to learn that the World Health Organization is
operating a secret database that holds the virus's genetic information. A lone
Italian scientist has challenged the system by refusing to send her own data to
the password-protected archive. Instead, she released the information publicly
and urged her colleagues to do the same. She is surely right. The limited-access
archive should be opened or bypassed immediately to encourage research on
this looming health menace.
The campaign by Ilaria Capua, an Italian veterinarian who works on avian
influenza, was spotlighted in recent articles in the journal Science and The Wall
Street Journal. The hidden data could be of immense value in determining how
the virus is evolving and in developing effective vaccines or drugs. The
possibility of breakthroughs can increase only if many more scientists can
analyze the data.
GISAID- Global Initiative
   on Sharing Avian
   Influenza Data
   www.gisaid.org

Nature Correspondence 24 Aug, 2006
firmatari: 70 virologi medici e veterinari e
6 vincitori di premio Nobel



      Database “open access”
      gratuito che conterrà le
      sequenze geniche dei
      virus influenzali umani
      ed animali e protegge la
      proprietà intellettuale
Perché è così importante?
Perché può servire da modello per la
gestione di nuove emergenze sanitarie che
minacciano l’umanità. Si potrà disporre di
uno strumento rodato per reagire
immediatamente ed in maniera sinergica
alle infezioni con potenziale pandemico
Pandemia influenzale

 •Nel 20° secolo ci sono state 3 pandemie influenzali
 sostenute da virus H1, H2, H3
 •La storia ci insegna che ogni 20-40 anni emerge un
 nuovo virus pandemico influenzale
 •Non è possibile prevederne l’aggressività, la virulenza o
 il sottotipo (H?)
 •E’ verosimile che il progenitore sarà un virus aviario
 •E’ ipotizzabile che si diffonderà in tutto il mondo
“One Health”

L’unione fa la forza,
 soprattutto in sanità
             pubblica
2007, Premio Scientific
                                                                   American 50 assegnato
                                                                   ai 50 ricercatori migliori
                                                                   dell’anno




Bird Flu Research for All
Until recently, laboratories doing bird flu research often kept their findings private, with access to
many avian influenza gene sequences confined to just 15 facilities globally, potentially hindering them
from doing research that could provide new insight into the virus. Instead of entering her avian
influenza findings into this database, Ilaria Capua of Viale University in Padua, Italy, disclosed the
results of her studies in the publicly accessible GenBank and boldly rallied her colleagues to follow.
Her efforts helped to pave the way for the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data, a
consortium through which findings can be freely shared while giving credit to researchers involved.
—Charles Q. Choi
2008, Una delle 5 “Revolutionary
Minds” della rivista americana
SEED
Riflessioni sulla scienza Open-Source: il singolo e il sistema
Riflessioni sulla scienza Open-Source: il singolo e il sistema

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Riflessioni sulla scienza Open-Source: il singolo e il sistema

