Venezia 31 marzo 2009 Venice Sessions 2 presso il Future Centre di Telecom Italia
Ilaria Capua presenta:
Riflessioni sulla scienza Open-Source: il singolo e il sistema
El coronavirus, relacionado con el virus que causa el SARS (síndrome respiratorio agudo severo), ha desencadenado un renovado debate sobre si las variantes de laboratorio de ingeniería de virus con posible potencial pandémico valen los riesgos.
En un artículo publicado en Nature Medicine 1 el 9 de noviembre, los científicos investigaron un virus llamado SHC014, que se encuentra en murciélagos de herradura en China. Los investigadores crearon un virus quimérico, compuesto por una proteína de superficie de SHC014 y la columna vertebral de un virus del SARS que se había adaptado para crecer en ratones e imitar una enfermedad humana. La quimera infectó las células de las vías respiratorias humanas, lo que demuestra que la proteína de superficie de SHC014 tiene la estructura necesaria para unirse a un receptor clave en las células e infectarlas. También causó enfermedades en ratones, pero no los mató.
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Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research
Lab-made coronavirus related to SARS can infect human cells.
12 November 2015
An experiment that created a hybrid version of a bat coronavirus — one related to the virus that causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) — has triggered renewed debate over whether engineering lab variants of viruses with possible pandemic potential is worth the risks.
In an article published in Nature Medicine 1 on 9 November, scientists investigated a virus called SHC014, which is found in horseshoe bats in China. The researchers created a chimaeric virus, made up of a surface protein of SHC014 and the backbone of a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and to mimic human disease. The chimaera infected human airway cells — proving that the surface protein of SHC014 has the necessary structure to bind to a key receptor on the cells and to infect them. It also caused disease in mice, but did not kill them
The misunderstood epidemiological determinants of covid 19, problems and solu...Bhoj Raj Singh
COVID-19, a viral disease, fought with political means for socio-economic gains, will keep on haunting humanity for long. Without doing any epidemiological study on COVID-19 we have determined its modulators and determinants not to win over COVID-19 but to create misunderstanding to persist for long in inquisitive minds to blur the vision for novel inventions. This presentation deals with COVID-19 in general and misunderstood disease determinants in particular to suggest possible means to win over the disease. As the tip of COVID-19 iceberg is illusion and reality unknown, thus the struggle is endless.
From Discovery to Delivery: Benchwork to Global Health: Shiu-Lok HuUWGlobalHealth
Explores relationships and discrepancies between important research-based medical advancements and subsequent real world implementation. Advancements in the management and potential elimination of infectious diseases such as HIV and TB will be addressed, as related to development and implementation of effective diagnostics, vaccines, or treatments.
El coronavirus, relacionado con el virus que causa el SARS (síndrome respiratorio agudo severo), ha desencadenado un renovado debate sobre si las variantes de laboratorio de ingeniería de virus con posible potencial pandémico valen los riesgos.
En un artículo publicado en Nature Medicine 1 el 9 de noviembre, los científicos investigaron un virus llamado SHC014, que se encuentra en murciélagos de herradura en China. Los investigadores crearon un virus quimérico, compuesto por una proteína de superficie de SHC014 y la columna vertebral de un virus del SARS que se había adaptado para crecer en ratones e imitar una enfermedad humana. La quimera infectó las células de las vías respiratorias humanas, lo que demuestra que la proteína de superficie de SHC014 tiene la estructura necesaria para unirse a un receptor clave en las células e infectarlas. También causó enfermedades en ratones, pero no los mató.
----------------------
Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research
Lab-made coronavirus related to SARS can infect human cells.
12 November 2015
An experiment that created a hybrid version of a bat coronavirus — one related to the virus that causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) — has triggered renewed debate over whether engineering lab variants of viruses with possible pandemic potential is worth the risks.
