Before March 2020, many people saw pandemics as a thing of the past. Then came COVID-19. Scientists still do not know exactly where the virus that caused it — SARS-CoV-2 — came from, but it soon reached almost every country worldwide. Over 2 years, the virus has evolved, producing several variants. In this Special Feature, we look at the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and ask what lessons scientists have learned.
The first three months of the COVID-19 epidemic:
Epidemiological evidence for two separate strains of SARSCoV-2 viruses spreading and implications for prevention
strategies
This video lecture is in continuation to the previous two lectures: "Introduction to Coronavirueses (SARS, MERS, COVID-19): Hosts, Symptoms & History", and "Basic Biology of Coronaviruses". This lecture explains in detail "the Evolution of Coronaviruses and the Adaptations of the host Immune System", emphasizing on how the virus jumps from animal reservoirs to human hosts called spillovers, how the host and viral protein interact and what might we expect for long-term or short-term immunity from SARS-CoV-2 in near future.
An introductory video of large number of video lecture series. This lecture gives an overview of all the outbreaks that has occurred in the past and going on in the present.
Few of the latest research findings on the novel corona virus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) have been compiled. The basic biology of corona virus, its life cycle and its evolutionary relationship with corona viruses derived from other animals (including bats and pangolin corona viruses) has been depicted highlighting it’s inter species transmission. One of the key pathogenicity and transmissibility determinants (i.e. a furin-like S1/S2 cleavage site in the S protein) unique to SARS-CoV-2 might be responsible for its distinct mechanism to promote its entry into host cells. The last slide leaves the readers with basic research questions pertaining to the genetic divergence and evolution of coronaviruses in bats, its pathogenesis and mechanism of disease transmittance. In these times of crisis due to the outbreak of novel corona virus 2019 in Wuhan and subsequently leading to a pandemic, it is important to understand the basic biology of corona virus and the latest research findings related to its cross species transmission and key pathogenicity determinant that allows the novel corona virus a distinct mechanism to gain entry into the host cells. The structural biology approach to study the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with receptor binding domain of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is underway and it is hoped that these findings will help in the design of new vaccines candidates targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
An overview of coronaviruses. Lecture for University Biomedical Students. Using historical knowledge of coronaviruses to better understand the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
The first three months of the COVID-19 epidemic:
Epidemiological evidence for two separate strains of SARSCoV-2 viruses spreading and implications for prevention
strategies
This video lecture is in continuation to the previous two lectures: "Introduction to Coronavirueses (SARS, MERS, COVID-19): Hosts, Symptoms & History", and "Basic Biology of Coronaviruses". This lecture explains in detail "the Evolution of Coronaviruses and the Adaptations of the host Immune System", emphasizing on how the virus jumps from animal reservoirs to human hosts called spillovers, how the host and viral protein interact and what might we expect for long-term or short-term immunity from SARS-CoV-2 in near future.
An introductory video of large number of video lecture series. This lecture gives an overview of all the outbreaks that has occurred in the past and going on in the present.
Few of the latest research findings on the novel corona virus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) have been compiled. The basic biology of corona virus, its life cycle and its evolutionary relationship with corona viruses derived from other animals (including bats and pangolin corona viruses) has been depicted highlighting it’s inter species transmission. One of the key pathogenicity and transmissibility determinants (i.e. a furin-like S1/S2 cleavage site in the S protein) unique to SARS-CoV-2 might be responsible for its distinct mechanism to promote its entry into host cells. The last slide leaves the readers with basic research questions pertaining to the genetic divergence and evolution of coronaviruses in bats, its pathogenesis and mechanism of disease transmittance. In these times of crisis due to the outbreak of novel corona virus 2019 in Wuhan and subsequently leading to a pandemic, it is important to understand the basic biology of corona virus and the latest research findings related to its cross species transmission and key pathogenicity determinant that allows the novel corona virus a distinct mechanism to gain entry into the host cells. The structural biology approach to study the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with receptor binding domain of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is underway and it is hoped that these findings will help in the design of new vaccines candidates targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
An overview of coronaviruses. Lecture for University Biomedical Students. Using historical knowledge of coronaviruses to better understand the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
ABO Blood Groups and SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Fumiichiro Yamamoto, Ph.D.FumiichiroYamamoto
Scientific knowledge is depicted on the association between A and B glycan antigens of the ABO blood group system important in blood transfusion and cell/tissue/organ transplantation and infection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the ongoing epidemic of coronavirus disease COVID-19.
