We pulled together some quick facts on Coronavirus.
Slide Marvels is a leading Presentation Design Company having experience of many years. We are a professional team of presentation designers who have already worked in major consulting firms like McKinsey & Co., Boston Consulting Group and Deloitte to mentioned some of them.
www.slidemarvels.com
Comorbidity burden of Tuberculosis: Implications for Sri LankaMahendraArnold
Rising trends of comorbidity associated with tuberculosis (TB) have been observed in recent literature. This review explores these global trends and the implications of these for Sri Lanka
Study finds some people less susceptible to H7N9 influenza virus than othersHarm Kiezebrink
An international team of researchers working at the University of Melbourne in Australia has found that genetic differences in people result in different degrees of ability to fight the H7N9 influenza virus. In their paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the team reports that their study of immune response observed in blood samples indicates that some people may be far better equipped to fight off the new flu strain than others.
Determination of Average HIV Replication in the Blood Plasma Using Truncated ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Many statistical and computational models have been developed to investigate the complexity of HIV dynamics in the immune response. Most of the models described the viral replication as a system of differential equation, where the solution of parameters is not easy to obtain. A model of HIV replication where infected cells undergo through a truncated logistic distribution is proposed. An infected cell is modelled as an individual entity with certain states and properties. Three simulation approaches are used for implementing the model, conditional distribution, truncated population mean approaches and sample mean. Simulation results give insights about the details of HIV replication dynamics inside the cell at the protein level. Therefore the model can be used for future studies of HIV intracellular replication. It will also promote better understanding of the HIV/AIDS transmission dynamics, the study will also add to the existing body of knowledge on mathematical application in the field of epidemiology.
Coronavirus Information Guide | Presentation Deck | SlideUpLiftSlideUpLift
Download the Coronavirus Information Guide- https://bit.ly/3kXcDdx
This information deck explains Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in detail. This content deck can be used for giving detailed sessions on COVID-19 to the employees. In brief, the deck explains that Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered family of coronavirus. It is believed that coronavirus (COVID-19) emerged from a bat-borne virus.
The first-ever case of this deadly virus was detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It is said to have spread through a wholesale food market in Wuhan, where humans must have contracted the disease after coming in contact with the infected bat's species. This highly contagious virus spreads from one (infected) person to another, and within six months, WHO announced the COVID-19 outbreak- a pandemic.
Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Older people and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop severe illness. The usual symptoms of this virus are fever, cough, breathing issues, body aches, and in some cases, other diseases accompany it. The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes. COVID-19 is a form of respiratory illness, and it gradually attacks the lungs if not taken immediate measures to control it. The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is to be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes, and how it spreads. To protect oneself from this infection, you must thoroughly wash your hands or use an alcohol-based rub frequently and not touch one's face. Always wear a face mask. By taking these strict measures, we can slowly but gradually control the spread of COVID-19.
Seasonal influenza - current perspective with special reference to India - au...Gaurav Gupta
This presentation is more for the general doctors, including Ob/gyn, medical specialists etc. and was formulated as a presentation for Chandigarh Nursing Home Association meeting in Aug 2011 using material provided by Chiron/ Novartis
Before March 2020, many people saw pandemics as a thing of the past. Then came COVID-19. Scientists still do not know exactly where the virus that caused it — SARS-CoV-2 — came from, but it soon reached almost every country worldwide. Over 2 years, the virus has evolved, producing several variants. In this Special Feature, we look at the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and ask what lessons scientists have learned.
PinterestAlthough having two glasses of wine may seem innocuous, experts say some leading brands contain more sugar than recommended. Peter Meade/Getty Images
• Two glasses of some wines contain more than the recommended daily limit of sugar and more calories than a hamburger.
• However, alcohol is exempt from food and drink labeling rules, so consumers are mostly unaware of calorie and sugar loads.
• Health experts are pushing for clear nutritional labeling on alcoholic products to help reduce sugar and alcohol consumption.
The Alcohol Health Alliance UK (AHA), representing over 60 health organizations, recently commissioned an independent laboratory to test 30 bottles of red, rose, white, sparkling, and fruit wines sold in the United Kingdom for sugar content.
The resulting analysis, which appears on the AHA’s website, revealed a “wide variation of sugar and calories between products.”
Before March 2020, many people saw pandemics as a thing of the past. Then came COVID-19. Scientists still do not know exactly where the virus that caused it — SARS-CoV-2 — came from, but it soon reached almost every country worldwide. Over 2 years, the virus has evolved, producing several variants. In this Special Feature, we look at the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and ask what lessons scientists have learned.
