H5N1 Breakout Summary

H5N1 Breakout Summary
Not too long ago, on May 23, 2014, a fatal disease called H5N1 was announced broken out by the
CDC (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). This disease was accidentally cross–
contaminated with another and the low pathogenic disease spread. In the article, the author tries to
inform us how the CDC is trying to stop this horrible virus and how to inform us about crucial
laboratory safety issues on how this flu was even created in the first place! For example, the author
stated many quotes from CDC officers like Dr. Michael. Even though students and teachers were
aware of this breakout, they still had roles to play to keep this virus from spreading majorly. In order
to prevent catching the disease, they could have washed their hands
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Total Egg Exports Are Down 9 Percent From The Same Period
Total egg exports are down 9 percent from the same period a year earlier; 145.13 million dozen
eggs, which includes both table eggs and egg products, were exported from this year's period in
comparison to the 164 million exported a year earlier. "The impact of lost exports alone reached
nearly 390 million during the first half of 2015," reports the USA Poultry and Egg Export Council;
in what the article describes as "precise terms", the combined value of US poultry and egg exports
for the first half fell by an astonishing 14 percent, with egg exports accounting for 9 percent of the
total loss of revenue. The sharp drop in export value is described as being a "graphic example of the
economic effect this year's multi–state outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza has had on the
industry." Countries are beginning to lift restrictions, while some US trading partners are slowly
moving to follow their example, such as Mexico. The industry is set to stockpile enormous amounts
of vaccinations to prepare for the possible return of the flu during the autumn months, as opposed to
the hotter months in which the virus goes "dormant" and disappears off the radar. This gives the
industry a chance to both prepare and bounce back from the loss from previous months, or the first
half of 2015. With the article having been published on August 19th, it is one of the more recent
effects of the avian flu being seen. Having said that, no detections of the avian flu has been recorded
in the

Avian Influenza Research Paper
Avian influenza is a severe, often fatal flu virus of birds, especially poultry, that is transmissible
from them to humans. Avian influenza A viruses are continuously detected in wild birds. From time
to time, outbreaks of the influenza in poultry have occurred all around the world, causing illness and
death in humans in Asia, Africa, Europe, the Pacific, and the Near East. On rare occasions, some
avian influenza A viruses have also caused illness in humans in North America. Outbreaks of Avian
flu in poultry may raise global public health concerns due to their effect on poultry populations, their
potential to cause serious disease in people, and their pandemic potential. Most avian influenza
viruses do not infect humans; however some, such as A(H5N1) and A(H7N9), have caused serious
infections in people and can seriously impact local and global economies and international trade.
The majority of human cases of A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) infection have been associated with direct
or indirect contact with infected live or dead poultry.
An influenza is a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages causing fever, severe
aching, and catarrh, and often occurring in epidemics. Because it is a viral infection, it cannot be
treated with antibiotics. Antiviral agents can reduce the severity and duration of infection, but these
are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Food and Drug Administration approved test designed to identify avian influenza. The test is called
influenza A/H5 (Asian lineage) virus real–time RT–PCR primer and probe set. It can offer
preliminary results in only four hours. However, the test isn't widely available. A doctor may also
perform the following tests to look for the presence of the virus that causes bird flu: auscultation (a
test that detects abnormal breath sounds), white blood cell differential, nasopharyngeal culture or a
chest X–ray. Additional tests can be done to assess the functioning of your heart, kidneys, and

The Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing
Your beloved grandpa hasn't been feeling well recently. When he goes to the doctors, they say he
needs a heart transplant. After they find a suitable heart, your grandpa goes to surgery. He is now
good as new. Now, imagine a world without animal testing. You may think that it would be the
same, but he would be dead. Organ transplants are one of many results that came out of animal
testing. Animal testing is when you run tests on an animal to find out the impact of a certain product.
In the United States, millions of rats, mice, birds, fish, and other animals are used every year in tests.
These tests can test the effectiveness of a new painkiller or determine if a shampoo causes skin or
eye irritation ("Animal Experimentation").This isn't new because animal testing has been used for
centuries. For example, in the fifth century BC, the Greek philosopher Alcmaeon learned what
caused blindness by looking at the inside of a dog's eye. The Greek physician Galen studied animals'
anatomy and physiology by dissecting live animals. His work was used widely throughout the
centuries as a medical reference. Also, in the seventeenth century, English physician William Harvey
observed living animals by cutting them open as to determine how the heart worked and how blood
flowed through the body. Harvey's results largely impacted science and medicine of the era
("Animal Experimentation"). If we stop animal testing, we could halt our progress in medicine.
Although people may say animal testing

Avian Influenza
Although diseases which begin in the animal kingdom do not normally affect human beings, there
has been a worrisome trend in favor of cross–species contamination. According to the CDC:
"Although avian influenza A viruses usually do not infect humans, rare cases of human infection
with these viruses have been reported. Most human infections with avian influenza A viruses have
occurred following direct or close contact with infected poultry. Illness in humans has ranged from
mild to severe" (CDC 2015). Transmission of avian flu between humans versus between birds and
humans is less common but given the mutability of influenza A, this is being closely monitored.
"More than 1400 human pathogens are known to medical science, and 65% of them are ... Show
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Another disease which was thought to have originated with animals, that of swine flu or H1NI,
attained pandemic status. "Wide geographic expansion," "disease movement," and "high attack rates
and explosiveness" are all characteristic of pandemics (Morens, Folkers, & Fauci 2009). Avian flu
has all of these characteristics along with little immunity in the existing population and novelty
along with a high degree of infectiousness, contagiousness, and severity (Morens, Folkers, & Fauci
2009). Although avian flu has not reached critical mass in terms of the population it affects and its
contagiousness has been limited to some extent because of the need to work with poultry as a factor
in contracting the disorder, the increase of bird flu amongst domesticated birds is extremely
worrying. Regarding precautions to take due to the recent species–exclusive outbreak of bird flu in
the Midwest, it has been suggested that consumers simply take normal precautions in handling raw
poultry in the kitchen, due to the fact that heat kills the virus; hunters and poultry workers should
handle carcasses with respiratory protection (masks) and gloves and all known, infected birds and
eggs designated for commercial use with avian flu must be destroyed (Weintraub 2015). Of course,
all of these are sensible precautions that should be observed under even normal