El coronavirus, relacionado con el virus que causa el SARS (síndrome respiratorio agudo severo), ha desencadenado un renovado debate sobre si las variantes de laboratorio de ingeniería de virus con posible potencial pandémico valen los riesgos.
En un artículo publicado en Nature Medicine 1 el 9 de noviembre, los científicos investigaron un virus llamado SHC014, que se encuentra en murciélagos de herradura en China. Los investigadores crearon un virus quimérico, compuesto por una proteína de superficie de SHC014 y la columna vertebral de un virus del SARS que se había adaptado para crecer en ratones e imitar una enfermedad humana. La quimera infectó las células de las vías respiratorias humanas, lo que demuestra que la proteína de superficie de SHC014 tiene la estructura necesaria para unirse a un receptor clave en las células e infectarlas. También causó enfermedades en ratones, pero no los mató.
----------------------
Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research
Lab-made coronavirus related to SARS can infect human cells.
12 November 2015
An experiment that created a hybrid version of a bat coronavirus — one related to the virus that causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) — has triggered renewed debate over whether engineering lab variants of viruses with possible pandemic potential is worth the risks.
In an article published in Nature Medicine 1 on 9 November, scientists investigated a virus called SHC014, which is found in horseshoe bats in China. The researchers created a chimaeric virus, made up of a surface protein of SHC014 and the backbone of a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and to mimic human disease. The chimaera infected human airway cells — proving that the surface protein of SHC014 has the necessary structure to bind to a key receptor on the cells and to infect them. It also caused disease in mice, but did not kill them
About covid variants types of variants like UK, India , South Africa ,
some information about Variant of Concern and variant of interest , the about Indian variants
Creative Biolabs has established a powerful AntInfect™ Platform for anti-virus biomolecular discovery, covering antibody and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) discovery.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/antinfect/antibody-peptide-discovery-for-viral-disease.htm
Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) exhibit positive single stranded RNA genome with enveloped nucleocapsid. Coronavirus belongs to the family Coronaviridae, originated from avian and mammalian species causes upper respiratory tract infection in humans by novel HCoVs viruses named as HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63 but predominant species is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) across the world. HCoV-HKU1 sp. is associated with chronic pulmonary disease, while HCoV-NL63 causes upper and lower respiratory tract disease in both children and adults, but most recent one was MERS-CoV, which caused acute pneumonia and occasional renal failure. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain that causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as named by the World Health Organization. According to the recent world statistics report about the COVID-19 cases approx. 101,500 confirmed cases and 3,500 death cases appeared. And mostly, a case of infection with CoV was identified in Wuhan, China. Structurally viral genome constitutes of 2/3rd of replicase gene encoding ORFs regions and rest of the 1/3rd region of genome form the structural proteins. The aim of the study was to understand the viral genetic systems in order to facilitate the genetic manipulation of the viral genome and to know the fundamental mechanism during the viral replication, facilitating the development of antidotes against the virus.
A Brief Review on Covid 19 by Treatment of Ayurvedaijtsrd
In December 2019 in Wuhan, China the pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 is a highly contagious disease. The World Health Organization WHO has declared the current rash as a global public health emergency. Currently, the research on novel coronavirus is immobile in the primary stage. Created on the recent published evidence, In this review systematically summarizes the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of knowledge surrounding COVID 19 also the ayurvedic treatments are placed. In this literature review, the causative agent, pathogenesis and immune responses, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and management of the disease, control and preventions strategies are all reviewed. This review in the anticipation of helping the public effectively recognize and deal with the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 , also providing a reference for future studies. Sneha. H. Salunkhe | Pooja. A. Petkar | Monali Lalge | Nilesh Bhosale "A Brief Review on Covid 19 by Treatment of Ayurveda" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31574.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacoinformatics/31574/a-brief-review-on-covid-19-by-treatment-of-ayurveda/sneha-h-salunkhe
The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and Data-driven Healthcare: A Biomedical ...Jake Chen
The ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has led to more than 80,000 confirmed cases and nearly 3000 deaths worldwide since December 2019. There is a race in the biomedical research community to publish findings on a wide spectrum of topics, from pathogenicity, viral genome characterization, genetic epidemiology, disease management, treatment, to drug and vaccine development. I will review literature primarily from the epidemiology, genomics, computational biology, and translational bioinformatics perspectives to help us understand the basic biomedical research questions related to the COVID-19 outbreak. These questions include: what is a coronavirus, how the viral genome is organized, how it compares with SARS, what biochemical and genomic characteristics that it has to make it so virulent, and what genomics/informatics/drug discovery opportunities there are. The rapid data collection, analysis, publication, healthcare intervention, and drug development presents a promising new model for “data-driven healthcare” in response to future major disease outbreak events.