In an article published in Nature Medicine 1 on 9 November, scientists investigated a virus called SHC014, which is found in horseshoe bats in China. The researchers created a chimaeric virus, made up of a surface protein of SHC014 and the backbone of a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and to mimic human disease. The chimaera infected human airway cells — proving that the surface protein of SHC014 has the necessary structure to bind to a key receptor on the cells and to infect them. It also caused disease in mice, but did not kill them
The misunderstood epidemiological determinants of covid 19, problems and solu...Bhoj Raj Singh
COVID-19, a viral disease, fought with political means for socio-economic gains, will keep on haunting humanity for long. Without doing any epidemiological study on COVID-19 we have determined its modulators and determinants not to win over COVID-19 but to create misunderstanding to persist for long in inquisitive minds to blur the vision for novel inventions. This presentation deals with COVID-19 in general and misunderstood disease determinants in particular to suggest possible means to win over the disease. As the tip of COVID-19 iceberg is illusion and reality unknown, thus the struggle is endless.
From Discovery to Delivery: Benchwork to Global Health: Shiu-Lok HuUWGlobalHealth
Explores relationships and discrepancies between important research-based medical advancements and subsequent real world implementation. Advancements in the management and potential elimination of infectious diseases such as HIV and TB will be addressed, as related to development and implementation of effective diagnostics, vaccines, or treatments.
Poster by Jackie Benschop, Kathryn Allan, Ahmed Fayaz, Armanda Bastos, Julie Collins-Emerson, John A. Crump, Gauthier Dobigny, Mohamed El Azhari, Wael F. El-Tras, Jo Halliday, Stephane Kouadio Koffi, Johanna Lindahl, Georgies Mgode10, Mark Moseley, Benjamin Mubemba, Preneshni Naicker, Soanandrasana Rahelinirina, Fanjasoa Rakotomanana, Pierre-Alain Rubbo and other members of the African Leptospirosis Network presented at the 4th International One Health Congress and 6th Biennial Congress of the International Association for Ecology and Health (One Health EcoHealth 2016), Melbourne, Australia, 3–7 December 2016.
Comparison of immunity against canine distemper, adenovirus and parvovirus af...Biogal
This study aimed at comparing the immunity of two multivalent vaccines in adult dogs in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais state, Brazil.
VacciCheck was used in the study in order to determine the immunity levels of the dogs.
Dossier transmission: Transmission of Avian Influenza Virus to DogsHarm Kiezebrink
Avian influenza was found in a dog on a farm in South Gyeongsang Province amid growing concerns that the disease could spread to other animals, officials the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs said. The dog ― one of three at a duck farm in Goseong-gun, South Gyeongsang Province ― had antigens for the highly pathogenic H5N8 strain of bird flu, the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs said. The disease affected the farm on Jan. 23.
Since the first case of a dog being infected with the poultry virus in March 2014, there have been 55 dogs found with antibodies to the bird flu virus. The antibody means the immune system of the dogs eliminated the virus. This is the first time bird flu has been found in a dog in Korea through the detection of antigens.
“None of these dogs had shown symptoms. No antigens or antibodies for the virus were found in the two other dogs, which means that dog-to-dog transmission is unlikely to have happened,” quarantine officials said.
The ministry suspected that the dog may have eaten infected animals at the farm. All poultry and dogs at the concerned farm were slaughtered as part of the preventive measures right after the farm was reported to have been infected with the disease, officials said.
Meanwhile, quarantine officials rejected the possibility of viral transmission to humans. According to the ministry’s report, about 450 workers at infected farms across the country had been given an antigen test, with none showing signs of infection. None of Korea’s 20,000 farm workers have reported any symptoms so far, officials added.
“It is thought that infected dogs do not show symptoms of the disease as they are naturally resistant to bird flu,” the ministry said. Meanwhile, the Agriculture Ministry has toughened the quarantine measures in Goseong-gun. The region is a frequented by migratory birds, which are suspected to have spread the viral disease.
Spatio temporal dynamics of global H5N1 outbreaks match bird migration patternsHarm Kiezebrink
The global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in poultry, wild birds and humans, poses a significant pandemic threat and a serious public health risk.
