Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) is a serious antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics has encouraged the emergence of resistant strains like VRSA. VRSA was first identified in the 1990s and cases have been reported worldwide since then. VRSA poses a major health risk as it can be difficult to treat and has the potential to spread rapidly internationally through human travel and contact. Proper infection control practices and antibiotic stewardship are important to prevent the further emergence and spread of VRSA.
Dr. Kurt Stevenson - Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Management in ...John Blue
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Management in Hospital and Community Settings - Issues for Human Population Medicine - Dr. Kurt Stevenson, The Ohio State University Medical Center, from the 2012 NIAA One Health Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Symposium, October 26-27, 2012, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at:
http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2012-one-health-to-approach-antimicrobial-resistance-and-use
This document discusses the need for new antibiotics to combat the growing threat of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. It notes that while current technologies have improved our ability to identify potential drug targets, significant challenges remain in developing new antimicrobial drugs and bringing them to market. The document outlines factors contributing to the need for new antibiotics, such as emerging infectious diseases, increasing antibiotic resistance, and the impact of bacterial diseases. It argues that without active support of antibiotic research and development, we may face a potential public health crisis as antibiotic-resistant bacteria proliferate and treatment options dwindle.
Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated f...ijtsrd
The increasing incidence of Candidiasis affecting the genitourinary tracts as well as the introduction of new antifungal drugs has recently encouraged the need for performing fungal susceptibility tests. The study was aimed at evaluating the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species isolated from female patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), with suspected Candidal infections between August, 2012 to June, 2013. Five hundred and twenty one (521) clinical samples comprising 342 urine and 179 high vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The Candida species isolated were identified to species level using Chromogenic agar and API 20 C AUX test kit. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed using commercially prepared single antifungal disc (Bioanalyse Turkey). Out of these 521 samples analyzed only 59 yielded Candida species giving the overall prevalence of 11.3% with Candida albicans 22 (37.3%) as the common species isolated followed by C. glabrata 19 (32.2%), C. tropicalis 5(8.5%), C. krusei 3 (5.1%), C. magnoliae 3 (5.1%), C. lusitaniae 2 (3.4%), C. parapsilosis 2 (3.4%), C. famata 2 (3.4%) and C. guilliermondii 1 (1.7%). The antifungal susceptibility test shows that 81.4% of the isolates were susceptible to ketoconazole and only 3.4% to nystatin. However, 33.9% were susceptible, 13.6% intermediate susceptible and 52.5% resistant to fluconazole. Similarly 28.8% were susceptible, 5.1% intermediate susceptible and 66.1% resistant to voriconazole. Additionally 25.4% were susceptible, 11.9% intermediate susceptible and 62.7% resistant to flucytosine. All the C. krusei isolates were completely resistant to azole drugs while C. famata were resistant to all the drugs tested. Two quality control strains of Candida namely: Candida tropicalis ATCC 750 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028 were used. Taura, D. W. | Yakubu, G. | Panda, T. W. | Dagona, A.G."Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated from Female Patients Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2395.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/2395/evaluation-of-antifungal-susceptibility-profile-of-candida-species-isolated-from-female-patients-attending-aminu-kano--teaching-hospital-akth/taura-d-w
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter Retrospective Greek Study by Lamprini Gkaravela in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that is resistant to many antibiotics and causes difficult-to-treat infections. MRSA was first identified in the 1960s after methicillin was introduced. It has since spread worldwide and is a major public health concern. MRSA infections present with symptoms like skin abscesses or boils and can become life-threatening. Diagnosis involves culturing samples from infected sites and testing bacterial growth with antibiotics. Treatment options are limited since MRSA is resistant to many drugs.
Nowadays, there is a demand for novel
drugs to prevent these infections and the emergence
from mutation of microorganisms. Given the rising
incidence of resistance to synthetic antibiotics and in
light of the rising costs of medicines it is well-timed
to search for natural products such as plant derived
antimicrobial drugs to reduce the resistance of
microorganisms. Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius),
in addition to synthetic alternatives, has the potential
of antibacterial activity. The antibacterial properties of
established. For that reason, the research proponents
of this study aims to assess the antibacterial properties
of pandan with the end view of providing low cost
of medications and the prevention of resistance. This research analyzed the in vitro activity of pandan
leaves crude extract against bacterial isolates such as
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli
ATCC 25922 and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 27853.
About 1 kilogram of freshly collected pandan leaves
was subjected to water distillation and the filtrate
was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The crude
extract was then used for the phytochemical analysis.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of pandan
against the said microorganisms were examined. This
study also determined the stability of pandan as to pH
and temperature.
7 efecto de introducción de vacuna conjugada neumocócica sobre el sp resistenteRuth Vargas Gonzales
This document summarizes a study examining the effect of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) on rates of invasive disease caused by drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The study found that after the introduction of the PCV in 2000:
1) Rates of invasive disease caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible and multidrug-resistant strains decreased significantly in children under 2 years old and adults over 65.
2) Rates of resistant disease caused by the vaccine serotypes fell sharply.
3) There was an increase in disease caused by non-vaccine serotype 19A.
This document discusses how whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has improved understanding of drug resistant tuberculosis (TB). WGS has identified specific mutations that cause resistance to classical and new antitubercular drugs. It has also revealed how resistance evolves within patients and spreads between patients. Clinical applications of WGS include rapid detection of drug resistance and tracking of TB outbreaks. However, challenges remain in applying WGS to improve TB control and diagnosis.
Dr. Kurt Stevenson - Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Management in ...John Blue
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Management in Hospital and Community Settings - Issues for Human Population Medicine - Dr. Kurt Stevenson, The Ohio State University Medical Center, from the 2012 NIAA One Health Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Symposium, October 26-27, 2012, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at:
http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2012-one-health-to-approach-antimicrobial-resistance-and-use
This document discusses the need for new antibiotics to combat the growing threat of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. It notes that while current technologies have improved our ability to identify potential drug targets, significant challenges remain in developing new antimicrobial drugs and bringing them to market. The document outlines factors contributing to the need for new antibiotics, such as emerging infectious diseases, increasing antibiotic resistance, and the impact of bacterial diseases. It argues that without active support of antibiotic research and development, we may face a potential public health crisis as antibiotic-resistant bacteria proliferate and treatment options dwindle.
Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated f...ijtsrd
The increasing incidence of Candidiasis affecting the genitourinary tracts as well as the introduction of new antifungal drugs has recently encouraged the need for performing fungal susceptibility tests. The study was aimed at evaluating the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species isolated from female patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), with suspected Candidal infections between August, 2012 to June, 2013. Five hundred and twenty one (521) clinical samples comprising 342 urine and 179 high vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The Candida species isolated were identified to species level using Chromogenic agar and API 20 C AUX test kit. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed using commercially prepared single antifungal disc (Bioanalyse Turkey). Out of these 521 samples analyzed only 59 yielded Candida species giving the overall prevalence of 11.3% with Candida albicans 22 (37.3%) as the common species isolated followed by C. glabrata 19 (32.2%), C. tropicalis 5(8.5%), C. krusei 3 (5.1%), C. magnoliae 3 (5.1%), C. lusitaniae 2 (3.4%), C. parapsilosis 2 (3.4%), C. famata 2 (3.4%) and C. guilliermondii 1 (1.7%). The antifungal susceptibility test shows that 81.4% of the isolates were susceptible to ketoconazole and only 3.4% to nystatin. However, 33.9% were susceptible, 13.6% intermediate susceptible and 52.5% resistant to fluconazole. Similarly 28.8% were susceptible, 5.1% intermediate susceptible and 66.1% resistant to voriconazole. Additionally 25.4% were susceptible, 11.9% intermediate susceptible and 62.7% resistant to flucytosine. All the C. krusei isolates were completely resistant to azole drugs while C. famata were resistant to all the drugs tested. Two quality control strains of Candida namely: Candida tropicalis ATCC 750 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028 were used. Taura, D. W. | Yakubu, G. | Panda, T. W. | Dagona, A.G."Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated from Female Patients Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2395.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/2395/evaluation-of-antifungal-susceptibility-profile-of-candida-species-isolated-from-female-patients-attending-aminu-kano--teaching-hospital-akth/taura-d-w
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter Retrospective Greek Study by Lamprini Gkaravela in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that is resistant to many antibiotics and causes difficult-to-treat infections. MRSA was first identified in the 1960s after methicillin was introduced. It has since spread worldwide and is a major public health concern. MRSA infections present with symptoms like skin abscesses or boils and can become life-threatening. Diagnosis involves culturing samples from infected sites and testing bacterial growth with antibiotics. Treatment options are limited since MRSA is resistant to many drugs.
Nowadays, there is a demand for novel
drugs to prevent these infections and the emergence
from mutation of microorganisms. Given the rising
incidence of resistance to synthetic antibiotics and in
light of the rising costs of medicines it is well-timed
to search for natural products such as plant derived
antimicrobial drugs to reduce the resistance of
microorganisms. Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius),
in addition to synthetic alternatives, has the potential
of antibacterial activity. The antibacterial properties of
established. For that reason, the research proponents
of this study aims to assess the antibacterial properties
of pandan with the end view of providing low cost
of medications and the prevention of resistance. This research analyzed the in vitro activity of pandan
leaves crude extract against bacterial isolates such as
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli
ATCC 25922 and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 27853.
About 1 kilogram of freshly collected pandan leaves
was subjected to water distillation and the filtrate
was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The crude
extract was then used for the phytochemical analysis.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of pandan
against the said microorganisms were examined. This
study also determined the stability of pandan as to pH
and temperature.
7 efecto de introducción de vacuna conjugada neumocócica sobre el sp resistenteRuth Vargas Gonzales
This document summarizes a study examining the effect of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) on rates of invasive disease caused by drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The study found that after the introduction of the PCV in 2000:
1) Rates of invasive disease caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible and multidrug-resistant strains decreased significantly in children under 2 years old and adults over 65.
2) Rates of resistant disease caused by the vaccine serotypes fell sharply.
3) There was an increase in disease caused by non-vaccine serotype 19A.
This document discusses how whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has improved understanding of drug resistant tuberculosis (TB). WGS has identified specific mutations that cause resistance to classical and new antitubercular drugs. It has also revealed how resistance evolves within patients and spreads between patients. Clinical applications of WGS include rapid detection of drug resistance and tracking of TB outbreaks. However, challenges remain in applying WGS to improve TB control and diagnosis.
Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unitijtsrd
Hospital acquired infection is one of the ignored causes that burden the developing country like India economically. The present prospective study was carried out in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai. As intensive care units pose patients to higher risk of infection, they need more attention in view of reducing hospital acquired infections. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence rate, risk factors and organisms responsible for nosocomial infections along with antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the pathogens. Among all the positive isolates two isolates were found to be multi drug resistant. The infection pattern was analyzed based on the different criteria viz. age of the patient, stay in ICU in terms of number of days and gender of the patient, to understand their roles in incidence of infection. The study intends to throw light upon the increasing incidences of nosocomial infections in hospitals and increase awareness among society to follow simple precautionary measures to avoid the loss. Sayali Daptardar"Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14153.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/14153/nosocomial-infections-in-pediatric-intensive-care-unit/sayali-daptardar
Virulence Factor Targeting of the Bacterial Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus fo...Trevor Kane
Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen capable of causing a range of infections from mild to life-threatening. The review discusses several major virulence factors produced by S. aureus including the agr quorum sensing system, α-toxin, phenol soluble modulins, protein A, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, and staphylococcal enterotoxins. Recent research into antivirulence approaches that target these factors are highlighted as a potential alternative to antibiotics for treating S. aureus infections.
Genomic epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni associated with asymptomatic pae...Ben Pascoe
The document summarizes research on Campylobacter jejuni associated with asymptomatic paediatric infection in the Peruvian Amazon. It finds that isolates from Peruvian children have a local gene pool and genotypes rarely seen globally. Lineages associated with asymptomatic infection are proliferating in the region. Though globally circulating strains are present, the regional accessory genome content differs. Poultry is identified as the predominant infection source for children in the Peruvian Amazon. Further sampling is needed to better understand regional differences and reservoirs.
This study analyzed 182 pediatric patients under 14 years old with Staphylococcus aureus infections from 3 hospitals in Medellin, Colombia between 2008-2010. 41.4% of patients were under 1 year old. The most common infections were skin and soft tissue infections. Patients with methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections were more likely to have attended daycare centers or taken previous antibiotics. Sixteen different clonal complexes were identified among the isolates, with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains showing more diversity. The most common staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type was IVc, which was linked to Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. This prevalence of S. aureus infections in
Citrobacter frendii infections in ReptilesCelise Taylor
This document summarizes information about Citrobacter frendii infections in humans and reptiles. It discusses the bacterium's history, associated diseases like pneumonia and meningitis, modes of transmission including person-to-person and through animal hosts like turtles, current treatment approaches using antimicrobial agents, and prevalence based on various studies showing it has infected many humans and captive reptiles. Personal experience is also shared treating infected sliders with topical antimicrobial treatments.
Preventive and therapeutic strategies in critically ill patients with highly...Sergio Paul Silva Marin
This document discusses preventive and therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients infected with highly resistant bacteria. It notes that antibiotic resistance is a major global problem, with multidrug-resistant and pandrug-resistant organisms increasingly encountered in healthcare settings. The review focuses on strategies for severely ill ICU patients, who are at high risk of nosocomial infections due to medical advances enabling longer stays. Timely diagnosis and optimized antibiotic treatment are important for managing such infections.
