H1 N1
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The document discusses the origins and risks of the H1N1 virus, including: 1) H1N1 originated from genetic reassortment between human, avian, and swine influenza viruses in pigs. This created a new virus that was transmissible to humans. 2) Accidental release of live H1N1 and H5N1 viruses mixed in a lab product underscored the risk of genetic reassortment creating a new pandemic virus. 3) Some vaccines for H1N1 used adjuvants like squalene, which have been linked to increased risks of autoimmune diseases in past studies. This raises health concerns about fast-tracked H1N1 vaccines.
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Brief presentation of my work as an Environmental Engineer
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Changing Pathogens
The document discusses antibiotic resistance and how it develops through natural selection. It explains that when antibiotics are used, only bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotic will survive and pass on the resistant genes. This can lead to epidemics if the bacteria become resistant to multiple antibiotics. The document also discusses the H5N1 bird flu virus and efforts to develop a vaccine against it.
Pandemics In America Research Paper
The document discusses pandemics that have impacted India, specifically smallpox in 1974 and the swine flu pandemic of 2009. It notes that both pandemics slowed India's economic growth and caused the country to impose restrictions on movement to curb the spread of disease. The cultural response was that people united across cultural barriers to fight the pandemics as the population of the nation.
Vaccinesherdimmunityantivaccinemovt 150213065803-conversion-gate01
This document provides an overview of vaccines and their history and effectiveness. It discusses:
- The early history of vaccines beginning with variolation and Jenner's smallpox vaccine.
- What vaccines are and how they work by mimicking infection and triggering an immune response without causing illness. This leads to herd immunity protecting communities.
- How vaccines have transformed medicine over the 20th century by nearly eradicating many diseases that used to commonly infect and kill people.
- The different types of vaccines including attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, subunit, conjugated, and nucleic acid vaccines.
- Specific vaccines used to prevent bacterial and viral diseases.
- The importance of vacc
Vaccinesherdimmunityantivaccinemovt 150213065803-conversion-gate01
This document provides an overview of vaccines and their history. It discusses:
- The early history of variolation and vaccines developed by Jenner and Pasteur.
- What vaccines are and how they work by mimicking infection and triggering an immune response without causing illness. This provides immunity and protects both individuals and communities through herd immunity.
- How vaccines have transformed medicine over the 20th century by nearly eradicating many diseases that used to commonly infect and kill people.
- The different types of vaccines including attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, subunit, conjugated, and nucleic acid vaccines.
- Examples of vaccines for various bacterial and viral diseases.
- Herd
H5N1 Breakout Summary
This document discusses the pros and cons of continuing research on the H5N1 influenza virus. While research could benefit society by increasing understanding of the virus, it also poses biosecurity risks if the virus were to be accidentally or intentionally released. The author believes research should continue but be conducted in secure government laboratories to minimize risks, as scientific progress requires pushing the boundaries of knowledge while maintaining safety. Banning all research could slow medical advances, but uncontrolled research risks public health.
Key Facts about Swine Influenza (Swine Flu)
Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pigs. Swine flu viruses cause high levels of illness and low death rates in pigs. Swine influenza viruses may circulate among swine throughout the year, but most outbreaks occur during the late fall and winter months similar to outbreaks in humans. The classical swine flu virus (an influenza type A H1N1 virus) was first isolated from a pig in 1930.
TERM PAPER ON SWINE FLU AND CYTOKINE STORM
Swine flu is caused by influenza A viruses and pigs play an important role in the evolution and transmission of these viruses between humans and animals. Pigs can be infected by both human and avian influenza viruses. Researchers have found that the 2009 H1N1 strain caused a cytokine storm in the body that led to respiratory distress. Studies on mice have provided insights into the multiple pathways through which influenza causes cytokine overproduction. Vaccines have shown some effectiveness against H1N1 but it remains a pandemic threat. People who have recovered from swine flu infection may gain "extraordinary super immunity" with antibodies that can target multiple flu strains.
Swine flu
Swine flu is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract in pigs caused by type A influenza virus identified in april 2009
Avian Flu Scare
1) In 2005-2006 there was widespread fear that the H5N1 avian influenza virus would mutate to allow human-to-human transmission and cause a global pandemic.
2) While the virus killed over 100 million birds in Vietnam and over 50% of the 117 humans infected there, it did not achieve human-to-human transmission.
3) Countries took precautions like culling domestic birds, spraying disinfectants, stockpiling antiviral drugs and developing vaccines in case the virus mutated as feared.
Bell tolling for the Swine Flu
Teresa Forcades i Vila, a Benedictine nun and former physician, summarizes two irregularities regarding the response to the 2009 H1N1 virus:
1) In January 2009, Baxter Pharmaceuticals accidentally distributed vaccines contaminated with H5N1 bird flu virus to several European countries. While Baxter acknowledged the contamination, questions remain about how it occurred.
2) In April and June 2009, the WHO unexpectedly raised the pandemic alert levels to phases 5 and 6, declaring an H1N1 pandemic had begun. However, the H1N1 virus' mortality rate was lower than seasonal flu. The WHO also changed its pandemic definition in May 2009 to remove the requirement of a significant mortality rate
Bell tolling for the Swine Flu
Teresa Forcades i Vila, a Benedictine nun and former physician, summarizes two irregularities regarding the response to the 2009 H1N1 virus:
1) In January 2009, Baxter Pharmaceuticals accidentally distributed vaccines contaminated with H5N1 bird flu virus to several European countries. While Baxter acknowledged the contamination, questions remain about how it occurred.
2) In April and June 2009, the WHO unexpectedly raised the pandemic alert levels to phases 5 and 6, declaring an H1N1 pandemic had begun. However, the virus' mortality rate was lower than seasonal flu. The WHO also changed its pandemic definition in May 2009 to remove the mortality characteristic.
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1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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