Influenza A Virus: A Case Study
o Avian influenza is derived from birds and are caused by the influenza A virus. Influenza A viruses
are negative–sense, single–stranded, segmented RNA viruses that has an envelope (Peiris, Hui and
Yen, 2010). On the envelope there are two surface glycoproteins, haemagglutinin (HA) and
neuraminidase (NA). Influenza A virus belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family and is responsible
for causing influenza in birds and some mammals like humans.
Mechanism o When influenza A virus enters the body, the pattern–recognition receptors (PRRs)
recognises pathogen–associated marker pattern (PAMP) located on the virus. These PRRs consists
of toll like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid inducible gene–I (RIG–I)(Pang and Iwasaki, 2011).
When TLR7 binds ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some influenza viruses have evolved to avoid being detected by the immune system. To avoid
recognition of TLRs and RIG–I, influenza virus NS1 protein binds to the viral RNA (Guo et al.,
2007). RIG–1 is also inhibited when NS1 binds to tripartite mtif–containing protein 25 (TRIM25) as
seen in figure 1 (Gack et al., 2009). HPAI H5N1 contains PB1–F2, which is able to bind to the
mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and prevent the production of type I interferon
(Conenello et al., 2011). To escape the humoral immunity, mutations in the coding region of the
antibody binding sites in HA occurs (Smith et al., 2004). This change in the antigenic region is
known as antigenic

Birdie: Avian Influenza Virus
Once there was a virus named Birdie. This virus was a Bird Flu, or Avian Influenza, virus of the
subtype H5N1, the first strain of Avian Influenza having the ability to infect humans (Normandin
and Solan). Birdie looked like a microscopic pomander, a fragrant orange with cloves stuck in it.
Inside, she had eight pieces of single stranded ribonucleic acid or ssRNA. Birdie was deadly to
humans, but was not able to spread from one human to another. She could only spread from birds to
humans ("Bird Flu"). Birdie started out inside a chicken named Cluck, where she was formed. A
little while later, Cluck's farmer Mark, sold his Cluck, to Joe, another poultry farmer because Mark
did not realize that Cluck had H5N1. After a few months of Cluck living ... Show more content on
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Joe drove himself to the hospital, where they treated him with oseltamivir ("Bird Flu Symptoms,
Causes, Treatment). Oseltamivir is a medication that is used to prevent Influenza and sometimes
H5N1 ("Prevention and Treatment of Avian Influenza A Viruses in People"). The one catch about
zanamivir is that for it to be effective, the infected person has to be treated within two days of
having the symptoms ("Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Uses, Dosage, Side Effects"). Luckily for Joe, he had
started feeling symptoms about a day and a half before. The sad thing was that instead of getting
better, his symptoms got worse. He continued having breathing

Influenza Research Paper
Influenza, a common disease frequently referred to as the "flu", is one of the most widespread
illnesses in the world. The disease, caused by the influenza virus, has infected both humans and
animals for several centuries and has made its presence on every continent. In the past year, more
than three million people were infected with influenza in the United States (Influenza "Flu").
Around 55,000 of those three million died, which makes influenza the eighth leading cause of death
in the United States ("Deaths and Mortality"). Although the common flu can have little impact on
the human population, more major flu pandemics have been known to kill millions of people within
a few years. Influenza is a serious problem
Although no one on the planet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In October 2009, a vaccine against H1N1 was approved. Originally the vaccine was only given to
health workers but was eventually given the general population in the winter of 2009. Flu vaccines
have a very good public profile. There are only mild side effects of the vaccine such as soreness at
the sight of infection, small fever, and aches. The flu shot contains weakened virus, so the immune
system fights only a small amount of the flu virus. There is also a nasal spray version of the vaccine.
Vaccines are prescribed when someone has the flu and before someone gets the flu. With more
people aware of the flu's causes, more and more people are getting the flu vaccine every year. There
is little natural immunity to flu strains, so therefore, almost everyone is susceptible to infection.
There are some drugs that that help against influenza, but vaccines are generally more helpful since
viruses tend to develop resistance against drugs fairly quickly. There are four different antiviral
drugs. They are usually prescribed when someone gets the flu, not before someone gets the flu like
vaccines. Examples of antiviral drugs are Tamiflu, Relenza, and Rapivab. They are usually
prescribed for five days. There is still a need to help develop antiviral drugs. More rapid
development of vaccines are also needed since vaccines take many months or even years to create,
so it is not helpful to make a vaccine when a virus breaks out, but rather

It has been proved that no vaccine specifically for this avian influenza virus. Even though there is no
specific route for the transmission and infection of the virus but it is still have to practice and follow
good hygiene to prevent infection. In order to prevent infection, do not have contact with infected
animals and make sure the food is safe enough to eat. However prevention and control of the virus
transmission does not sustained human to human of this virus transmission. Beside that, always have
a research about the avian virus to prevent and control infection. This can be found in health care
setting. At the same time, can increased knowledge about the avian virus. At least, safety precaution
should be taken by practicing