An efficient surveillance and disease control system relies on the understanding of the dispersion patterns and spreading mechanisms of the virus. A space-time cluster analysis of H5N1 outbreaks was used to identify spatio-temporal patterns at a global scale and over an extended period of time.
Potential mechanisms explaining the spread of the H5N1 virus, and the role of wild birds, were analyzed. Between December 2003 and December 2006, three global epidemic phases of H5N1 influenza were identified.
These H5N1 outbreaks showed a clear seasonal pattern, with a high density of outbreaks in winter and early spring (i.e., October to March). In phase I and II only the East Asia Australian flyway was affected. During phase III, the H5N1 viruses started to appear in four other flyways: the Central Asian flyway, the Black Sea Mediterranean flyway, the East Atlantic flyway and the East Africa West Asian flyway.
Six disease cluster patterns along these flyways were found to be associated with the seasonal migration of wild birds. The spread of the H5N1 virus, as demonstrated by the space-time clusters, was associated with the patterns of migration of wild birds. Wild birds may therefore play an important role in the spread of H5N1 over long distances.
Disease clusters were also detected at sites where wild birds are known to overwinter and at times when migratory birds were present. This leads to the suggestion that wild birds may also be involved in spreading the H5N1 virus over short distances.
Poster by Jackie Benschop, Kathryn Allan, Ahmed Fayaz, Armanda Bastos, Julie Collins-Emerson, John A. Crump, Gauthier Dobigny, Mohamed El Azhari, Wael F. El-Tras, Jo Halliday, Stephane Kouadio Koffi, Johanna Lindahl, Georgies Mgode10, Mark Moseley, Benjamin Mubemba, Preneshni Naicker, Soanandrasana Rahelinirina, Fanjasoa Rakotomanana, Pierre-Alain Rubbo and other members of the African Leptospirosis Network presented at the 4th International One Health Congress and 6th Biennial Congress of the International Association for Ecology and Health (One Health EcoHealth 2016), Melbourne, Australia, 3–7 December 2016.
Comparison of immunity against canine distemper, adenovirus and parvovirus af...Biogal
This study aimed at comparing the immunity of two multivalent vaccines in adult dogs in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais state, Brazil.
VacciCheck was used in the study in order to determine the immunity levels of the dogs.
Dossier transmission: Transmission of Avian Influenza Virus to DogsHarm Kiezebrink
Avian influenza was found in a dog on a farm in South Gyeongsang Province amid growing concerns that the disease could spread to other animals, officials the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs said. The dog ― one of three at a duck farm in Goseong-gun, South Gyeongsang Province ― had antigens for the highly pathogenic H5N8 strain of bird flu, the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs said. The disease affected the farm on Jan. 23.
Since the first case of a dog being infected with the poultry virus in March 2014, there have been 55 dogs found with antibodies to the bird flu virus. The antibody means the immune system of the dogs eliminated the virus. This is the first time bird flu has been found in a dog in Korea through the detection of antigens.
“None of these dogs had shown symptoms. No antigens or antibodies for the virus were found in the two other dogs, which means that dog-to-dog transmission is unlikely to have happened,” quarantine officials said.
The ministry suspected that the dog may have eaten infected animals at the farm. All poultry and dogs at the concerned farm were slaughtered as part of the preventive measures right after the farm was reported to have been infected with the disease, officials said.
Meanwhile, quarantine officials rejected the possibility of viral transmission to humans. According to the ministry’s report, about 450 workers at infected farms across the country had been given an antigen test, with none showing signs of infection. None of Korea’s 20,000 farm workers have reported any symptoms so far, officials added.
“It is thought that infected dogs do not show symptoms of the disease as they are naturally resistant to bird flu,” the ministry said. Meanwhile, the Agriculture Ministry has toughened the quarantine measures in Goseong-gun. The region is a frequented by migratory birds, which are suspected to have spread the viral disease.
Spatio temporal dynamics of global H5N1 outbreaks match bird migration patternsHarm Kiezebrink
The global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in poultry, wild birds and humans, poses a significant pandemic threat and a serious public health risk.