Comorbidity burden of Tuberculosis: Implications for Sri LankaMahendraArnold
Rising trends of comorbidity associated with tuberculosis (TB) have been observed in recent literature. This review explores these global trends and the implications of these for Sri Lanka
Study finds some people less susceptible to H7N9 influenza virus than othersHarm Kiezebrink
An international team of researchers working at the University of Melbourne in Australia has found that genetic differences in people result in different degrees of ability to fight the H7N9 influenza virus. In their paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the team reports that their study of immune response observed in blood samples indicates that some people may be far better equipped to fight off the new flu strain than others.
Determination of Average HIV Replication in the Blood Plasma Using Truncated ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Many statistical and computational models have been developed to investigate the complexity of HIV dynamics in the immune response. Most of the models described the viral replication as a system of differential equation, where the solution of parameters is not easy to obtain. A model of HIV replication where infected cells undergo through a truncated logistic distribution is proposed. An infected cell is modelled as an individual entity with certain states and properties. Three simulation approaches are used for implementing the model, conditional distribution, truncated population mean approaches and sample mean. Simulation results give insights about the details of HIV replication dynamics inside the cell at the protein level. Therefore the model can be used for future studies of HIV intracellular replication. It will also promote better understanding of the HIV/AIDS transmission dynamics, the study will also add to the existing body of knowledge on mathematical application in the field of epidemiology.
Coronavirus Information Guide | Presentation Deck | SlideUpLiftSlideUpLift
Download the Coronavirus Information Guide- https://bit.ly/3kXcDdx
This information deck explains Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in detail. This content deck can be used for giving detailed sessions on COVID-19 to the employees. In brief, the deck explains that Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered family of coronavirus. It is believed that coronavirus (COVID-19) emerged from a bat-borne virus.
The first-ever case of this deadly virus was detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It is said to have spread through a wholesale food market in Wuhan, where humans must have contracted the disease after coming in contact with the infected bat's species. This highly contagious virus spreads from one (infected) person to another, and within six months, WHO announced the COVID-19 outbreak- a pandemic.
Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Older people and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop severe illness. The usual symptoms of this virus are fever, cough, breathing issues, body aches, and in some cases, other diseases accompany it. The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes. COVID-19 is a form of respiratory illness, and it gradually attacks the lungs if not taken immediate measures to control it. The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is to be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes, and how it spreads. To protect oneself from this infection, you must thoroughly wash your hands or use an alcohol-based rub frequently and not touch one's face. Always wear a face mask. By taking these strict measures, we can slowly but gradually control the spread of COVID-19.
Seasonal influenza - current perspective with special reference to India - au...Gaurav Gupta
This presentation is more for the general doctors, including Ob/gyn, medical specialists etc. and was formulated as a presentation for Chandigarh Nursing Home Association meeting in Aug 2011 using material provided by Chiron/ Novartis
Before March 2020, many people saw pandemics as a thing of the past. Then came COVID-19. Scientists still do not know exactly where the virus that caused it — SARS-CoV-2 — came from, but it soon reached almost every country worldwide. Over 2 years, the virus has evolved, producing several variants. In this Special Feature, we look at the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and ask what lessons scientists have learned.
PinterestAlthough having two glasses of wine may seem innocuous, experts say some leading brands contain more sugar than recommended. Peter Meade/Getty Images
• Two glasses of some wines contain more than the recommended daily limit of sugar and more calories than a hamburger.
• However, alcohol is exempt from food and drink labeling rules, so consumers are mostly unaware of calorie and sugar loads.
• Health experts are pushing for clear nutritional labeling on alcoholic products to help reduce sugar and alcohol consumption.
The Alcohol Health Alliance UK (AHA), representing over 60 health organizations, recently commissioned an independent laboratory to test 30 bottles of red, rose, white, sparkling, and fruit wines sold in the United Kingdom for sugar content.
The resulting analysis, which appears on the AHA’s website, revealed a “wide variation of sugar and calories between products.”
Before March 2020, many people saw pandemics as a thing of the past. Then came COVID-19. Scientists still do not know exactly where the virus that caused it — SARS-CoV-2 — came from, but it soon reached almost every country worldwide. Over 2 years, the virus has evolved, producing several variants. In this Special Feature, we look at the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and ask what lessons scientists have learned.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.
Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment.
HOW IT SPREADS
The virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through droplets generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. These droplets are too heavy to hang in the air, and quickly fall on floors or surfaces.
You can be infected by breathing in the virus if you are within close proximity of someone who has COVID-19, or by touching a contaminated surface and then your eyes, nose or mouth.