Bubonic Plague Globalization
In studying the effects of globalization and institutional efficacy on the spread of animal host
epidemics it is important to recognize and attempt to control for the differing host variables and
disease spread patterns in both Avian Influenza A (H5N1) and Bubonic Plague. There are two main
features of variability between Avian Influenza outbreaks and Bubonic plague pandemics that I find
prudent to acknowledge in order to give my cross historical comparison of the political response to
these diseases a solid grounding. The first is the basic function and spread of the diseases. Avian Flu
and Bubonic plague differ in their level of danger partially due to their transmission mediums and
forms. The second is the basic movement and behavioral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Rats proclivity towards the human condition of surplus food supplies and trash production created a
system whereby these rodents cohabitation with humans, to the displeasure of the humans, was
greatly supportive of large rat populations (McCormick, 2003). In his 2003 study, McCormick goes
into great detail surrounding the intimate relationship between human urbanization and increasing
rat populations. These animals, did not only survive, but thrived on continued interaction with
human created systems of roads, cereal storage, waste disposal, and climate controlled housing
(McCormick, 2003). This parasitic relationship clearly makes some institutional controls available
in a more domestic case less viable, but can still be mildly controlled as seen in modern steps
towards urban sanitation including widespread eradication of rat population in modern cities
(McCormick,

H5n1 Pros And Cons
H5N1 influenza A virus controversy is not the first research to bring about great public concern. The
CDC calls research that can both benefit society and pose a risk to public health a dual use research
of concern (DURC). H5N1 falls among other forbidding epidemics such as: Bacillus anthracis
(anthrax), Variola major (smallpox), and Ebola virus (CDC; 2014). Should research into H5N1 and
other DURC strains be continued or terminated? From a student interested in both research and
epidemiology I believe research should be continued in biosecurity government secure labs.
Everything in today's society from computers to vaccines comes from scientific research and the
desire to push forward in knowledge. Knowing how and in what ways the H5N1 works ... Show
Reading the publications anyone with basic research knowledge could replicate the experiment.
Michael Imperiale, a virologist at University of Michigan, says "the DNA synthesizers can be
purchased on eBay and estimates that his own lab could recreate Fouchier's H5N1 strain in one or
two months" (Yang; 2013). Also, the scientists work with ferrets, which is the animal most like the
humans in responding to influenza (An Engineered Doomsday; 2012). A few alterations and it could
be specialized for humans. The biggest risk and one that has had many arguments over the years is
laboratory accidents that could release the virus into the world. As recent as June 13, 2014 in
Atlanta, GA at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention it was discovered that there was an
unintentional exposure of anthrax with as many as 86 workers exposed. This exposure happened
because the samples were not inactivated properly and the workers were not wearing the correct
equipment (Ford; 2013). To be exposed to another DURC strain so easily from a highly regulated
facility shows how easily it could be for the H5N1 mutated strain to be exposed to the public. Even
with the prepared vaccines and the knowledge of transmission would it be possible to effectively
stop it? By the time it is exposed and noticed it could be worldwide and the

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1
The Disease: Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, is a single strand negative sense influenza A
virus that causes disease in birds, humans, and various other animals. It was first discovered in Hong
Kong in 1996 after an outbreak among geese that caused high mortality rates. In 1997 the first
human cases were detected. Out of 18 confirmed cases, 6 people died, causing global concern
(Petsko, 2005). After a brief period in which the virus seemed to dissipate, it re–emerged in 2003
affecting poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. Since 2003 it has
caused more than 700 human cases in more than 15 different countries, with the largest outbreaks
occurring in Vietnam and Egypt. Currently, H5N1 affects birds in more ... Show more content on
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In fact, H5N1 has the highest morbidity and mortality rates of all influenza viruses. The death rate in
humans is 60%. Therefore, outbreaks in avian species as well as human species are concerning to
public health officials, health care professionals, and veterinarians. H5N1 is also on the list of
reportable diseases for the Maine CDC. The symptoms in humans include fever, cough, dyspnea,
bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, lymphopenia, increased amino transferases, diarrhea, mucosal
bleeding, sore throat, nausea, and pneumonia (Stephenson et al, 2017). Most people are seen in
emergency room settings and treated for their respiratory symptoms after the virus has progressed to
late stages. Curiously, individuals under the age of 40 are most susceptible to H5N1, particularly
teens and young adults (Stephenson et al,

Avian Influenza
According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, the word avian refers to a bird. Avian flu refers to a
disease caused by an infection found in birds. It is well known as the bird flu or H5N1. Avian
influenza is caused by viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae, genus influenzavirus A (Food and
Agriculture Organization). The influenza genera are A, B, and C. The genera A is the one known to
infect birds (FAO). There are several types of avian influenza including low pathogenic avian
influenza (LPAI) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) (Center for Disease Control and
Prevention 2014). The virus mainly affects domestic poultry or other species of birds. There are rare
cases when the virus affects humans. There are a series of events where the virus had gone viral in
some countries in the world, including China, Bangladesh and Asia, just to name some of the 63
affected countries in 2003(Biswas 2014). When there is a human infection, the disease can either be
mild or life threatening. The first case of human infection in the Americas was reported in Canada
earlier this year (CDC 2014)
The spread of the flu to humans is rare but it happens. There are some various ways through which
people can contract the virus. Humans may contract the flu virus from ... Show more content on
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Most of the humans are infected due to exposure to infected poultry. People are advised to take
infection control practices when it comes to getting into contact with the sick or dead poultry.
People should do this by wearing the right protective equipment and observing good hand hygiene
or good hygiene in general. People who are exposed to farms with possible infected poultry are
advised to take the annual vaccination against the virus (CDC 2012). The vaccination does not fully
guarantee that one is prevented against the infection, but it reduces the risk of a person getting the