Guided by several doctors, Dr. Chavan Sneha S. presented on the role of viruses in periodontal diseases. The summary is:
1) Periodontal diseases have multiple etiological factors, and various viruses may play a role in their development, including herpesviruses like cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus.
2) These viruses are more frequently detected in aggressive periodontitis lesions compared to healthy sites or gingivitis, and their presence may impair host defenses allowing bacterial pathogens to proliferate.
3) Local reactivation of herpesviruses from latent infections in the periodontium has been proposed as one mechanism by which viruses could contribute to period
This study analyzed 89 websites from top search engines about the HPV vaccine to understand the information available to people making decisions. Most websites were from nonprofit/academic or government sources and had a neutral tone. However, the information presented did not optimally address the five predictors of the Health Belief Model. Some websites included questions about civil liberties or conspiracy theories. The researchers recommend websites include more information on HPV risks, vaccine effectiveness and benefits, and ways to access the vaccine.
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: T...John Blue
Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: The Public Health Concerns - Dr. Robert Tauxe, Deputy Director, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Gram-negative bacteria commonly cause nosocomial infections like pneumonia and bloodstream infections in debilitated patients. Enterobacteriaceae are the most frequent causes, while non-fermenters like Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter predominate in critically ill patients. Mortality from gram-negative infections remains high, especially with certain multidrug-resistant pathogens. Inappropriate antibiotic therapy, which can include incorrect dosing or use when not indicated, increases morbidity, mortality and resistance. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and AmpC beta-lactamases are important resistance mechanisms in key pathogens like K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter species. Carbapenems remain the preferred treatment for infections caused by extended
OMICS Group is an organization committed to making scientific research openly accessible. It hosts over 400 peer-reviewed open access journals and organizes over 300 international conferences annually. The organization has over 3 million readers for its journals. It aims to serve the scientific community by ensuring a rapid peer review process from its large editorial board of over 30,000 reviewers. OMICS Group also partners with over 1000 international societies to make healthcare information openly accessible. It welcomes high-quality research submissions and follows a peer review process to maintain journal excellence.
UCSD undergraduate researchers are studying various ecosystems and their components in order to better understand their functioning and identify factors crucial for preservation. Studies described include examining the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in mammary gland and stem cell development, investigating how the antibiotic salinomycin affects cancer stem cells, and exploring the foraging behavior of bees and life histories of cacti. The goal is to gain insights that can inform effective conservation strategies to protect interdependent living things and environments.
The document discusses cellulitis, a bacterial skin infection. It occurs in about 200 cases per 100,000 patients per year, with breaks in the skin between the toes being a common site of entry. Culture results vary, with pathogens identified in less than 5% of mild cases up to 40% depending on the sampling method. Common pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA, with MRSA identified in 59% of purulent soft tissue infections in one study. Risk factors for MRSA include recent hospitalization, living in long-term care, hemodialysis, diabetes, IV drug use, recent antibiotics, incarceration, and HIV.
This document provides guidelines for managing opportunistic mycobacterial infections. It discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these infections. For pulmonary disease caused by M. kansasii in HIV-negative patients, the guidelines recommend treatment with rifampicin and ethambutol for 9 months based on prospective studies showing high cure rates without relapse. For patients with compromised immunity, treatment should continue for 15-24 months or until sputum cultures are negative for 12 months. Relapses should be retreated with rifampicin and ethambutol for 15-24 months, adding prothionamide and streptomycin for non-responders.
This document summarizes information about Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infections, including trends, risk factors, and preventive strategies. It notes that MRSA first emerged in the 1960s due to antibiotic overuse and has since spread globally. Two main types are described - healthcare-associated MRSA and community-associated MRSA - along with their respective risk factors. Guidelines from organizations like CDC and SHEA are discussed. Preventive strategies mentioned include surveillance, hand hygiene, isolation protocols, and education efforts. Compliance with guidelines in Florida is found to vary, with smaller and larger facilities showing less compliance.
Martin Chang, MBBE final report, 2012_08_21Martin Chang
This document summarizes key information about developing an effective blood-stage malaria vaccine, including:
1) Existing vaccines like RTS,S have shown only partial effectiveness, so more effective vaccines are still needed.
2) The malaria parasite has different life stages, and vaccines target different stages. This report focuses on blood-stage vaccines.
3) Effective immune mechanisms against blood-stage parasites include antibody-dependent cellular inhibition (ADCI) and antibody-dependent respiratory burst (ADRB), but these have not been fully induced by existing vaccines.
Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of staphylococcus aureus in ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples. 155 clinical samples were tested and 28 samples were found to contain S. aureus. High vaginal swabs had the highest prevalence. The isolates showed high sensitivity to gentamicin, azithromycin, and pefloxacin. Resistance was observed to cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime and cephalexin. Regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility is needed to guide treatment of S. aureus infections.
1. Researchers have developed a new DNA-based test that can more quickly and accurately distinguish between two potato pests called the golden nematode and pale cyst nematode.
2. The test identifies unique DNA sequences in the parasitism genes of each nematode species, allowing identification from small nematode samples.
3. Scientists also discovered a new species of Ehrlichia bacteria carried by ticks that can cause febrile illness in humans in Wisconsin and Minnesota. The most severe cases can impact multiple organs and effective treatment involves antibiotics like doxycycline.
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Kazakhstan (1948-2013)
1) Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus has been endemic in southern regions of Kazakhstan since the first reported cases in 1948, with over 700 cases reported total through 2013.
2) The disease is seasonal, occurring predominantly between April and June, and is transmitted to humans mainly through tick bites, affecting those in agricultural professions.
3) Case fatality rates have varied between 10-30% depending on the decade, with an overall rate of 14.8% reported.
1) MRSA is an antibiotic-resistant bacteria that can cause serious infections. It is commonly spread through direct contact with infected wounds or contaminated hands. While traditionally found in healthcare settings, it is also present in communities.
2) A study of several hospitals found that 13.6% of patients were not screened for MRSA upon admission and 2% already had MRSA infections. MRSA is also spread in communities through close contact in places like gyms, schools, and military barracks.
3) Researchers are working on developing a MRSA vaccine to help prevent the spread of the infection. One approach uses T-cells rather than antibodies, which could provide broader protection against different MRSA strains. A universal
A PROPOSAL ON BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF Stap...Shrezjana Mainali
This document presents a proposal to study biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples. It provides background on S. aureus as a common pathogen and discusses the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains like MRSA. The proposal aims to determine the prevalence of biofilm formation among S. aureus isolates from clinical samples and identify associations between biofilm production and antibiotic resistance profiles. It justifies the study by noting the lack of research on biofilm-producing MRSA in Nepal and the potential for findings to improve treatment. The proposal acknowledges limitations from the short study period and lack of extensive prior research and optimal laboratory facilities in Nepal.