  • 1. Riflessioni sulla scienza Open-Source: il singolo e il sistema Ilaria Capua OIE and FAO Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Legnaro –Padova, Italy
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Italy 1999-2000
  • 5. Spanish influenza 1918-1919 20-40 million dead
  • 6. Panzoozia H5N1- rilevanza mondiale • H5N1 è endemica in diversi paesi (aree) del mondo • Il virus è in grado di infettare circa 50 specie di volatili e oltre 10 specie di mammiferi • Per ogni essere umano infettato ci sono circa 1 milione di animali infetti • H5N1 sta riducendo la fonte di proteine animali in alcuni paesi in via di sviluppo
  • 7. Inizio 2006 – H5N1 raggiunge l’Africa
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. Attività di rilevanza internazionale IZSVe – crisi H5N1 • Formazione presso il Centro di Referenza – 30 stagisti ricevuti nel periodo 2005-2007 – 3 corsi di formazione (FAO, EPIZONE) • Attività di formazione in loco (TCP/FAO) – per Africa, Balcani e Asia Centrale, Medio Oriente (Circa 60 paesi beneficiari, 22 settimane lavorative all’estero nel 2006) • Sviluppo di un sistema di vaccinazione • Supporto diagnostico ai paesi colpiti (@ 10.000 campioni nel 2006) • Missioni di intervento in laboratori veterinari • 2005: Kazakhstan, Bulgaria, Ucraina e Crimea • 2006: Mauritania, Vietnam • 2007: Russia, Kuwait, Libano, Qatar, Nigeria, Ucraina • Partecipazione a 7 progetti EU su formazione, controllo, diagnosi e patogenesi
  • 11. H5N1 in Africa • Riduzione fonte di proteine nobili in popolazioni affette da malnutrizione • Si sarebbe diffusa in maniera incontrollata (10 paesi in un anno) • Implicazioni di salute pubblica aggravate da infezione da HIV-AIDS, e situazioni di povertà estrema
  • 12. Prima incursione H5N1 in Africa • L’Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie è stato il primo laboratorio al mondo a isolare il virus H5N1 africano • Lo studio delle caratteristiche genetiche del virus potevano permettere una maggiore comprensione dell’epidemiologia e patogenicità del virus • Abbiamo declinato l’offerta di depositare la sequenza genetica in un database ad accesso limitato (accesso a solo 15 laboratori) e abbiamo depositato l’intera sequenza in GenBank, un database pubblico
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15. MONDAY, MARCH 13, 2006 Scientist Rebels Against WHO Over Bird Flu Scientists around the world, racing to discover how avian influenza is spreading and whether it is evolving toward a pandemic strain, face a dilemma: Should they share their interim findings widely, show them only to a select set of peers, or keep them to themselves until they can publish papers, often critical to their careers? Now, a lone Italian researcher has cast a harsh spotlight on the WHO's system, suggesting that it places academic pride over public health - and snubbing it by posting prized bird-flu data in plain view. Ilaria Capua, a 39-year-old Italian veterinarian working on avian influenza in a government lab, last month received a sample of the virus in the mail from Nigerian health authorities. The virus had just attacked birds in Nigeria, the first confirmed case of the disease in Africa. The sample was something of a prize, a chance to study a specimen and explore how it spread from its stronghold in Asia. Within days of isolating the virus, Dr. Capua says, she got an offer from a senior scientist at the WHO in Geneva, whom she declined to name, to enter her finding in the closed system. She could submit the virus's genetic information, or sequence, to the database. In exchange, she would be given the password to the WHO's massive stash of data. A spokesman for the WHO confirmed that the offer was made. Instead, Dr. Capua posted the gene sequence in a public database accessible on the Internet. She also sent a letter on Feb. 16 to around 50 of her colleagues urging them to do the same with their bird-flu samples. quot;If I had agreedquot; to the WHO's request, she said in an interview, quot;it would have been another secret sequence.quot;
  • 16. EDITORIAL Secret Avian Flu Archive Published: March 15, 2006 At a time when health authorities are racing to head off a possible avian flu pandemic, it is distressing to learn that the World Health Organization is operating a secret database that holds the virus's genetic information. A lone Italian scientist has challenged the system by refusing to send her own data to the password-protected archive. Instead, she released the information publicly and urged her colleagues to do the same. She is surely right. The limited-access archive should be opened or bypassed immediately to encourage research on this looming health menace. The campaign by Ilaria Capua, an Italian veterinarian who works on avian influenza, was spotlighted in recent articles in the journal Science and The Wall Street Journal. The hidden data could be of immense value in determining how the virus is evolving and in developing effective vaccines or drugs. The possibility of breakthroughs can increase only if many more scientists can analyze the data.
  • 17. GISAID- Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data www.gisaid.org Nature Correspondence 24 Aug, 2006 firmatari: 70 virologi medici e veterinari e 6 vincitori di premio Nobel Database “open access” gratuito che conterrà le sequenze geniche dei virus influenzali umani ed animali e protegge la proprietà intellettuale
  • 18. Perché è così importante? Perché può servire da modello per la gestione di nuove emergenze sanitarie che minacciano l’umanità. Si potrà disporre di uno strumento rodato per reagire immediatamente ed in maniera sinergica alle infezioni con potenziale pandemico
  • 19.
  • 20. Pandemia influenzale •Nel 20° secolo ci sono state 3 pandemie influenzali sostenute da virus H1, H2, H3 •La storia ci insegna che ogni 20-40 anni emerge un nuovo virus pandemico influenzale •Non è possibile prevederne l’aggressività, la virulenza o il sottotipo (H?) •E’ verosimile che il progenitore sarà un virus aviario •E’ ipotizzabile che si diffonderà in tutto il mondo
  • 21. “One Health” L’unione fa la forza, soprattutto in sanità pubblica
  • 22. 2007, Premio Scientific American 50 assegnato ai 50 ricercatori migliori dell’anno Bird Flu Research for All Until recently, laboratories doing bird flu research often kept their findings private, with access to many avian influenza gene sequences confined to just 15 facilities globally, potentially hindering them from doing research that could provide new insight into the virus. Instead of entering her avian influenza findings into this database, Ilaria Capua of Viale University in Padua, Italy, disclosed the results of her studies in the publicly accessible GenBank and boldly rallied her colleagues to follow. Her efforts helped to pave the way for the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data, a consortium through which findings can be freely shared while giving credit to researchers involved. —Charles Q. Choi
  • 23. 2008, Una delle 5 “Revolutionary Minds” della rivista americana SEED