Hundred samples viz. urine, blood, wound, pus and sputum collected from different patients were found to harbour Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (27%) with a maximum isolation from wound samples (33.33%) and minimum from blood samples (11.11%). The degree of resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to different antibiotics like Ceftazidime (30µg), Amikacin (30µg), Imipenem (10µg), Ciprofloxacin (30µg), Tetracycline (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Norfloxacin (10µg), Penicillin (30µg), Chloramphenicol (30µg), and Ofloxacin (5µg) varied from 56% to 100%. Antiseptics i.e. Betadine and Dettol were found to be more effective against the MDR strain of P. aeruginosa at the dilutions of 10-1 and 10-2. Duration of the disease and hospitalization duration, evaluated as risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization were found to be statistically significant while age and gender were found to be statistically non- significant. The incidence of multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa is increasing fast due to the frequent use of antibiotics and antiseptics, which are used extensively in hospitals and healthcare centers, therefore it is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Key-words- Antibiotic, Antiseptic, Betadine and Dettol, Disinfectants, P. aeruginosa
It contains the myths related to coronavirus ,how a vaccine is developed and recently which vaccines are in phase 1 ,phase 2 and phase 3 .Furthermore ,some of the examples of covid-19 vaccine and their manufacturers are presented in the slide
Medcrave - MERS coronavirus - current statusMedCrave
CDC: Centers for Disease Control; MERS-CoV: Middle
East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; RT-PCR: Reverse
Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; VLP: Virus Like
Particles.
Recently, a new virus started to infect certain individuals in the Middle-East. It was soon identified as a previously unknown coronavirus that caused severe respiratory disease with a high rate of mortality. This virus, MERS-CoV, is still closely watched by health authorities as it has the potential to evolve and cause a major epidemic.
Some quick facts and numbers on Coronavirus (COVID-19) Slide Marvels
We pulled together some quick facts on Coronavirus.
Slide Marvels is a leading Presentation Design Company having experience of many years. We are a professional team of presentation designers who have already worked in major consulting firms like McKinsey & Co., Boston Consulting Group and Deloitte to mentioned some of them.
www.slidemarvels.com
ABO Blood Groups and SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Fumiichiro Yamamoto, Ph.D.FumiichiroYamamoto
Scientific knowledge is depicted on the association between A and B glycan antigens of the ABO blood group system important in blood transfusion and cell/tissue/organ transplantation and infection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the ongoing epidemic of coronavirus disease COVID-19.
El coronavirus, relacionado con el virus que causa el SARS (síndrome respiratorio agudo severo), ha desencadenado un renovado debate sobre si las variantes de laboratorio de ingeniería de virus con posible potencial pandémico valen los riesgos.
En un artículo publicado en Nature Medicine 1 el 9 de noviembre, los científicos investigaron un virus llamado SHC014, que se encuentra en murciélagos de herradura en China. Los investigadores crearon un virus quimérico, compuesto por una proteína de superficie de SHC014 y la columna vertebral de un virus del SARS que se había adaptado para crecer en ratones e imitar una enfermedad humana. La quimera infectó las células de las vías respiratorias humanas, lo que demuestra que la proteína de superficie de SHC014 tiene la estructura necesaria para unirse a un receptor clave en las células e infectarlas. También causó enfermedades en ratones, pero no los mató.