Avian Influenza Research Papers
Introduction Avian influenza, also known as bird flu, refers to a group of viruses that occur naturally
in wild and domestic birds. The flu spreads easily (is contagious) among birds and is deadly. Birds
get infected when they come into contact with infected birds or surfaces that have the viruses on
them (contaminated surfaces). In rare cases, bird flu can cause severe illness in humans. It is rare for
bird flu to spread from person to person. What are the causes? This condition is caused by infected
birds that spread bird flu through their feces, saliva, and fluids from the nose (nasal secretions). Bird
flu can then infect a child who: Comes in contact with infected birds. This can happen with a bird
that is dead or alive. Breathes in contaminated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Washes his or her hands well with soap and water to keep the flu from spreading. Avoids crowded
areas. Keep all follow–up visits as told by your child's health care provider. This is important. How
is this prevented? Keep your child home from school when he or she is sick. Not being in contact
with other people will help stop the spread of illness. Have your child cover his or her mouth and
nose when coughing or sneezing. This may help keep people who are around your child from getting
sick. Have your child wash her or his hands often with warm water and soap. Illnesses are often
spread when a person touches something that is contaminated with germs and then touches his or
her eyes, nose, or mouth. If you think that your child has been exposed to bird flu, ask your health
care provider about preventive antiviral medicines. These can help prevent infection. Have your
child avoid close contact with birds or poultry. Do not let your child eat raw or under–cooked birds
or poultry. Contact a health care provider if: Your child has a fever. Your child has a skin rash. Your
child's symptoms get worse, and medicines do not help. Your child is urinating much less than
normal or not at

Essay on Avian Influenza: The H5N1 Virus
Avian influenza has been the prime focus owing to its importance in human health and the economic
losses it creates. Asian countries have been mainly affected by the H5N1 virus where the disease is
enzootic. A loss of 0.4% change in GDP occurred in South Asian region due to Avian influenza
outbreaks (World Bank, 2006). The current control strategies against Avian Influenza are stamping
and vaccination. Both these policies suffer from various drawbacks. The stamping out policy leads
to loss of genotype, which will results in selection of low disease resistance birds and selection of
high virulent virus. Stamping out policy disrupts the dynamics of host–pathogen interactions (Shim
and Galvani 2009). Vaccination may result the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2007). We have used a value of –24 kcal/mol for the analysis as the lower the free energy, the firmer
the binding structure is and the more likely it suggests the true binding (Yue et al. 2009).
The potential of these miRNAs as therapeutic agent can only be ensured if the target site is
conserved across various viral isolates. It is conventional to screen for conservation of the target site
in majority of target prediction databases like TargetScan, Miranda etc. Accessibility criteria are
important as the particular target site should be accessible to the miRNA so as to be functional in the
biological system. There may be targets but may not be accessible and unless they are accessible
they will not have any impact in the system. At the target site where the miRNA is binding, at least
three consecutive bases should be unpaired in the secondary structure to have the accessibility to the
target site (Robins et al. 2005) and this improves the efficiency of the prediction. The closely related
miRNA and RNAi pathways are important regulators of virus–host cell interactions. RNA induced
silencing complex (RISC) functions in a cooperative manner (Doench et al. 2003; Doench and
Sharp 2004). Multiple target sites in the same 3' UTR can greatly increase the degree of translational
suppression and also enhances the specificity of gene regulation

Avian Influenza ( Influenza )
Avian Influenza (H5N1) In this task, the investigation will be done is about the emerging infectious
disease and the name of disease will be researched is avian influenza. Avian Influenza is also known
as bird flu, is a type A influenza virus. It is lethal to poultry and is potentially fatal in humans. Avian
Influenza is defined as emerging infectious disease (Bird flu (avian influenza), 2012). Water birds
such as wild ducks are believed to be the carriers of all avian influenza type A viruses. The viruses
are carried inside the birds' intestines and are distributed into the environment via bird faeces (poo).
Migratory birds infected with the virus could potentially spread the bird flu to any of the countries
they visit. Wild birds ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout this task, research how the disease is currently being managed and evaluate include
attempts to contain or eradicate this disease (past and present), the development of vaccine for
against the disease and barriers to effective management. After that, suggest modifications and
improvements to the current management. The name of disease is avian influenza, it is also known
as bird flu. The disease came from Hong Kong at the first time in 1997, the H5N1 strain of avian
influenza virus was first documented, when it caused severe respiratory problems in 18 humans, of
whom six died. Characteristics of the pathogen of avian influenza are from the water birds such as
wild ducks and the viruses are carried inside the birds' intestines and are distributed into the
environment via bird faeces (poo). Migratory birds infected with the virus could potentially spread
the bird flu to any of the countries they visit. The avian influenza virus can more frequently kill
domesticated birds, such as chickens and turkeys. Besides, humans who have close contact with sick
birds are at risk of infection with bird flu. For example a person may handle a sick bird, contaminate
their hands with chicken faeces, and forget to wash their hands before eating. They will then ingest
the infected bird faeces. This is the most common way for a human

How the Media Influences the Public Perception of Science...
Sometimes careless science publishing can weaken the public's confidence in science and the
government. The Media is enormously powerful and leading and will influence people's opinions on
everything. There are plenty of stories in the media that will change the public's perception of
science or even make them see a new perception. Sometimes these stories are just written to scare
the public into believing a certain thing just so they can sell their stories.
Stories sometimes are true and sometimes they are false but it is up to the public to believe in what
is right and what is wrong. In this day and age, where information is available at the touch of a
mouse, it's not surprising that the media is a particularly dominant and powerful ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tabloid newspaper is the Sun and the broadsheet newspaper is the Times.
Firstly I will analyse the story written by the Sun, this tabloid covered the same story as the Times
and therefore we can find out their intentions. The Sun had the following bold headline "Deadly
strain confirmed", I can clearly see from the start that they are trying to create a scare in the public
and capture the reader's attention very fast, this is because they don't tell you what deadly strain they
are talking about, if I were to see this in a newspaper lying around I would pick it up because it
already got me worried and caught my attention. This has made me think, are they trying to inform
the reader or just trying to sell their story? You only learn what the deadly strain is after you read
paragraph 1 so this proves my point.
On the 3rd paragraph the Sun states the following "the swan had the strain which can be fatal to
humans." Instead of just using "the swan had the H5N1 strain" the Sun chooses to create more of an
impact by using the word "fatal" and implying it to humans. This makes the beginning of the article
to cause fear, evoke an element of alarm and perhaps imply that the readers should be fearful for
their own health. The article also mentions experts rushing to the scene to