This is a presentation for all the people who are unaware about COVID-19.
COVID-19 = Corona Virus Disease 2019. Please like and share my presentation.
Presentation by:-
C. S. Nelson
VI - E
D.A.V Boys Senior Secondary School.
D.A.V Group of School.
Structural Design on Virus and its Diversityijtsrd
The coronavirus disease 19 COVID 19 is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 , which emerged in Wuhan, China and spread around the world. Genomic analysis revealed that SARS CoV 2 is phylogenetically related to severe acute respiratory syndrome like SARS like bat viruses, therefore bats could be the possible primary reservoir. The intermediate source of origin and transfer to humans is not known, however, the rapid human to human transfer has been confirmed widely. In this document we will analyze the structure and diversity of the pathogen and we will also discuss the previous emergence of human coronaviruses like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus SARS CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS CoV . Nadia Naseer "Structural Design on Virus and its Diversity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31225.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/31225/structural-design-on-virus-and-its-diversity/nadia-naseer
Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid which is derived from the microalgae Haematococcuspluvialis. As well as being the most powerful antioxidant known to science, it also has potent anti-inflammatory properties. Naturalastaxanthin´s distinct advantage in comparison to other antioxidants, is its ability to span the entire lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, thus providing superior protection from the inside out. Natural astaxanthin has a strong ability to both balance and strengthen the immune system. This article reviews the current available scientific literature regarding the effect of astaxanthin from the algae Haematoccus pluvialis in Astashine capsules as a natural immune booster in covid-19 infections.
PPT describes brief introduction about the coronavirus and covid pandemic. You will get to know about the various classes of Coronavirus and their comparision between them and also the myths regarding this pandemic.
"Cannabis - Not the problem. The Solution" by Slide MarvelsSlide Marvels
PowerPoint Presentation Designers at Slide Marvels created this presentation on Cannabis.
Slide Marvels is a leading Presentation Design Company having experience of many years. We are a professional team of presentation designers who have already worked in major consulting firms like McKinsey & Co., Boston Consulting Group and Deloitte to mentioned some of them.
Our passion is to build and design any type of PowerPoint presentations from pitch decks, team meeting, training documents up to webinar documents and more. We always design World Class presentation that you will be proud of.
Everyone in Slide Marvels works every day to help consultants, entrepreneurs and business owners to deliver a visual message that keeps your audience engage in the message that your business needs to communicate.
We strongly believe in the power of the image, the old days of boring presentations are gone and we’re here to help you get awesome results with your presentations.
Let us be your partner in crime, we assure you that this is going to be one of the best decision you ever made for your business.
PowerPoint Design Agency - Template by Slide MarvelsSlide Marvels
PowerPoint template designed by ex McKinsey presentation designers from Slide Marvels. A good presentation can’t be just pretty, it also needs to engage with your audience and we’re experts doing it.
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Pitch deck PowerPoint template for restaurant industry Slide Marvels
Slide Marvels' PowerPoint presentation designers created this easy to use template for the restaurant industry. This can be used for an elevator pitch.
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The attached sample is a clean and clear financial presentation template created in PowerPoint. This can be used for any industry.
Slide Marvels is a top presentation design firm serving clients worldwide. www.slidemarvels.com
PowerPoint template for Mother & Baby care products - Slide Marvels (www.slid...Slide Marvels
Slide Marvels is a leading Presentation Design Company having experience of many years. We are a professional team of presentation designers who have already worked in major consulting firms like McKinsey & Co., Boston Consulting Group and Deloitte to mentioned some of them.
Our passion is to build and design any type of PowerPoint presentations from pitch decks, team meeting, training documents up to webinar documents and more. We always design World Class presentation that you will be proud of.
PowerPoint template for Shipping companies - Slide Marvels (www.slidemarvels....Slide Marvels
Slide Marvels is a leading Presentation Design Company having experience of many years. We are a professional team of presentation designers who have already worked in major consulting firms like McKinsey & Co., Boston Consulting Group and Deloitte to mentioned some of them.
Future of Connected Cars - Slide MarvelsSlide Marvels
Slide Marvels is a top PowerPoint design agency consisting of best ex-McKinsey presentation specialists. Slide Marvels caters to clients world wide and has been successfully serving clients since 2017.
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Sports and Health - Slide Marvels, Top PowerPoint presentation design agencySlide Marvels
This is a video done with Microsoft PowerPoint by the designers of Slide Marvels on the topic 'Sports & Health'.