----------------------
Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research
Lab-made coronavirus related to SARS can infect human cells.
12 November 2015
An experiment that created a hybrid version of a bat coronavirus — one related to the virus that causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) — has triggered renewed debate over whether engineering lab variants of viruses with possible pandemic potential is worth the risks.
In an article published in Nature Medicine 1 on 9 November, scientists investigated a virus called SHC014, which is found in horseshoe bats in China. The researchers created a chimaeric virus, made up of a surface protein of SHC014 and the backbone of a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and to mimic human disease. The chimaera infected human airway cells — proving that the surface protein of SHC014 has the necessary structure to bind to a key receptor on the cells and to infect them. It also caused disease in mice, but did not kill them
About covid variants types of variants like UK, India , South Africa ,
some information about Variant of Concern and variant of interest , the about Indian variants
Creative Biolabs has established a powerful AntInfect™ Platform for anti-virus biomolecular discovery, covering antibody and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) discovery.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/antinfect/antibody-peptide-discovery-for-viral-disease.htm
Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) exhibit positive single stranded RNA genome with enveloped nucleocapsid. Coronavirus belongs to the family Coronaviridae, originated from avian and mammalian species causes upper respiratory tract infection in humans by novel HCoVs viruses named as HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63 but predominant species is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) across the world. HCoV-HKU1 sp. is associated with chronic pulmonary disease, while HCoV-NL63 causes upper and lower respiratory tract disease in both children and adults, but most recent one was MERS-CoV, which caused acute pneumonia and occasional renal failure. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain that causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as named by the World Health Organization. According to the recent world statistics report about the COVID-19 cases approx. 101,500 confirmed cases and 3,500 death cases appeared. And mostly, a case of infection with CoV was identified in Wuhan, China. Structurally viral genome constitutes of 2/3rd of replicase gene encoding ORFs regions and rest of the 1/3rd region of genome form the structural proteins. The aim of the study was to understand the viral genetic systems in order to facilitate the genetic manipulation of the viral genome and to know the fundamental mechanism during the viral replication, facilitating the development of antidotes against the virus.
A Brief Review on Covid 19 by Treatment of Ayurvedaijtsrd
In December 2019 in Wuhan, China the pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 is a highly contagious disease. The World Health Organization WHO has declared the current rash as a global public health emergency. Currently, the research on novel coronavirus is immobile in the primary stage. Created on the recent published evidence, In this review systematically summarizes the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of knowledge surrounding COVID 19 also the ayurvedic treatments are placed. In this literature review, the causative agent, pathogenesis and immune responses, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and management of the disease, control and preventions strategies are all reviewed. This review in the anticipation of helping the public effectively recognize and deal with the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 , also providing a reference for future studies. Sneha. H. Salunkhe | Pooja. A. Petkar | Monali Lalge | Nilesh Bhosale "A Brief Review on Covid 19 by Treatment of Ayurveda" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31574.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacoinformatics/31574/a-brief-review-on-covid-19-by-treatment-of-ayurveda/sneha-h-salunkhe
The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and Data-driven Healthcare: A Biomedical ...Jake Chen
The ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has led to more than 80,000 confirmed cases and nearly 3000 deaths worldwide since December 2019. There is a race in the biomedical research community to publish findings on a wide spectrum of topics, from pathogenicity, viral genome characterization, genetic epidemiology, disease management, treatment, to drug and vaccine development. I will review literature primarily from the epidemiology, genomics, computational biology, and translational bioinformatics perspectives to help us understand the basic biomedical research questions related to the COVID-19 outbreak. These questions include: what is a coronavirus, how the viral genome is organized, how it compares with SARS, what biochemical and genomic characteristics that it has to make it so virulent, and what genomics/informatics/drug discovery opportunities there are. The rapid data collection, analysis, publication, healthcare intervention, and drug development presents a promising new model for “data-driven healthcare” in response to future major disease outbreak events.