Equine Influenza Research Paper
Equine Influenza is a viral disease that can cause rapid outbreaks of respiratory disease and result in
a high death rate. This was a major concern across Australia and so the New South Wales
Department of Primary Industries came up with a campaign to eradicate the disease and limit the
spread of it. Its aim was to alert the target audiences to the risks and consequences of the disease.
The campaign was highly effective and successful in doing so as it used the latest laboratory,
vaccine, surveillance, mapping and communication technologies, which resulted in only taking four
moths for New South Wales to be free from the disease. The campaign was effective as it achieved
to establish and raise awareness about Equine Influenza. It done this

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Case Study
SPARKS, Nev. –– The Nevada Department of Agriculture (NDA) confirms the first case of Highly
Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) was found in Nevada. HPAI is a virus that is highly contagious
among birds, and can be deadly to them. This strain (H5N8) has not been shown to cause any human
infection. The infected bird was a female mallard found in Lincoln County on January 23, 2015. The
bird was then taken to the California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, where it tested
positive for HPAI. NDA will be working with the United States Department of Agriculture's
(USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to monitor the situation. HPAI was
confirmed in a commercial turkey flock in California, other cases were reported in Oregon,

Short Answer: Avian Influenza is destroying flocks of the layer industry. This is causing the price of
eggs to skyrocket. There has been some discussion of broiler, and breeder eggs being placed into the
market to help reduce the rising price of eggs. The FDA Final Egg Safety Rule prevents the sale of
broiler and breeder produced eggs for human consumption. There are several parts to the rule that
would keep broiler producers and breeders from entering the egg market.
Introduction: In a recent briefing given by the National Chicken Council (NCC) the crisis of Avian
Influenza (AI) was the main topic. The rapidly spreading disease has spread from Iowa and
Minnesota to several different states within all the fly ways other than the Atlantic. The closest
reported case of AI is in Mississippi. There is a possibility that AI could be in wild water fowl and
be closer to Georgia than recorded. AI is causing a large number of layer producers to dispose of
entire flocks, which can range from two to five million birds. With this significant loss in layer hens,
the price of eggs is rapidly increasing across the United States. Georgia's ninth district produces
more broilers than any other part of the world. These hatcheries and growing ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because broiler producers and breeder houses do not take necessary actions to store the eggs.
They also do not have the equipment required to refrigerate the eggs. The Final Egg Safety Rule
states the producers must "Hold and transport eggs at or below 45ºF ambient temperature beginning
36 hours after time of lay." This rule was put into effect to reduce cases of salmonella which causes
sickness, and occasionally death in humans. Breeders do not get to the step in the hatchery where
they discover infertile eggs before the 36 hour mark for mandatory refrigeration, and therefore don't
get to sell their eggs for human

Haemophilus Influenzae Research Paper
Haemophilus influenzae, a pleomorphic Gram–negative bacillus found in the human upper
respiratory tract, has been associated invasive infections, such as bronchitis, otitis, pneumonia,
meningitis, septicemia, and epiglottitis(1). Isolates of H. influenzae can be subdivided into two
major forms, encapsulated and non–encapsulated that serotype b cause of meningitis, mainly in
children below 4 years of age(2). Nontypable H. influenzae (NTHi) usually considered a
commensal, is capable of produce infections of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, such as
sinusitis, bronchitis acute otitis media, as well as, more infrequently, severe invasive infections such
as pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis(3–5). Protein D (PD) is a highly conserved

Research Paper On Flu Pandemics
The negative–sense, single–stranded RNA influenza virus belong to the family of
Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza viruses are causes human respiratory infections and represent a major
public health burden worldwide. Especially, Influenza outbreaks have high rate of mortality in
elderly, infants, and people with chronic diseases (1). In the last 100 years, there have been 3 main
influenza pandemics was identified, such as 1918 (Spanish flu, H1N1), 1957 (Asian flu, H2N2), and
1968 (the Hong Kong flu, H3N2). Among those pandemics, the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic is one of
the worst pandemic in 1900s history and that caused 50–100 million people died worldwide. The
1957 and 1968 pandemics were also killed approximately 1 million people. In 2009, the most recent
influenza pandemic (Swine flu, H1N1) was emerged and infected over 200 countries and killed
estimated 500,000–1,000,000 deaths (3, 4). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Influenza A viruses are responsible for pandemic as well as seasonal epidemics, and causing
infections in both humans and animals, such as pigs, horses, sea mammals, and birds. Furthermore,
Influenza A virus is subdivided into two groups based on their membrane–bound surface
glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin (H1 – H17) and the neuraminidase (N1 – N10): group 1 (H1, H2,
H5, H6, H8, H9, H11, H12, H13, H16, and H17) and group 2 (H3, H4, H7, H10, h14, and H15). In
history, zoonotic transmission of avian influenza A viruses from birds to humans infected by
subtypes, such as H5N1 (10, 10), H7N9 (10), H9N2 (10), H6N1 (10), H7N3 (10, 10), and H10N8
(10). To date, HA subtype H1, H2 and H3 and NA subtype N1 and N2 are Influenza B viruses are
classified as two types, namely, Yamagata–like or Victoria–like. Influenza B viruses can only infect
humans. Influenza C viruses are rarely causing mild symptoms in