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines. A growing number of infections – such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, and salmonellosis – are becoming harder to treat as the antibiotics used to treat them become less effective. Antibiotic resistance leads to longer hospital stays,higher medical costs and increased mortality.
Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unitijtsrd
Hospital acquired infection is one of the ignored causes that burden the developing country like India economically. The present prospective study was carried out in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai. As intensive care units pose patients to higher risk of infection, they need more attention in view of reducing hospital acquired infections. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence rate, risk factors and organisms responsible for nosocomial infections along with antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the pathogens. Among all the positive isolates two isolates were found to be multi drug resistant. The infection pattern was analyzed based on the different criteria viz. age of the patient, stay in ICU in terms of number of days and gender of the patient, to understand their roles in incidence of infection. The study intends to throw light upon the increasing incidences of nosocomial infections in hospitals and increase awareness among society to follow simple precautionary measures to avoid the loss. Sayali Daptardar"Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14153.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/14153/nosocomial-infections-in-pediatric-intensive-care-unit/sayali-daptardar
Virulence Factor Targeting of the Bacterial Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus fo...Trevor Kane
Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen capable of causing a range of infections from mild to life-threatening. The review discusses several major virulence factors produced by S. aureus including the agr quorum sensing system, α-toxin, phenol soluble modulins, protein A, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, and staphylococcal enterotoxins. Recent research into antivirulence approaches that target these factors are highlighted as a potential alternative to antibiotics for treating S. aureus infections.
Genomic epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni associated with asymptomatic pae...Ben Pascoe
The document summarizes research on Campylobacter jejuni associated with asymptomatic paediatric infection in the Peruvian Amazon. It finds that isolates from Peruvian children have a local gene pool and genotypes rarely seen globally. Lineages associated with asymptomatic infection are proliferating in the region. Though globally circulating strains are present, the regional accessory genome content differs. Poultry is identified as the predominant infection source for children in the Peruvian Amazon. Further sampling is needed to better understand regional differences and reservoirs.
This study analyzed 182 pediatric patients under 14 years old with Staphylococcus aureus infections from 3 hospitals in Medellin, Colombia between 2008-2010. 41.4% of patients were under 1 year old. The most common infections were skin and soft tissue infections. Patients with methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections were more likely to have attended daycare centers or taken previous antibiotics. Sixteen different clonal complexes were identified among the isolates, with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains showing more diversity. The most common staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type was IVc, which was linked to Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. This prevalence of S. aureus infections in
Citrobacter frendii infections in ReptilesCelise Taylor
This document summarizes information about Citrobacter frendii infections in humans and reptiles. It discusses the bacterium's history, associated diseases like pneumonia and meningitis, modes of transmission including person-to-person and through animal hosts like turtles, current treatment approaches using antimicrobial agents, and prevalence based on various studies showing it has infected many humans and captive reptiles. Personal experience is also shared treating infected sliders with topical antimicrobial treatments.
Preventive and therapeutic strategies in critically ill patients with highly...Sergio Paul Silva Marin
This document discusses preventive and therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients infected with highly resistant bacteria. It notes that antibiotic resistance is a major global problem, with multidrug-resistant and pandrug-resistant organisms increasingly encountered in healthcare settings. The review focuses on strategies for severely ill ICU patients, who are at high risk of nosocomial infections due to medical advances enabling longer stays. Timely diagnosis and optimized antibiotic treatment are important for managing such infections.
Guided by several doctors, Dr. Chavan Sneha S. presented on the role of viruses in periodontal diseases. The summary is:
1) Periodontal diseases have multiple etiological factors, and various viruses may play a role in their development, including herpesviruses like cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus.
2) These viruses are more frequently detected in aggressive periodontitis lesions compared to healthy sites or gingivitis, and their presence may impair host defenses allowing bacterial pathogens to proliferate.
3) Local reactivation of herpesviruses from latent infections in the periodontium has been proposed as one mechanism by which viruses could contribute to period
This study analyzed 89 websites from top search engines about the HPV vaccine to understand the information available to people making decisions. Most websites were from nonprofit/academic or government sources and had a neutral tone. However, the information presented did not optimally address the five predictors of the Health Belief Model. Some websites included questions about civil liberties or conspiracy theories. The researchers recommend websites include more information on HPV risks, vaccine effectiveness and benefits, and ways to access the vaccine.
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: T...John Blue
Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: The Public Health Concerns - Dr. Robert Tauxe, Deputy Director, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Gram-negative bacteria commonly cause nosocomial infections like pneumonia and bloodstream infections in debilitated patients. Enterobacteriaceae are the most frequent causes, while non-fermenters like Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter predominate in critically ill patients. Mortality from gram-negative infections remains high, especially with certain multidrug-resistant pathogens. Inappropriate antibiotic therapy, which can include incorrect dosing or use when not indicated, increases morbidity, mortality and resistance. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and AmpC beta-lactamases are important resistance mechanisms in key pathogens like K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter species. Carbapenems remain the preferred treatment for infections caused by extended
OMICS Group is an organization committed to making scientific research openly accessible. It hosts over 400 peer-reviewed open access journals and organizes over 300 international conferences annually. The organization has over 3 million readers for its journals. It aims to serve the scientific community by ensuring a rapid peer review process from its large editorial board of over 30,000 reviewers. OMICS Group also partners with over 1000 international societies to make healthcare information openly accessible. It welcomes high-quality research submissions and follows a peer review process to maintain journal excellence.
UCSD undergraduate researchers are studying various ecosystems and their components in order to better understand their functioning and identify factors crucial for preservation. Studies described include examining the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in mammary gland and stem cell development, investigating how the antibiotic salinomycin affects cancer stem cells, and exploring the foraging behavior of bees and life histories of cacti. The goal is to gain insights that can inform effective conservation strategies to protect interdependent living things and environments.
The document discusses cellulitis, a bacterial skin infection. It occurs in about 200 cases per 100,000 patients per year, with breaks in the skin between the toes being a common site of entry. Culture results vary, with pathogens identified in less than 5% of mild cases up to 40% depending on the sampling method. Common pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA, with MRSA identified in 59% of purulent soft tissue infections in one study. Risk factors for MRSA include recent hospitalization, living in long-term care, hemodialysis, diabetes, IV drug use, recent antibiotics, incarceration, and HIV.
This document provides guidelines for managing opportunistic mycobacterial infections. It discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these infections. For pulmonary disease caused by M. kansasii in HIV-negative patients, the guidelines recommend treatment with rifampicin and ethambutol for 9 months based on prospective studies showing high cure rates without relapse. For patients with compromised immunity, treatment should continue for 15-24 months or until sputum cultures are negative for 12 months. Relapses should be retreated with rifampicin and ethambutol for 15-24 months, adding prothionamide and streptomycin for non-responders.