An efficient surveillance and disease control system relies on the understanding of the dispersion patterns and spreading mechanisms of the virus. A space-time cluster analysis of H5N1 outbreaks was used to identify spatio-temporal patterns at a global scale and over an extended period of time.
Potential mechanisms explaining the spread of the H5N1 virus, and the role of wild birds, were analyzed. Between December 2003 and December 2006, three global epidemic phases of H5N1 influenza were identified.
These H5N1 outbreaks showed a clear seasonal pattern, with a high density of outbreaks in winter and early spring (i.e., October to March). In phase I and II only the East Asia Australian flyway was affected. During phase III, the H5N1 viruses started to appear in four other flyways: the Central Asian flyway, the Black Sea Mediterranean flyway, the East Atlantic flyway and the East Africa West Asian flyway.
Six disease cluster patterns along these flyways were found to be associated with the seasonal migration of wild birds. The spread of the H5N1 virus, as demonstrated by the space-time clusters, was associated with the patterns of migration of wild birds. Wild birds may therefore play an important role in the spread of H5N1 over long distances.
Disease clusters were also detected at sites where wild birds are known to overwinter and at times when migratory birds were present. This leads to the suggestion that wild birds may also be involved in spreading the H5N1 virus over short distances.
Venice Sessions 3 - Andrew Lippman - Social Expressionvenice sessions
Le slide dell'intervento di Andrew Lippman alla Venice Sessions #3 - #VS3
Andrew Lippman
Associate Director, Media Lab
Senior Research Scientist
Co-Director, Digital Life
http://www.media.mit.edu/people/bio_lip.html
Deadly H5N1 birdflu needs just five mutations to spread easily in peopleHarm Kiezebrink
Reference: Phys.org. 15 Apr 2014. Dutch researchers have found that the virus needs only five favorable gene mutations to become transmissible through coughing or sneezing, like regular flu viruses.
World health officials have long feared that the H5N1 virus will someday evolve a knack for airborne transmission, setting off a devastating pandemic. While the new study suggests the mutations needed are relatively few, it remains unclear whether they're likely to happen outside the laboratory.
The revelation of poliovirus in New York state, London and Jerusalem this year has shocked numerous — yet general wellbeing scientists battling to destroy the sickness say it was inevitable.
"No country on the planet is safe with the impacts of polio," says Zulfiqar Bhutta, a worldwide wellbeing specialist at the Aga Khan University in Karachi, Pakistan. "It's undeniably interconnected."
Some quick facts and numbers on Coronavirus (COVID-19) Slide Marvels
We pulled together some quick facts on Coronavirus.
Slide Marvels is a leading Presentation Design Company having experience of many years. We are a professional team of presentation designers who have already worked in major consulting firms like McKinsey & Co., Boston Consulting Group and Deloitte to mentioned some of them.
www.slidemarvels.com
First Human Becomes Infected By H6N1 Bird Flu In TaiwanHarm Kiezebrink
A new bird flu strain called H6N1 has infected its first human.
Taiwanese researchers are reporting the new bird flu appeared in a 20-year-old woman from central Taiwan. The woman had been working in a delicatessen before she began experiencing flu-like symptoms and shortness of breath. She was then hospitalized in May 2013.
Current and future animal vaccine research activities at ILRIILRI
Presentation by Vish Nene at the 12th Biennial Conference of the Society for Tropical Veterinary Medicine (STVM) and the VIII International Conference on Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens (TTP-8) Cape Town, South Africa 24 to 29 August 2014.
Key question:
Could the plague ever re-emerge on a similar level in the twenty-first century?
Due to the potential seriousness of the disease this is a subject worthy of epidemiological consideration and research.
Relations between pathogens, hosts and environmentEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Before March 2020, many people saw pandemics as a thing of the past. Then came COVID-19. Scientists still do not know exactly where the virus that caused it — SARS-CoV-2 — came from, but it soon reached almost every country worldwide. Over 2 years, the virus has evolved, producing several variants. In this Special Feature, we look at the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and ask what lessons scientists have learned.