The Potential for Avian Influenza to Cause Another...
The Potential for Avian Influenza to Cause Another Worldwide Pandemic
Abstract
There are three major factors involved in the start of a pandemic; the viral strain must be new, able
to cause serious illness, and transmit efficiently between humans. This article explores the avian
influenza virus?s potential to cause another global pandemic through its ease of transmission and
ability to evade treatment. Avian type A influenza virus generally spreads either through an
intermediate vector during the process of antigenic shift or directly to humans when it jumps the
species barrier. A certain strain of the virus, H5N1 was of particular concern as it was the first strain
to move directly from birds to humans. The avian influenza virus poses ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are three types of influenza viruses, namely A, B, and C. Of the three, type C is the least
harmful and type A is the most lethal because of its ability to mutate quickly. Furthermore, type A
viruses affect a variety of animals from humans, pigs, and horses, to sea mammals, and birds. Type
A viruses also have a large number of smaller subtypes as well, all of which reside
Avian Influenza: A Global Pandemic – 2 among aquatic birds. This huge source of genetic variation
is what makes the Type A virus the most likely to undergo antigenic shift. The influenza virus is
made up of eight gene segments. When a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus come
in contact with one another, they swap gene segments and create a new hybrid virus. (World Health
Organization, 2005). This hybrid virus may encompass the virulent factors of both parent viruses.
Since this influenza strain is new, organisms don?t have a preexisting immunity to it and this fact
guarantees the virus a wide variety of susceptible hosts, allowing it to cause severe damage. Second,
since the virus now contains human influenza genes, it can be transmitted efficiently between
humans, fulfilling all the conditions required to cause a pandemic. The process mentioned above can
be further explained by examining the virus?s structure. Type A influenza viruses

Personal Narrative: The Outbreak Of Highly Pathogenic...
As I pulled into the Mount Hope Auction, there was one thing I noticed; I was the only person in a
motor vehicle. Never been to Amish Country before, I was a little flustered as I arrived to the
surveillance detail with Veterinary Medical Officer Dr. Frew. With the recent outbreak of Highly
Pathogenic Avian Influenza that was sweeping the Midwest, it was essential to check flocks in Ohio.
There I was, with sweat dripping down my back and swabbing diligently at the throats of hundreds
of chickens. Families and children would approach me and ask what we were doing with the birds,
and using what little Dutch I collected in the hours I was there, I educated them about the virus.
Between birds, Dr. Frew would ask me questions about my background

The History of the Flu Essay
The History of the Flu
This research paper covers the basic history of influenza. It begins with its early history and the
reasons for why influenza was never feared. It also covers three influenza pandemics: the Spanish
flu of 1918, the Asian flu, the Hong Kong flu and the terror and heartbreak left behind in their
wakes. In addition, the paper discusses avian influenza and addresses the current threat of a bird flu
pandemic.
Influenza, an innocent little virus that annually comes and goes, has always been a part of people's
lives. Knowing this, one would not believe that it has caused not one, not two, but three pandemics
and is on its way to causing a fourth! The Spanish flu of 1918, the Asian flu of 1957, and the Hong
Kong ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This sort of environment was the perfect place for the Spanish influenza to begin its deadly streak.
On March 11, the first cases of the Spanish flu showed up. The doctors did not worry; they believed
it was just the flu. However, case after case of influenza came in, and by the week's end, 522 people
were sick. In the end, 48 soldiers died of influenza, and all their deaths were listed as pneumonia
because of their frightening symptoms: labored breathing, violent coughs and nosebleeds, high
fever, fluid filling the lungs, etc. However, quite suddenly, the influenza disappeared from Fort Riley
(Iezzoni 23–24) and followed the path forged by the soldiers rushing to World War 1. It eventually
spread around the world (Billings 2). Then, in the fall of 1918, influenza struck. People everywhere
fell victim to the Spanish flu, dying of uncontrollable hemorrhaging that filled the lungs and caused
the patients to drown (Crane 1). Estimates say that approximately 20 to 40 percent of the world's
population became ill, and the worldwide death toll was around 20 to 40 million ("NVPO" 2).
Around 675,000 people died in America alone (Crane 5). The Spanish flu struck quickly; you could
feel well in the morning, get sick by noon, and be dead by nightfall ("NVPO" 2). The doctors were
unable to cure the Spanish flu, so the people resorted to superstitious practices, such as wearing a

H1N1 Influenza Virus: The Evolutionary Analysis Of
The genetic origin of the H1N1 influenza virus has also been studied through use of phylogenic
analysis. By using models of sequence evolution, biologists have been able to contribute to the
process of how the influenza vaccine is developed each year by providing information about which
strains should be included in the vaccine (Gluckman, 2011). Aging and senescence, which is the
decline in the physical functioning or performance of living organisms with age (Bergstrom, 2012),
is also is studied using an evolutionary perspective. Research on aging has shown that it is a life trait
that has been shaped over the years by natural selection (Neese, 2008). Aging is a process that
occurs due to an accumulation of molecular damage that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
These cellular defects eventually interfere with the normal function of the cells causing disabilities
and disease (Kirkwood, 2008). Senescence results in an increased mortality rate and a decrease in
the ability to produce offspring. A person's average lifespan correlates with their senescence rate
(Bergstrom, 2012). Genes are thought to account for one fourth of what determines the length of an
individual's lifetime will be. Genes also shape an individual's life history in relationship to their
reproduction and survival. The genes that are believed to have a major effect on aging are those
which are involved in the regulation of metabolism (Kirkwood, 2008). One of the most substantial
findings in aging research is the effect that single genes can have in influencing oxidative
metabolism. These genes show that the