Hundred samples viz. urine, blood, wound, pus and sputum collected from different patients were found to harbour Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (27%) with a maximum isolation from wound samples (33.33%) and minimum from blood samples (11.11%). The degree of resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to different antibiotics like Ceftazidime (30µg), Amikacin (30µg), Imipenem (10µg), Ciprofloxacin (30µg), Tetracycline (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Norfloxacin (10µg), Penicillin (30µg), Chloramphenicol (30µg), and Ofloxacin (5µg) varied from 56% to 100%. Antiseptics i.e. Betadine and Dettol were found to be more effective against the MDR strain of P. aeruginosa at the dilutions of 10-1 and 10-2. Duration of the disease and hospitalization duration, evaluated as risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization were found to be statistically significant while age and gender were found to be statistically non- significant. The incidence of multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa is increasing fast due to the frequent use of antibiotics and antiseptics, which are used extensively in hospitals and healthcare centers, therefore it is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Key-words- Antibiotic, Antiseptic, Betadine and Dettol, Disinfectants, P. aeruginosa
It contains the myths related to coronavirus ,how a vaccine is developed and recently which vaccines are in phase 1 ,phase 2 and phase 3 .Furthermore ,some of the examples of covid-19 vaccine and their manufacturers are presented in the slide
Medcrave - MERS coronavirus - current statusMedCrave
CDC: Centers for Disease Control; MERS-CoV: Middle
East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; RT-PCR: Reverse
Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; VLP: Virus Like
Particles.
Recently, a new virus started to infect certain individuals in the Middle-East. It was soon identified as a previously unknown coronavirus that caused severe respiratory disease with a high rate of mortality. This virus, MERS-CoV, is still closely watched by health authorities as it has the potential to evolve and cause a major epidemic.
Some quick facts and numbers on Coronavirus (COVID-19) Slide Marvels
We pulled together some quick facts on Coronavirus.
Slide Marvels is a leading Presentation Design Company having experience of many years. We are a professional team of presentation designers who have already worked in major consulting firms like McKinsey & Co., Boston Consulting Group and Deloitte to mentioned some of them.
www.slidemarvels.com
The Corona virus pandemic has costed a lot of lives through out the world.
Here are some in formations about what is known so far.
It includes cause, Spread, Signs and Symptoms.
it also has the ongoing myths about corona virus.
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
1. 2 years into the pandemic,
what have we learned?
Before March 2020, many people saw pandemics as a thing
of the past. Then came COVID-19. Scientists still do not
know exactly where the virus that caused it — SARS-CoV-2
— came from, but it soon reached almost every country
worldwide. Over 2 years, the virus has evolved, producing
several variants. In this Special Feature, we look at the
evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and ask what lessons scientists
have learned.
2. Shar e on Pi
nt
er
est
What have we learned in 2 years of COVID-19? Image credit: Dia Dipasupil/Getty Images.
In late 2019, there was a sudden increaseTrusted Source in pneumonia cases in central
China. By January 7, scientists had identified and isolated a previously unknown
coronavirus, now designated SARS-CoV-2.
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO)Trusted Source declared COVID-
19 a pandemic.
Now, 2 years on, authorities have recorded more than 458 million cases of COVID-19, the
disease resulting from SARS-CoV-2. The disease has also played a role in the deaths of
more than 6 million people.
3. Stay informed with live updates on the current COVID-19 outbreak and visit our coronavirus
hub for more advice on prevention and treatment.
However, the actual death toll may well be far higher than 6 million. According to a recent
paper in The LancetTrusted Source, the actual death toll may be at least three times that.
The first cases
On December 29, 2019, experts linkedTrusted Source four cases of pneumonia of
unknown etiologyTrusted Source to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan,
central China.
On January 7, 2020, researchers isolated the causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, and on
January 10, they sequenced its genome.
By January 2, 2020, doctors had confirmed that 41 peopleTrusted Source in a Wuhan
hospital with severe respiratory illness had a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of these individuals,
27 had had exposure to the seafood market.
We have to keep our body fit and healthy to face the various viruses coming regulary in
different forms
Other human coronaviruses
Many coronaviruses exist, affecting both animals and people. Most cause infections with mild to
moderate symptoms in the upper respiratory tract, such as colds.
In recent years, two coronaviruses — SARS-CoV and MERS-CoVTrusted Source — have caused
more severe disease. SARS-CoV, which scientists identified in November 2002, was responsible for
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which emerged in Asia. The Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source note that of the 8,096 people with a known SARS infection,
774 died. There have been no reported cases since 2004.