PinterestAlthough having two glasses of wine may seem innocuous, experts say some leading brands contain more sugar than recommended. Peter Meade/Getty Images
• Two glasses of some wines contain more than the recommended daily limit of sugar and more calories than a hamburger.
• However, alcohol is exempt from food and drink labeling rules, so consumers are mostly unaware of calorie and sugar loads.
• Health experts are pushing for clear nutritional labeling on alcoholic products to help reduce sugar and alcohol consumption.
The Alcohol Health Alliance UK (AHA), representing over 60 health organizations, recently commissioned an independent laboratory to test 30 bottles of red, rose, white, sparkling, and fruit wines sold in the United Kingdom for sugar content.
The resulting analysis, which appears on the AHA’s website, revealed a “wide variation of sugar and calories between products.”
Before March 2020, many people saw pandemics as a thing of the past. Then came COVID-19. Scientists still do not know exactly where the virus that caused it — SARS-CoV-2 — came from, but it soon reached almost every country worldwide. Over 2 years, the virus has evolved, producing several variants. In this Special Feature, we look at the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and ask what lessons scientists have learned.
venicesessions "telecom italia" innovazione futuro "le conseguenze del futuro" web internet storytelling "il racconto del futuro" future innovation "il futuro e il suo racconto" venicesessions2
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Riflessioni sulla scienza Open-Source: il singolo e il sistema
1. Riflessioni sulla
scienza Open-Source:
il singolo e il sistema
Ilaria Capua
OIE and FAO Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease
and Avian Influenza,
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie
Legnaro –Padova, Italy
6. Panzoozia H5N1- rilevanza
mondiale
• H5N1 è endemica in diversi
paesi (aree) del mondo
• Il virus è in grado di infettare
circa 50 specie di volatili e
oltre 10 specie di mammiferi
• Per ogni essere umano
infettato ci sono circa 1
milione di animali infetti
• H5N1 sta riducendo la fonte
di proteine animali in alcuni
paesi in via di sviluppo
10. Attività di rilevanza internazionale
IZSVe – crisi H5N1
• Formazione presso il Centro di Referenza
– 30 stagisti ricevuti nel periodo 2005-2007
– 3 corsi di formazione (FAO, EPIZONE)
• Attività di formazione in loco (TCP/FAO)
– per Africa, Balcani e Asia Centrale, Medio Oriente
(Circa 60 paesi beneficiari, 22 settimane lavorative all’estero nel 2006)
• Sviluppo di un sistema di vaccinazione
• Supporto diagnostico ai paesi colpiti
(@ 10.000 campioni nel 2006)
• Missioni di intervento in laboratori veterinari
• 2005: Kazakhstan, Bulgaria, Ucraina e Crimea
• 2006: Mauritania, Vietnam
• 2007: Russia, Kuwait, Libano, Qatar, Nigeria, Ucraina
• Partecipazione a 7 progetti EU su formazione, controllo, diagnosi e patogenesi
11. H5N1 in Africa
• Riduzione fonte di proteine nobili in
popolazioni affette da malnutrizione
• Si sarebbe diffusa in maniera incontrollata
(10 paesi in un anno)
• Implicazioni di salute pubblica aggravate da
infezione da HIV-AIDS, e situazioni di
povertà estrema
12. Prima incursione H5N1 in Africa
• L’Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle
Venezie è stato il primo laboratorio al mondo a
isolare il virus H5N1 africano
• Lo studio delle caratteristiche genetiche del virus
potevano permettere una maggiore comprensione
dell’epidemiologia e patogenicità del virus
• Abbiamo declinato l’offerta di depositare la
sequenza genetica in un database ad accesso
limitato (accesso a solo 15 laboratori) e abbiamo
depositato l’intera sequenza in GenBank, un
database pubblico
13.
14.
15. MONDAY, MARCH 13, 2006
Scientist Rebels Against WHO Over Bird Flu
Scientists around the world, racing to discover how avian influenza is spreading and whether it is evolving toward a pandemic strain,
face a dilemma: Should they share their interim findings widely, show them only to a select set of peers, or keep them to themselves
until they can publish papers, often critical to their careers?