This document summarizes information about Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infections, including trends, risk factors, and preventive strategies. It notes that MRSA first emerged in the 1960s due to antibiotic overuse and has since spread globally. Two main types are described - healthcare-associated MRSA and community-associated MRSA - along with their respective risk factors. Guidelines from organizations like CDC and SHEA are discussed. Preventive strategies mentioned include surveillance, hand hygiene, isolation protocols, and education efforts. Compliance with guidelines in Florida is found to vary, with smaller and larger facilities showing less compliance.
Martin Chang, MBBE final report, 2012_08_21Martin Chang
This document summarizes key information about developing an effective blood-stage malaria vaccine, including:
1) Existing vaccines like RTS,S have shown only partial effectiveness, so more effective vaccines are still needed.
2) The malaria parasite has different life stages, and vaccines target different stages. This report focuses on blood-stage vaccines.
3) Effective immune mechanisms against blood-stage parasites include antibody-dependent cellular inhibition (ADCI) and antibody-dependent respiratory burst (ADRB), but these have not been fully induced by existing vaccines.
Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of staphylococcus aureus in ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples. 155 clinical samples were tested and 28 samples were found to contain S. aureus. High vaginal swabs had the highest prevalence. The isolates showed high sensitivity to gentamicin, azithromycin, and pefloxacin. Resistance was observed to cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime and cephalexin. Regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility is needed to guide treatment of S. aureus infections.
1. Researchers have developed a new DNA-based test that can more quickly and accurately distinguish between two potato pests called the golden nematode and pale cyst nematode.
2. The test identifies unique DNA sequences in the parasitism genes of each nematode species, allowing identification from small nematode samples.
3. Scientists also discovered a new species of Ehrlichia bacteria carried by ticks that can cause febrile illness in humans in Wisconsin and Minnesota. The most severe cases can impact multiple organs and effective treatment involves antibiotics like doxycycline.
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Kazakhstan (1948-2013)
1) Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus has been endemic in southern regions of Kazakhstan since the first reported cases in 1948, with over 700 cases reported total through 2013.
2) The disease is seasonal, occurring predominantly between April and June, and is transmitted to humans mainly through tick bites, affecting those in agricultural professions.
3) Case fatality rates have varied between 10-30% depending on the decade, with an overall rate of 14.8% reported.
1) MRSA is an antibiotic-resistant bacteria that can cause serious infections. It is commonly spread through direct contact with infected wounds or contaminated hands. While traditionally found in healthcare settings, it is also present in communities.
2) A study of several hospitals found that 13.6% of patients were not screened for MRSA upon admission and 2% already had MRSA infections. MRSA is also spread in communities through close contact in places like gyms, schools, and military barracks.
3) Researchers are working on developing a MRSA vaccine to help prevent the spread of the infection. One approach uses T-cells rather than antibodies, which could provide broader protection against different MRSA strains. A universal
A PROPOSAL ON BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF Stap...Shrezjana Mainali
This document presents a proposal to study biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples. It provides background on S. aureus as a common pathogen and discusses the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains like MRSA. The proposal aims to determine the prevalence of biofilm formation among S. aureus isolates from clinical samples and identify associations between biofilm production and antibiotic resistance profiles. It justifies the study by noting the lack of research on biofilm-producing MRSA in Nepal and the potential for findings to improve treatment. The proposal acknowledges limitations from the short study period and lack of extensive prior research and optimal laboratory facilities in Nepal.
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines. A growing number of infections – such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, and salmonellosis – are becoming harder to treat as the antibiotics used to treat them become less effective. Antibiotic resistance leads to longer hospital stays,higher medical costs and increased mortality.
Liz Rolf- An Analysis of MRSA from Two Anthropological PerspectivesLiz Rolf
This document provides an overview of MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) from various anthropological perspectives. It discusses how MRSA screening is conducted in hospitals and risk factors for different types of MRSA infections. Antibiotic overuse is identified as a major factor enabling the spread of MRSA due to evolutionary selection pressures. Sociopolitical factors like economic incentives and inadequate healthcare access are also examined in relation to inappropriate antibiotic usage. The roles of hospitals, healthcare workers, and public behaviors in potentially spreading MRSA infections are analyzed.
Dr. Kurt Stevenson - Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Management in ...John Blue
This document summarizes antimicrobial resistance surveillance in hospitals and communities. It discusses the increasing issues of antibiotic resistance over time, with predictions from 1966 that bacterial diseases would be eliminated by 2000 proving inaccurate. The document outlines various multidrug resistant organisms of concern, including MRSA, and the need to track resistance patterns and transmission. It presents a case study describing the identification of the ST-239 strain of MRSA in a surveillance program, which was previously uncommon in the US. Overall it emphasizes the growing challenges of antimicrobial resistance for treatment of infections.
This study aimed to explore the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospital environments in Benghazi, Libya. Swabs were collected from 395 surfaces in hospital wards, including beds, sinks, doors, and floors. MRSA was isolated from 25.3% of samples. The highest rates of MRSA were found in intensive care units (9.5%), medical units (7.8%), and dialysis wards (5%). Most MRSA strains were resistant to multiple antibiotics. The study concludes that MRSA prevalence in Benghazi hospital environments was high, representing an infection control challenge for Libyan hospitals. Improved surveillance programs are needed to reduce MRSA and other drug
This document discusses infection prevention and safety measures. It begins with definitions of key terms like infection, nosocomial infection, and the chain of infection. It then reviews the history of infection prevention from ancient times through modern developments. Specific types of infections are defined, including hospital-acquired infections. Research on bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance in Nepalese hospitals is summarized. Common microbes that cause hospital infections and strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections are also outlined.
Please answer original forum with a minimum of 300 wordsPleaseisbelsejx0m
Please answer original forum with a minimum of 300 words
Please respond to both students on seperate pages with a minimum of 100 words each
please follo directions or I will dispute!!!
Page1- original Forum and references
page2- student Response
page 3- studen Response
Original Forum
Antibiotics are commonly used to treat infections. We seldom think about what occurs when we take this medication other than the fact that we will or should get better after a few days. Most are aware that antibiotics have been used for some time and their effectiveness is beginning to wane. In fact, today we have strains of microbes that have developed resistance to antibiotics such that we have named them Superbugs. One such Superbug, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become resistant to most antibiotics available and is a problem in many hospital settings.
Review chapters 14 and 15 of your textbook for a review of Antimicrobial Drugs and Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity.
And then visit the
Infectious Disease Society of America
For this forum, please choose to take ONE role in the following scenario.