Essay on Avian Influenza and Its Expected Ramifications
Over the past fifteen years H5N1 influenza (also known as Avian Flu or Bird Flu) has become a
common topic of speculation and debate worldwide, causing quite a bit of confusion about its
possible impacts on our society. At this point in time it is generally recognized by the international
medical community that Avian Flu is bound to become a pandemic, most likely within the next ten
years. Research on Avian Flu and its effects have led many scholars to make grave predictions of
major global turmoil while a small portion of medical scientists remain skeptical, believing we will
have enough time to thoroughly prepare for the outbreak. The one thing that nearly all health
professionals seem to agree upon is that the avian flu will surely ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are many different types of flu, categorized most broadly by influenza A, B, and C strains.
They are further classified by genetic differences represented by H and N. Seasonal flus are either
type A or B and classified by H3N2, swine flu (a flu strain you may remember by the media stir it
caused in 2009) is type A and H1N1, and avian flu is type A and H5N1. Type A flu strains are
considered to be the most severe and are usually the only type of influenza that can cause a
pandemic. On paper the avian flu may seem like the flu strains that we experience every year, but
H5N1 is certainly unique. The first reason for this is that research has suggested that for currently
idiopathic reasons the avian flu seems to have a predisposition to mutation, enabling it to rapidly
create new strains that may be more dangerous, more contagious, or even resistant to antibiotics
(which has already been observed in at least one case of an infected Vietnamese teenager). The
reason avian flu has not yet caused any major outbreaks is because right now the virus is unable to
be transmitted from human to human, only from bird to bird or bird to human. With such a high
tendency to mutate, it is only a matter of time before the avian flu mutates into a strain that can be
transmitted between

Avian Influenza Essay
Avian Influenza is a disease that is rare for humans to get. It was discovered in 1878 in Italy, then
the next outbreak was in the United States in 1924 and 1929. There was a total of two people were
infected with this disease. In 1955, the virus once known as Fowl Plague was actually an influenza
virus. Avian means relating to birds, this is how the disease got its name. In order to fully understand
Avian Influenza, one must look at the causes, symptoms, and treatments of the disease.
Though Avian Influenza is a rare disease one should know its causes, such as dealing with infected
birds. Usually, birds get the disease, and it is sometimes hard to tell if a bird is infected or not. Most
likely poultry farmers, a traveler in infected areas, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though it is a rare disease one should be aware of the symptoms if there were to have the virus. The
main area that would feel pain is in the muscles, but the whole body will have malaise and a fever.
Infected people will also get runny noses and will have excessive sneezing. Some common
symptoms include coughing, a headache, shortness of breath, or a sore throat. These are common
symptoms but one with this disease would not get all of them. Also, because this is a rare disease,
these are only the symptoms that scientists and doctors aware of. If one was to have these
symptoms, they should go to the hospital to get tested to reduce the chances of others possibly
getting it.
If one was to get diagnosed with Avian Influenza, they should know how to treat it before it
worsens. There are some medications that do not require a prescription, but the most effective
medication requires a prescription. Some that require a prescription are called Zanamivir,
Oseltamivir, Peramivir, Antiviral drugs, and more. There are also medications that do not require a
prescription that can help. These medications can help with the headaches, pain, and more. Though
these can help one should go to get a prescription before it

Influenza In Human's Pathology
Abstract
Influenza has been around for thousands of years. It's a disease that is responsible for the greatest
viral outbreak in modern history. The amount of death each year associates with influenza is still
among the thousands in fully developed countries. Influenza is a difficult disease to battle due to its
high rate of mutation combined with its ability to bounce around different species. There are three
type of influenza that are of most concerned when it comes to human's pathology: Type A, Type B,
and Type C. Each of these type contains a numerous amount of individual strain. Some strains can
be easily fought off and others can be deadly even to those with the strongest immunity. The most
widely use option at preventing another outbreak ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is an avian influenza virus that seem to have high virulent potential in human host. Birds who
have survived the infection can excrete the virus for as long as 10 days. This makes migratory birds
an extremely dangerous vector for this strain of flu. This specific strain is mostly seen in Asian
countries first appearing in 1997 and can now be found in countries such as South Korea, China, and
Vietnam. It was previously mentioned that human could also be potentially mixing vessel since their
epithelial cells contain receptors for bird influenza virus. With such a potent strain, it is feared that
human could one day pass this virus from person to person and this event would certain mark the
beginning of the next great influenza

The Spanish Flu
The Spanish Flu was a world wide epidemic that took the lives of an estimated 50 to 100 million
lives between 1918 and 1920. It has been recorded as the most devastating outbreak in world
history. The disease first appeared in Fort Riley Kansas on March 11, 1918 when an Army private
reported to the camp hospital with complaints of a fever, sore throat and headache. By noon that day
the hospital had treated over 100 sick soldiers with similar symptoms and 500 more by the end of
that week. Initially the strain of the virus seemed no different than those of previous years but it
quickly became apparent to health officials that this strain was unusual when it began to attack many
young adults and healthy individuals. Additionally this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"What Caused the Outbreak?"
While the exact cause of the Spanish Flu is still undetermined, many theories exist as to what caused
the initial pandemic. One belief is that the virus was man made and used as a type of bacteriological
warfare that was developed in 1914. It was believed to be administered to soldiers as a vaccine
during WWI with the intent of being spread overseas infecting the enemy we were fighting against.
Another theory is that the virus was spread to humans through birds. Researchers were able to study
preserved tissue samples from 1918 and have identified mutated genes which are very similar to
those documented in the H5N1 virus or more commonly referred to as the Bird Flu.
"What is the Bird Flu?" Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) is commonly found in the intestines of birds. It is
uncommon for the influenza to infect humans but there have been confirmed cases of human
infection since 1997. Normally people acquire the infection via domesticated birds such as chickens,
turkeys and ducks. The virus is secreted by the birds through their feces, salvia and nasal secretions.
Symptoms of the flu are very similar to those of other types of influenza and include: fever, fatigue,
sore throat, coughs, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, chest pain and muscle aches. As of January 2007, the
World Health Organization