Now, a lone Italian researcher has cast a harsh spotlight on the WHO's system, suggesting that it places academic pride over public
health - and snubbing it by posting prized bird-flu data in plain view.
Ilaria Capua, a 39-year-old Italian veterinarian working on avian influenza in a government lab, last month
received a sample of the virus in the mail from Nigerian health authorities. The virus had just attacked
birds in Nigeria, the first confirmed case of the disease in Africa. The sample was something of a prize, a
chance to study a specimen and explore how it spread from its stronghold in Asia.
Within days of isolating the virus, Dr. Capua says, she got an offer from a senior scientist at the WHO in
Geneva, whom she declined to name, to enter her finding in the closed system. She could submit the
virus's genetic information, or sequence, to the database. In exchange, she would be given the password to
the WHO's massive stash of data. A spokesman for the WHO confirmed that the offer was made.
Instead, Dr. Capua posted the gene sequence in a public database accessible on the Internet. She also sent
a letter on Feb. 16 to around 50 of her colleagues urging them to do the same with their bird-flu samples.
quot;If I had agreedquot; to the WHO's request, she said in an interview, quot;it would have been another secret
sequence.quot;
16. EDITORIAL
Secret Avian Flu Archive
Published: March 15, 2006
At a time when health authorities are racing to head off a possible avian flu
pandemic, it is distressing to learn that the World Health Organization is
operating a secret database that holds the virus's genetic information. A lone
Italian scientist has challenged the system by refusing to send her own data to
the password-protected archive. Instead, she released the information publicly
and urged her colleagues to do the same. She is surely right. The limited-access
archive should be opened or bypassed immediately to encourage research on
this looming health menace.
The campaign by Ilaria Capua, an Italian veterinarian who works on avian
influenza, was spotlighted in recent articles in the journal Science and The Wall
Street Journal. The hidden data could be of immense value in determining how
the virus is evolving and in developing effective vaccines or drugs. The
possibility of breakthroughs can increase only if many more scientists can
analyze the data.
17. GISAID- Global Initiative
on Sharing Avian
Influenza Data
www.gisaid.org
Nature Correspondence 24 Aug, 2006
firmatari: 70 virologi medici e veterinari e
6 vincitori di premio Nobel
Database “open access”
gratuito che conterrà le
sequenze geniche dei
virus influenzali umani
ed animali e protegge la
proprietà intellettuale
18. Perché è così importante?
Perché può servire da modello per la
gestione di nuove emergenze sanitarie che
minacciano l’umanità. Si potrà disporre di
uno strumento rodato per reagire
immediatamente ed in maniera sinergica
alle infezioni con potenziale pandemico
19.
20. Pandemia influenzale
•Nel 20° secolo ci sono state 3 pandemie influenzali
sostenute da virus H1, H2, H3
•La storia ci insegna che ogni 20-40 anni emerge un
nuovo virus pandemico influenzale
•Non è possibile prevederne l’aggressività, la virulenza o
il sottotipo (H?)
•E’ verosimile che il progenitore sarà un virus aviario
•E’ ipotizzabile che si diffonderà in tutto il mondo
22. 2007, Premio Scientific
American 50 assegnato
ai 50 ricercatori migliori
dell’anno
Bird Flu Research for All
Until recently, laboratories doing bird flu research often kept their findings private, with access to
many avian influenza gene sequences confined to just 15 facilities globally, potentially hindering them
from doing research that could provide new insight into the virus. Instead of entering her avian
influenza findings into this database, Ilaria Capua of Viale University in Padua, Italy, disclosed the
results of her studies in the publicly accessible GenBank and boldly rallied her colleagues to follow.
Her efforts helped to pave the way for the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data, a
consortium through which findings can be freely shared while giving credit to researchers involved.
—Charles Q. Choi
23. 2008, Una delle 5 “Revolutionary
Minds” della rivista americana
SEED