A patient has arrived in the ER critically ill. She had a minor surgery the week previously and was discharged home with antibiotics. Upon arrival to the ER, the patient presented gravely ill, the surgical wound red, swollen, puss filled and her temperature elevated. A post surgical infection is suspected.
Choose
only ONE
(Topic) role in this scenario:
Topic 1.
You are the patient
Topic 2.
You are the spouse of the patient (the person who may be or may become responsible for making decisions)
Topic 3.
You are the nurse caring for the patient.
Topic 4.
You are the primary physician caring for the patient.
Topic 5.
You are the infectious disease specialist on call for the hospital where the patient has arrived.
Compose an exposition to address the following questions;
1. Is this infection likely MRSA?
2. What would a MRSA infection look like on a patient; for example, describe how the wound presents.
3. Was the patient exposed to MRSA in the hospital prep, during the surgery the week previously or sometime afterwards (post-discharge)?
4. Where does liability for this (potential) infection rest? Is it the responsibility of the patient (making sure she followed her discharge instructions, etc), nurse(s), scrub technicians, physicians, surgeons and/or infectious disease specialists to ensure resistant diseases are kept in check in hospitals?
Student Responses
Eric
As the nurse treating the patient, Here are my answers.
1. Is this infection likely MRSA?
This infection has a probability of being MRSA due to the signs and symptoms which are present. The patient may have been prescribed a broad-spectrum medicine that did not target the intended pathogens to prevent the infection or there could be other possibilities. The patient could have also developed a super infection in which the protect ...
This document provides an introduction to the book "Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries". It discusses how antimicrobial resistance poses greater challenges in developing countries due to factors like malnutrition, lack of medical services, inadequate training, and counterfeit drugs. The introduction emphasizes the need for more data on the scale and spread of resistance in developing countries to inform effective containment strategies. It aims to provide an overview of the magnitude, causes, consequences and potential actions regarding microbial resistance in developing nations.
alhajji1alhajji 2Jafar AlhajjiVaccines Safety and Effectiven.docxsimonlbentley59018
alhajji1
alhajji 2
Jafar Alhajji
Vaccines Safety and Effectiveness
Do you think vaccination is an important or just harmful substance forced by pharmaceutical companies cooperating with the governments to inject into people? Vaccine can be defined as “biological preparations that, when introduced into the body, cause an individual to acquire immunity to a specific disease” (Davidson. 7). So, for decades, vaccines have been considered one of the best revaluation in medical practice. A long time ago, people all around the world tried to fight with different kinds of fatal diseases by different ways, and one of the most Significant ways is to make a vaccine, to prevent such life- threatening diseases. The first vaccine was against the Smallpox disease. Smallpox is a highly contagious disease and caused a lot of fatalities all around the world, and it is transmitted between people by inhalation of droplets of virus or direct contact with smallpox lesion secretions (Davidson 25). It is a deadly disease, it caused blindness and permanent scars in the patients that survived. Finally, after several attempts to make a vaccine for Smallpox, Edward succeeded to produce an effective and safe vaccine in 1796 by using the cowpox vaccine to protect from smallpox. Cowpox is a disease cause by cows and transferred to human, and Jenner’s theory was based that whoever had cowpox will be immunized against smallpox (Davidson 29). “Edward Jenner was an English country doctor who introduced the vaccine for smallpox. Previously a keen practitioner of smallpox inoculation.”
Then, century after century, vaccine after vaccine was developed for different kinds of diseases. In the 20th century, one of the most known vaccines was Diphtheria and Tetanus vaccines. Diphtheria is a respiratory illness, causing the release of exotoxin from Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria which leads to death of mucus cells in the throat, mouth and nose, and as a result of cells accumulation the pseudo-membrane are build up and block the airways of the patients which causes death (Davidson 42) After years of experiments and trials to make a vaccine to fight this disease, Gaston Ramon a French veterinarian and biologist who realized that attenuated Diphtheria toxin is able to activate the immune system of people without causing serious side effects, and by 1927, the toxoid vaccine was freely used all around the world, and it succeeds to drop the number of cases of diphtheria. Then, by using the same way of toxoid, combined Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoid vaccines were produced. Tetanus can be described as a nerves system infection that leads to spasm and contract of body muscles, especially jaw muscles which make the patients unable to open their mouths (Davidson. 44)
Another example of one of the most significant vaccine is a Polio vaccine. Polio disease, mainly affecting children under 5 years old, and leading to paralysis and often to death due to immobilization of respi.
This document discusses the global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the role that drug and therapeutics committees (DTCs) can play in containing AMR. It outlines the global spread of drug-resistant pathogens and infections. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both human and animal settings is a major cause of growing AMR. DTCs can help address this by developing antibiotic policies and formularies, educating on appropriate use, and monitoring antibiotic consumption and resistance patterns. Examples from Kenya and Thailand demonstrate how DTCs have successfully implemented strategies like antibiotic order forms to improve antibiotic use.
The document discusses the history and future of vaccination from the 20th century to the present. It describes several important milestones in vaccine development including the first vaccines for influenza (nasal spray and quadrivalent), HPV, enterovirus 71, malaria, Ebola, and meningitis B. The document argues that modern genetic and immunological techniques enable designing vaccines for diseases of aging societies and developing countries.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin Resistant StaphJoshua Owolabi
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from healthy university students in Nigeria. Swabs were collected from the noses and necks of 100 students. A total of 39 Staphylococcus species were identified, including MRSA and MRCoNS. The MRSA strains showed high resistance to methicillin and several other antibiotics. CoNS also demonstrated moderate to high resistance to several antibiotics tested. This highlights the need for surveillance of antibiotic resistance in the community and policies to prevent the spread of resistant infections.
The document is a report on MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) created by Team JMRN. It includes sections on what MRSA is, its demographics and impact, presentation and manifestation, symptoms and diagnostics, how it interacts with the human body, prevention and cure, references. MRSA is a mutation of the staph bacteria that has grown resistant to many antibiotics. It can cause skin infections, pneumonia and be life-threatening. Prevention includes hand washing, covering wounds, and not sharing personal items. Current treatments involve antibiotics or draining infections, while future prevention may involve vaccines or new antibiotics.
Man Vs Microbe - Pre-Apocalyptic Phase Failed? in IJAHSPreethi Selvaraj
This document discusses the ongoing battle between humans and microbes. It notes the rise of antibiotic-resistant superbugs like MDR-TB that are difficult to treat. Factors contributing to this include overprescription of antibiotics and patient non-compliance. It also discusses the threat of biological warfare, from small-scale food poisoning to mass attacks. Modern techniques allow biological agents to be easily spread through aerosols, contaminated food/water, and more. Stronger regulations on antibiotic usage and policies to defend against bioterrorism are needed to prevent a potential "apocalypse."