Scientists first identified Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), the disease that MERS-CoV-2
causes, in 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The mortality rate for MERS is high — of every 10 people with the
infection, three or fourTrusted Source die. There continue to be occasional, localized outbreaks of
this disease.
4. Both of these coronaviruses caused diseases with high fatality rates, but it was possible to contain the
spread before they reached pandemic levels. So, were we ready for the next coronavirus?
The origins of SARS-CoV-2
Experts believe that SARSTrusted Source came from bats and that MERSTrusted Source crossed
over to people from camels. However, for SARS-CoV-2, researchers have not all agreed on any of
the many existing theories.
At first, people thought that SARS-CoV-2 might have come directly from batsTrusted Source.
Scientists discounted that theory, though, as the spike protein on SARS-CoV-2 is very different from
that on the coronaviruses present in bats.
Now, researchers think it is likely that the virus originated in bats but had an intermediate host
between bats and people. A recent study — which has not yet undergone peer review — suggests
that live mammals for sale at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, the epicenter of early
cases, might have been the intermediate host.
Another recent study — also yet to undergo peer review — that analyzed the evolution of SARS-
CoV-2 suggests that “SARS-CoV-2 emergence likely resulted from multiple zoonotic events.” The
researchers do not suggest what the intermediate animal hosts might be.
Alternatively, did SARS-CoV-2 escape from a laboratory in Wuhan, as some media
outletsTrusted Source have suggested? The WHOTrusted Source has dismissed this theory as
“extremely unlikely.”
So, there is still uncertainty about the origins of SARS-CoV-2. And this may be due, in some
measure, to a lack of international cooperation, as Prof. Jonathan Stoye, a virologist at the Francis
Crick Institute in London, United Kingdom, told Medical News Today.
In his opinion, “one mistake was to start pointing fingers at China and blaming them for the origin of
this virus. I think that, naturally, led to pushback from the Chinese [authorities].”
He added: “I absolutely believe in natural origins [of SARS-CoV-2], but the Chinese [authorities]
could have made things easier if they’d opened up their books straightaway. They weren’t going to
do that when they were being accused of being responsible [for the virus].”
5. The rise of variants
For almost a year, the original Wuhan variant of SARS-CoV-2 moved across the globe. Then, in late
2020, the number of COVID-19 cases increased rapidly in South East England, in the United
Kingdom.
Researchers discovered that a new variant, which was 50% more transmissibleTrusted Source than
the original and had 17 unique mutationsTrusted Source, was responsible. In December 2020, the
WHO designated it B.1.1.7, or the Alpha variant.
Scientists have since identified many other variants, but the WHO has only designated five
as variants of concern (VOC)Trusted Source. The VOCs and the location of their initial
identification areTrusted Source:
Alpha (B.1.1.7): The U.K., September 2020
Beta (B.1.351): South Africa, October 2020
Gamma (P.1): Brazil, December 2020
Delta (B.1.617.2): India, October 2020
Omicron (B.1.1.529): Multiple countries, November 2021
Each variant has different features. Some variants are more transmissible than others, and some are
more virulent. It is these features that have caused the multiple waves of COVID-19.
“The regular and rapid emergence of new variants in the past 2 years have made the course of the
pandemic very unpredictable.”
– Dr. Arturo Casadevall, distinguished professor and chair of molecular microbiology and
immunology and infectious diseases at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in
Baltimore
What causes variants?
Viruses mutateTrusted Source all the time. Each time they replicate, which they do frequently, their
genetic material is copied. A mutation happens when part of the genetic material is copied
incorrectly.
6. In a coronavirus, the genetic material is ribonucleic acid (RNA). An enzyme called RNA polymerase
controls the replication, and it often makes errors. Most mutations create a virus that cannot replicate
and spread among people. However, some mutations lead to a virus that can replicate: a variant.
A mutation might give the virus a selective advantage, such as better transmissibility or greater
virulence. If it is more transmissible, the variant may spread faster and outcompete previous
variants. This is what happened with the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants of the
coronavirus.