Slide Marvels (www.slidemarvels.com) is a leading Presentation Design Company having experience of many years. We are a professional team of presentation designers who have already worked in major consulting firms like McKinsey & Co., Boston Consulting Group and Deloitte to mentioned some of them.
Our passion is to build and design any type of PowerPoint presentations from pitch decks, team meeting, training documents up to webinar documents and more. We always design World Class presentation that you will be proud of.
www.slidemarvels.com
Internet of Things (IoT) - Slide Marvels, Top PowerPoint presentation design ...Slide Marvels
This is a small video done with Microsoft PowerPoint by the designers of Slide Marvels on the topic 'Internet of Things (IoT).
Slide Marvels (www.slidemarvels.com) is a leading Presentation Design Company having experience of many years. We are a professional team of presentation designers who have already worked in major consulting firms like McKinsey & Co., Boston Consulting Group and Deloitte to mentioned some of them.
Our passion is to build and design any type of PowerPoint presentations from pitch decks, team meeting, training documents up to webinar documents and more. We always design World Class presentation that you will be proud of.
www.slidemarvels.com
Slide Marvels is a leading PowerPoint Presentation Design Company. Our passion is to build and design any type of PowerPoint presentations from pitch decks, team meeting, training documents up to webinar documents and more.
www.slidemarvels.com
Attached sample is clean and clear business template with black and yellow color scheme created in PowerPoint for a construction company.
Slide Marvels is a top presentation design firm serving clients worldwide.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. About Coronavirus
What is a coronavirus?
Source
Where did the virus come from?
Spread
How does the coronavirus spread?
Symptoms
What are the symptoms of the coronavirus?
Prevention
Reduce your risk
Epidemiology
Deaths & reported locations
3. Coronaviruses belong to a family known as Coronaviridae, and under an electron microscope they look like spiked rings. They're named for these spikes, which
form a halo or "crown" (corona is Latin for crown) around their viral envelope.
What is a Coronavirus?
Coronaviruses contain a single strand of RNA (as opposed to DNA, which is double-stranded) within the envelope and, as a virus, can't reproduce without
getting inside living cells and hijacking their machinery. The spikes on the viral envelope help coronaviruses bind to cells, which gives them a way in, like blasting
a door open with C4. Once inside, they turn the cell into a virus factory -- the RNA and some enzymes use the cell's molecular machinery to produce more
viruses, which are then shipped out of the cell to infect other cells. Thus, the cycle starts anew.
Typically, these types of viruses are found in animals ranging from livestock and household pets to wildlife such as bats. Some are responsible for disease, like
the common cold. When they make the jump to humans, they can cause fever, respiratory illness and inflammation in the lungs. In immunocompromised
individuals, such as the elderly or those with HIV-AIDS, such viruses can cause severe respiratory illness, resulting in pneumonia and even death.
Extremely pathogenic coronaviruses were behind the diseases SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) in the
last two decades. These viruses were easily transmitted from human to human but were suspected to have passed through different animal intermediaries: SARS
was traced to civet cats and MERS to dromedary camels. SARS, which showed up in the early 2000s, infected more than 8,000 people and resulted in nearly 800
deaths. MERS, which appeared in the early 2010s, infected almost 2,500 people and led to more than 850 deaths.
The WHO has named the new disease COVID-19. "Having a name matters to prevent the use of other names that can be inaccurate or stigmatizing," said
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director-general of the WHO. "It also gives us a standard format to use for any future coronavirus outbreaks."
The Coronavirus Study Group, part of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, was responsible for naming the novel coronavirus itself. The
novel coronavirus is known as SARS-CoV-2. The group "formally recognizes this virus as a sister to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-
CoVs)," the species responsible for the SARS outbreak in 2002-2003. The virus itself was originally given a placeholder name of "2019-nCoV."
4. Where did the virus come from?
The virus appears to have originated in Wuhan, a Chinese city about 650 miles south of Beijing that has a
population of more than 11 million people. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which sells fish, as well as
a panoply of meat from other animals, including bats, snakes and pangolins, was implicated in the spread in
early January.
Markets have been implicated in the origin and spread of viral diseases in past epidemics, including SARS and
MERS. A large majority of the people so far confirmed to have come down with the new coronavirus had
been to the Huanan Seafood marketplace in recent weeks. The market appears to be an integral piece of the
puzzle, but research into the likely origin and connecting a "patient zero" to the initial spread is ongoing.