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document discusses trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It provides background on Salmonella, including its classification and the historical perspectives of its discovery. It then discusses definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotics, and the mechanisms by which Salmonella develops resistance to various classes of antibiotics, including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides and trimethoprim. Resistance occurs through modification or destruction of antibiotics, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability.
The document provides an updated international consensus on definitions and management of wound infection in clinical practice. It defines key terms like acute wound, chronic wound, and biofilm. It presents an updated wound infection continuum that recognizes the role of microbes other than bacteria and the presence of biofilm. The continuum stages the gradual increase in microorganism number and virulence and resulting host response, from contamination to systemic infection. The consensus aims to guide best practices in preventing, identifying, and treating wound infection.
This document provides an updated international consensus on wound infection in clinical practice from experts in the field. It defines key terms related to wound infection and chronicity. It presents an updated wound infection continuum that includes biofilm and removes the term "critical colonization". It describes the signs and symptoms associated with different stages of infection from contamination to systemic infection. It also discusses the biofilm cycle and emphasizes the importance of biofilm-based wound care to prevent, interrupt, and delay biofilm formation and reformation.
Anti-microbial resistance has become a world health issue today. Therefore it is imperative to know about the methods of acquiring resistance and ways to deal with the situation and prevent resistance.
1. Vancomycin Resistance Staphylococcus Aureus –
A Microscopic and International Crisis
Michael C. Rangel
The Community College of Philadelphia
Microbiology 241
Dr. Dominic Salerno
June 22nd, 2015
2. 2
VRSA- A Microscopicand International Crisis
It should come to no surprise that antibiotics, especially Vancomycin is frequently and
inappropriately prescribed. In one study, medical records of adult patients who had been
prescribed vancomycin at-least once within a hospital were inquired with various risk factors
such as inappropriate usage, or continuation (Nak-Hyun Kima, 2014). During this timeframe, for
every 1,000 patients, 34 dosages were given on a daily basis (Nak-Hyun Kima, 2014). As we
continue to misuse, and abuse antibiotics, a disease essentially for the microbes, we encourage
the emergence of resistant strains. As a future clinician, the discussion of Vancomycin Resistance
Staphylococcus Aureus (VRSA), the epidemiology, transmission, emergence, and finally, its
importance will debated.
Alexander Fleming, a Scottish biologist brought society into a brave new world with the
discovery of Penicillium notatum, a fungus that served as a treatment for bacterial infections
(Diggins, 2003). With this scientific advancement, detrimental diseases such as syphilis, and
gangrene were being treated, decreasing the fatality, and increasing longevity (Tortora, 2014).
When a bacteria is first exposed to a new antibiotic, the treatment is highly effective, and
microbial fatality is excellent (Tortora, 2014). With these achievements in modern medicine
such as surgery, transplanted tissues, and treatment for cancer, opportunistic infections are staved
off with the usage of antibiotics (Ramanan Laxminarayan, 2013). In the article Antibiotic
resistance- the need for a global solution, it discusses the potential macroscopic effects of
antibiotic resistance such as the medical, social, and economical complications that would arise.
With modern day technological advances, we are able to maneuver between continents easily,
transmitting several of different microorganisms as we travel. The usage of agricultural
antibiotics for commercial use will breed resistance and drive the expense of future antibiotics
(Ramanan Laxminarayan, 2013).
3. 3
VRSA- A Microscopicand International Crisis
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive aerobic microbe that is part of the one’s flora
located on the skin (CDC, 2013). The nomenclature Staphylococcus Aureus is translated as
“golden clusters of spheres” from Latin. Vancomycin is a narrow spectrum antibiotic that is
highly effective against staphylococci bacteria, and normally reserved to combat resistant strains
(NLM, 2013). Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells such as Staphylococcus are not
genetically diverse due to their method of replication (miotic division vs binary fission) (Tortora,
2014). Their lack of genetic diversity brings both pros and cons: an antibiotic can kill these
bacterias easily, but can also rapidly reproduce, and carry on their genetic information, as well as
benefiary mutations (Tortora, 2014).
As stated before, VRSA was once part of one’s normal flora that acquired a resistance
towards antibiotics (Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Much like other diseases,
malase, fever, chills are all common symptoms of VRSA, however there are two very
disgintuishing characteristics of this disease: it’s location. The formation of an absses, a pustual
pocket of infection that forms at the site of injury (MDH, 2014). There is also a possibility of a
subdermal infection that resulted from abrasion that allowed the pathogen to enter (MDH,
2014). At both sites, there is redness, swelling, pain due to the body’s nonspecific immune
response (inflammation) (Martini, 2015). The inflammatory response results from vasodilation in
order to deliver more blood, heat transference, white blood cell, segregation, diapedesis, and
oxygen to the sight in hopes to fight off the infection (Martini, 2015). The resistance of VRSA is
essentially plague that is having a major impact within the hospital setting.
One is more suspectible to a VRSA infection for many reasons such as surgery, or being
admitted into a hospital, extended perscription of antibiotics, medical tubing such as IV’s and
cathearers not being changed, weakened, or compromised immunity, and noscomial infections
4. 4
VRSA- A Microscopicand International Crisis
(Truven Health Analytics Inc, 2015). Other sources states that mucousal membranes, repiratory
and gastrointestinal tracts are also locations of concern with a staph. aureus infection (Ohio
Health Department, 2014). It is believed that VRSA and spread to various other organs or
systems to infect the individual from both localized to intravenous. The localized diseases are
denied as furuncle, impetigo, boils, and other wound infections. Intavenial infections such as
septicemia, sepesis, endocarditis, and pneumonia are also potential risks (Ohio Health
Department, 2014).
However, the area of concern is nosocomial infection when one is admitted to a hospital.
When admitted, one arrives after experiencing trauma, or crisis that would involve
hospitalization, especially when the a caregiver has to interact with the entire population, and a
hospital is understaffed. In one research article, the amount of times a care giver and patient
touched an object were quantified, and may increase the risk of transmission. The bedside railing
being one of the highest touched between both patient and care giver, as well as other top 8 items
could be a link between the transmissions of nosocomial infections between patients. (V.C.C.
Chenga, 2015). Essentially, the caregiver, whether it is a Physician, or a Patient Care Technician,
is a fomite.
In order to be diagnosed with VRSA, one needs to retrieve a sample of the site of
infection. Acquiring skin, blood, or sputum sample and sent to a laboratory for testing (Center of
Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). However, the laboratory criteria for diagnosis provides
more insight such as isolation, and quantifiable data. One needs to isolate the Staphylococcus
Aureus from the sample and there needs to be a significant amount of resistance to the antibiotic
Vancomycin (Ohio Health Department, 2014). There needs to be resistance or complete
resistance of the pathogenic isolate to vancomycin, detected and defined according to the
5. 5
VRSA- A Microscopicand International Crisis
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute approved standards and recommendations at
Minimum inhibitory Concentration (MIC)≥16 μg/ml for VRSA) (Ohio Health Department,
2014). However,
Armed with the background information, and knowledge, the question of what potential
consequences could arise from VRSA. As stated before, we live in a world where transportation,
and traveling is faster than ever: we can be in Japan one day, and the United State the next.