Some situations give viruses more opportunities to mutate, as Dr. Christopher Coleman, assistant
professor of infection immunology at the University of Nottingham, U.K., explained to MNT:
“Viruses naturally mutate as they replicate, so in an immunocompromised host where the virus
replicates more easily, there will be a correspondingly increased number of mutations.”
Omicron has more than 50 mutationsTrusted Source, of which some 30Trusted Source are in the
spike protein that the virus uses to gain entry to host cells. One theory suggests that it may have
evolved in people with HIV, a virus that suppresses the immune system.
Hosts and mutations
Moving between host species also increases the mutation rate. Dr. Coleman added that the
“[i]nfection of animals by humans will mean the virus then adapts to a new host, which
involves mutations.”
Domestic animals, such as cats, dogs, and ferrets, have had SARS-CoV-2 infections.
The CDCTrusted Source notes that on one mink farm in Michigan, several animals
contracted the virus, which then passed back to workers. On testing, the viral samples from
the workers contained several mink-related mutations.
“You are getting evolution occurring from different starting points. Whether they are
occurring through immunosuppressed or immunocompromised patients, or whether they
are happening through animals, or how, I don’t know that we know, and I don’t know that we
will ever really know.”
— Prof. Jonathan Stoye
7. Vaccines
Decades of research into coronaviruses led to the rapid development of vaccines, many of
them using new technologies. These have been incredibly effectiveTrusted Source in
reducing the impact of COVID-19 and allowing society to regain some measure of
normality.
But, as Prof. Stoye explained, “[i]n retrospect, we have been ‘lucky’ that it has been
possible to make a vaccine against this particular virus, whereas for things like HIV
[…], we still don’t have vaccines.”
However, vaccines designed against one variant might be ineffective against another.
“The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants upended many optimistic predictions made when
the vaccines were rolled out in 2020.”
— Dr. Arturo Casadevall
Despite the evolution of variants, vaccines still guard against severe COVID-19, particularly
in those who have received multiple vaccinations.
Despite suggestions that vaccines might even drive the evolution of new vaccine-resistant
variants, this does not seem to be the case, as a recent report states: “Given the
emergence of immunity-evading variants even before vaccines were broadly deployed, it is
hard to implicate vaccines or vaccine deployment strategies as the major drivers of immune
evasion.”
Prof. Stoye feels that vaccines will continue to be important. “I suspect we will have to have
yearly boosters of the vaccine, at least for the foreseeable future,” he said.
And he expressed a hope that research might create more powerful vaccines:
“It would be very nice if scientists could establish a pan-coronavirus vaccine that worked
against multiple viruses. That has to be one of the hopes of the future — that you will have
a method of vaccination that will protect you against various viruses.”
The end of the pandemic?
8. After 2 years, people are becoming tired of restrictions, feeling that the pandemic should
surely be over. However, Prof. Stoye is one of many experts expressing concern that
governments are removing COVID-19 testing and control measures too early.
“One of the things I’m frightened about is that we will, in fact, lose our ability to
follow these processes as we stop testing and sequencing so much. […] As we test
less, as we sequence less, we will lose that ability to recognize new variants in real
time,” he told us.
Global lessons for the future
“These things will come again. We need to realize that, and we need to have a response
ready quickly. I think we need to be able to recognize very rapidly the appearance of new
diseases — this comes back to geopolitics.”
— Prof. Jonathan Stoye
This is not the first pandemic, and it is unlikely to be the last. Some aspects have been well-
handled, while others have not, and the geopolitical debates will continue for years. At least
vaccines are continuing to protect against severe illness and death from all variants.
Possibly the most important lesson is that it is crucial to address future disease outbreaks
globally. Although people in high income countries have had ready access to vaccines and
boosters, many African countries have yet to vaccinate even 10% of their population due
to inequitable vaccine distribution.
The lack of widespread vaccination can also contribute to the development of new variants.
Prof. Stoye stressed the importance of global cooperation in countering pandemics:
“The global aspects of this are the interesting and important ones. Whether those lessons
will be learned, I don’t know. […] I would hate to think that, suppose in 2 or 3 years down
the track, we are living comfortably with this virus, and SARS-3 comes along or HIV5, and
we have forgotten all the lessons we have learned. It’s trying to retain that memory that is
the important lesson.”
Source : Medical NewsToday