An early report, published in the Journal of Medical Virology on Jan. 22, suggested snakes were the most
probable wildlife animal reservoir for SARS-CoV-2, but the work was soundly refuted by two further studies
just a day later, on Jan. 23. "We haven't seen evidence ample enough to suggest a snake reservoir for Wuhan
coronavirus," said Peter Daszak, president of nonprofit EcoHealth Alliance, which researches the links
between human and animal health.
"This work is really interesting, but when we compare the genetic sequence of this new virus with all other
known coronaviruses, all of its closest relatives have origins in mammals, specifically bats. Therefore, without
further details on testing of animals in the markets, it looks like we are no closer to knowing this virus' natural
reservoir."
Another group of Chinese scientists uploaded a paper to preprint website biorXiv, having studied the viral
genetic code and compared it to the previous SARS coronavirus and other bat coronaviruses. They discovered
the genetic similarities run deep: The virus shares 80% of its genes with the previous SARS virus and 96% of
its genes with bat coronaviruses. Importantly, the study also demonstrated the virus can get into and hijack cells
the same way SARS did.
The ant-eating pangolin, a small, scaly mammal, has also been implicated in the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
According to the New York Times, it may be one of the most trafficked animals in the world and it was sold at
the Huanan Seafood Market. The virus likely originated in bats but may have been able to hide out in the
pangolin, before spreading from that animal to humans. Researchers caution the full data have not yet been
published but coronaviruses similar to SARS-CoV-2 have been found in pangolins before.
5. How does the coronavirus spread?
This is one of the major questions researchers are still working hard to answer. The first infections were potentially the
result of animal-to-human transmission, but confirmation that human-to-human transmission was obtained in late January.
As the virus has spread, local transmission has been seen across the world. Some of the most at-risk people are those that
work in healthcare.
"The major concern is hospital outbreaks, which were seen with SARS and MERS coronaviruses," said Raina MacIntyre, a
professor of global biosecurity at the University of New South Wales, Australia. "Meticulous triage and infection control is
needed to prevent these outbreaks and protect health workers."
WHO says the virus can move from person to person via:
Respiratory droplets -- when a person sneezes or coughs.
Direct contact with infected individuals.
Contact with contaminated surfaces and objects.
On Feb. 5, Chinese state media reported a newborn had been diagnosed with COVID-19 just 30 hours after birth, opening
up the potential for mother-child transmission. Viruses can be transmitted through the placenta, but experts say it's too
early to tell whether this is the case with the novel coronavirus, which is "unlikely" to be passed on in the womb.
A handful of viruses, including MERS, can survive for periods in the air after being sneezed or coughed from an infected
individual. Although recent reports suggest the novel coronavirus may be transmitted in this way, the Chinese Center for
Diseases Control and Prevention have reiterated there is no evidence for this. Writing in The Conversation on Feb. 14,
virologists Ian Mackay and Katherine Arden explain "no infectious virus has been recovered from captured air samples."
6. Timeline
December 31
2019
China alerted WHO to several cases of unusual pneumonia in Wuhan. The virus was
unknown.
January 7
2020
Officials announced they had identified a new virus, according to the WHO.
The novel virus was named 2019-nCoV and was identified as belonging to the
coronavirus family, which includes SARS and the common cold.
February 1
2020
The death toll in China rose to 259, with 11,791 confirmed infections in
the country, according to new figures released by the Chinese health
authorities.
Till now
(02 Mar)
The novel coronavirus has killed more than 3,000 people
worldwide, the vast majority in mainland China. There have been
more than 88,000 global cases.
8. Epidemiology
The virus has spread to over 50 countries since its discovery in late 2019 and the number of cases and deaths have been steadily rising since early January. The best way to keep
track of the spread of the virus across the globe is this handy online tool, which is collating data from a number of sources including the CDC, the WHO and Chinese health
professionals and is maintained by Johns Hopkins University.
As of 2 March 2020, more than 89,000 cases have been confirmed worldwide; more than 90% of them have been in mainland China.
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
1,00,000
China Cases
Chian Deaths
RoW Cases
RoW Deaths
Jan 16 Jan 24 Feb 01 Feb 09 Feb 16 Feb 23 Mar 01
10. Prevention: Reduce your risk
Clean hands with soap and water
or alcohol-based hand rub
Cover nose and mouth when
coughing and sneezing
Avoid close contact with anyone
with cold or flu-like symptoms
Thoroughly cook meat and eggs
Avoid unprotected contact with
live wild or farm animals
11. SOURCE
Image Courtesy: www.freepik.com; www.pixabay.com; www.google.com, www.thenounproject.com
Information Courtesy: www.cnet.com; www.en.wikipedia.org; www.worldometers.info, WHO