However, we also serve as reservoirs for these microbes; a warm, hospitable environment for the
microscope world. We have the capability of literally bringing our own destruction due to our
negligence, and ignorance for the consequential actions of antibiotic abuse. In fact, the first
reported incident of Vancomycin Staphylococcus Aureus was a 40 year old resident from
Michigan back in 2002, but had been isolated for diagnostic testing back in 1996 in Japan.
(Hiramatsu K, 1997). As we step into the half-way mark of 2015, we have the 14th case of VRSA
in our own backyard: Delaware County. A 67 year old patient with various underlying health
condition was being treated for an outpatient procedure. (Outbreak News Today, 2015).
To reiterate, Staphylococcus Aureus is a gram-positive cluster of spheres. Bacteria that
are gram-positive have a thicker peptidoglycan cell wall than those of gram negative (Tortora,
2014). The importance of knowing whether a bacteria is gram-negative and gram-positive is due
to its medicinal properties. Ironically, in order to treat an Antibiotic resistant strain of a bacteria,
one needs to develop a more potent antibiotic. The usage of Teicoplanin as an alternative to
vancomycin has shown success when used as a treatment. However,due tothe similarityof the
glycopeptides,bacteriaquicklydevelopedresistance thisnew antibiotic(Capriotti,2007). Another
effectivedrugisa fifthgenerationcephalosporinantibioticthatisusedto combat MethicillinResistant
6. 6
VRSA- A Microscopicand International Crisis
Staphylococcus Aureus(MRSA). (MH,2009) Asa caveat,yearshave passedsince thatarticle hasbeen
published, anditispossible thatVRSA hasalreadydevelopedaresistance to Teicoplanin orCeftibiprole.
An old Chinese states “an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure. There are
ways that VRSA can be prevented while working in a clinical setting. By using proper infection
practices such as wearing gloves, frequent hand washing and monitoring what one touches, one
is able to stave off the possibility of infecting, or even becoming infected (Virginia Department
of Health, 2013). Patients should be screen if they are in a population that requires close contact
such as resident homes and assisted living, prisons, half-way houses, hospitals, and even schools
(Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Those who are healthcare workers, or work in
a healthcare environment should constantly keep their hands clean with soap, or alcohol-based
hand sanitizers, and limit the contact with wounds (Virginia Department of Health, 2013).
We live in a world in which technological advancement allows us to communicate, and
interact with one another. Within a few hours, an individual has the possibility of traveling half-
way across the world. However, at the same time, this opens the potential of highly
communicable and infectious diseases such as VRSA to spread throughout the population. With
several confounding factors such as negligence, abuse, and misdiagnosis, antibiotics have been
dished out in quantities that selected for the emergence of resistance such as Vancomycin
Resistance Staph. Aureus.
7. 7
VRSA- A Microscopicand International Crisis
References
Capriotti,T.(2007). Resistant'Superbugs'CreateNeed forNovelAntibiotics.RetrievedfromMedscape.
Centerof Disease Control andPrevention,C.(2013, August22). General Information aboutVISA/VRSA.
RetrievedfromCenterof Disease Control andPrevention,CDC:
http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/organisms/visa_vrsa/visa_vrsa.html
Diggins,F.(2003). he true history of the discovery of penicillin by AlexanderFleming. Insititute of
Biomedical Sciences,London:Biomedical Scientist.
HiramatsuK, H. H. (1997). Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcusaureusclinical strain with reduced
vancomycin susceptibility.
Martini,N. B. (2015). Fundamentalsof Anatomy &Physiology. Boston,MA:PearsonLearning.
MH, K.(2009, Dec). New antimicrobialagentsformethicillin-resistantStaphylococcusaureus.Retrieved
fromPubmed:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20001879
MinnesotaDepartmentof HealthFactSheet.(2014). Causesand Symptomsof Staphylococcusaureus.
RetrievedfromMinnesotaDepartmentof Health:
http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/diseases/staph/basics.html#ssymp
Nak-HyunKima,H.L.-H.-d.(2014, November17). InappropriateContinuedEmpiricalVancomycin Usein
a Hospitalwith a High Prevalenceof Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcusaureus.Retrievedfrom
AmericanSocietyforMicrobiology:http://aac.asm.org/content/59/2/811.short
OhioHealthDepartment.(2014, January). ODH-IDCMSTAPHYLOCOCCUSAUREUSPage1/Section
3Revised 1/2014STAPHYLOCOCCUSAUREUSVancomycinIntermediateResistantStaphylococcus
aureus(VISA);Vancomycin ResistantStaphylococcusaureus(VRSA).RetrievedfromOhio
Departmentof Health:http://www.odh.ohio.gov/pdf/idcm/saureus.pdf
OutbreakNewsToday.(2015, March 13). VRSA reported in Delaware patient,14th case ever reported in
US.RetrievedfromOutbreakNewsToday:http://outbreaknewstoday.com/vrsa-reported-in-
delaware-patient-14th-case-ever-reported-in-us-42673/
Ramanan Laxminarayan,P.(2013, November17). Antibioticresistance—theneed forglobalsolutions.
RetrievedfromThe LancetInfectiousDisease:
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099%2813%2970318-9/fulltext
Tortora, G. (2014). Microbiology An Introduction. Boston:PearsonLearning.
TruvenHealthAnalyticsInc.(2015). Vancomycin ResistantStaphylococcusAureusInfection.Retrieved
fromVancomycin ResistantStaphylococcusAureusInfection:
http://www.drugs.com/cg/vancomycin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-infection.html
UnitedStatesNational Libraryof Medicine,NLM.(2013, December1). Vancomycin Overview.Retrieved
fromUnitedStatesNational Libraryof Medicine:http://livertox.nih.gov/Vancomycin.htm
8. 8
VRSA- A Microscopicand International Crisis
V.C.C.Chenga,b.P.(2015, July). Hand-touchcontactassessmentof high-touch and mutual-touch
surfacesamong healthcareworkers,patients,and visitors.RetrievedfromScience Direct:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670115001012
VirginiaDepartmentof Health.(2013, January). Vancomycin-intermediateStaphylococcusaureus(VISA)
and Vancomycin-resistantStaphylococcusaureus(VRSA)Infections.RetrievedfromVirginia
Departmentof Health:
http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/Epidemiology/factsheets/pdf/VISA_VRSA.pdf