Avian Influenza A Virus
Since December 2014, the USDA has confirmed numerous cases of highly pathogenic avian
influenza (HPAI) H5 in the Pacific, Central, and Mississippi flyways, known as migratory pathways.
This makes more sense to the fact that wild birds can carry this influenza, and that more birds go
through these migratory pathways, instead of in other regions.
Avian Influenza is an infection generated by the avian influenza A viruses. It can occur naturally
among birds. Both domestic and wild avian can acquire it. Wild birds worldwide contract influenza
A infections in their intestines, but usually don't get sick. However, it's exceedingly contagious
among birds, and some of the viruses can make them immensely sick and kill them.
It's relevant because influenza

Avian Influenza (AI)
Avian Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease and can affect wide varieties of birds and
mammals. The virus belongs to family orthomyxoviridae type A influenza (Wright and
Webster 2001). According to the virus pathogenicity, AI is classified into high and low pathogenic
forms. It is causing great economic losses in the Egyptian poultry industry because of its outbreaks
are characterized by a very rapid onset and widespread occurrence in a very short time (Aly et
al.2008).
To date, the only efficient way to prevent the spread of the disease between birds is the application
of quarantine measures and strict vaccination policy. Despite the application of strict vaccination
policy in Egypt with the imported and the locally manufactured inactivated

Bird Flu Virus Research Paper
The bird flu virus, also called avian influenza (flu), is a highly pathogenic type A virus which mainly
infects the respiratory system in wild aquatic birds. This very contagious virus has also been known
to sicken and kill domestic birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and other animals including
people. (CDC, n.d.). Unlike the seasonal winter flu, where there is usually some immunity from
previous exposure, vaccine is readily available, and the public health system can meet patient needs,
the virulence of the avian influenza type A virus and its ability to infect people of all ages with
various degrees of health, causes many concerns. Any introduction of a new virus into the human
population with little or no immunity against it could ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People have not yet developed an immunity to these viruses and have become very ill and died. The
risk factors for contracting the disease appear to be people who are exposed to contaminated
environments and live poultry markets. If infected people acquired the ability to easily transmit the
virus to other people a pandemic outbreak could happen. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) is
along with its domestic and international partners continue to gather information and perform
laboratory tests to monitor the situation. The World Health Organization (WHO) is monitoring avian
flu with World Organization for Animal Health OIE, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and
as more information becomes available, will revise its guidelines and actions accordingly. To date,
there have been no travel bands to any country where the avian virus has been detected. It is
recommended that all chicken be cooked to a minimum temperature of 1650 F to ensure that all
viruses and bacteria, including the bird flu viruses, are destroyed. Lastly, at this time, there is no
Avian/Bird Flu pandemic

Avian Influenza The Avian Influenza virus also known as Bird flu is a disease that infects birds such
as, chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. Symptoms of the infection are respiratory disease, unable to
produce eggs, and fatality. Usually the symptoms are unnoticeable. There are two main types of
Asian Influenza is LPAI and HPAI. LPAI is low pathogenicity meaning birds are not as likely to die
from the virus. HPAI H5 is highly pathogenic, more severe and has a higher mortality rate.
Outbreaks of this disease started in Europe and Asian. In 2015 there has been reports that AI has
infected poultry in the United States. The United States is doing everything it can to keep this virus
from rapidly spreading. The virus has been identified

What Is Avian Influenza?
Avian Influenza is an infectious disease that is transmitted mostly by infected birds. This influenza
has three types: A,B,C. The most fatal one is the type A. The virus first appearance was in migratory
shore bird in Africa in 1960. Avian Flu was first discovered in humans in Hong Kong in 1997. By
that time the virus was not known as a Bird Flu, so there were feared that the virus would sweep the
community and kill many because another subtype of influenza swept around the world in 1918
(Davidson, 2011)
First, the Avian Flu is also transmitted to pigs, ferrets, horses, whales and seals. However, this
disease is not spread among others species. The virus is present in protein sacks with a case of eight
loosely connected genes. Moreover, there

Essay on Avian Influenza: Type A Virus Infection in Humans
Introduction
The avian influenza virus is a type A influenza virus which is normally found in birds. Wild birds
are the natural hosts for all known influenza type A viruses. This includes waterfowl, gulls and
shorebirds. Ironically wild birds do not normally show symptoms of the influenza virus however
when avian influenza type A viruses are passed onto domesticated birds, they are extremely
susceptible to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) with a mortality rate of 90% to 100%1.
Avian H2, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9 and H10 are the subtypes that are the most likely to be transferred to
humans.
The subtypes of the avian influenza type A virus that routinely cause human influenza are H3N2,
H2N2, H1N1 and H1N2. H1N1 was the virus that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is important because past pandemics were either through direct transmission with sustainability
or by genetic reassortment. As indicated, the influenza viruses are ever changing, which means we
have yet to see direct transmission or reassortment now but that's not to say it won't happen in the
future. Once these strains of the HPAI do experience change, especially if incorporating traits from a
human influenza virus, this reassortment will be highly contagious, incredibly lethal and spread
easily from person to person causing a large scale influenza pandemic.
Background
Microbiology traces the influenza viruses as enveloped RNA viruses from the Orthomyxoviridae
family. Their genome has been identified as having a high mutation rate and they show increased
antigenic diversity. Their core protein can be classified into three distinct types: A, B and C.
Influenza viruses have two major antigenic surface glycoproteins embedded into their membrane:
the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) which create the antibody response in humans4.
Influenza types A, B and C can infect various mammals including humans, pigs, horses and both
wild and domestic birds.
Influenza type A in humans is the most common flu virus type and the one that causes the most
severe symptoms out of types A, B and C. There are 17 hemagglutinin (HA) and 10 neuraminidase
(NA) subtypes of the influenza A virus, which are perpetuated in aquatic birds. The two proteins

Avian Influenza Diseases
Origin and Mutations
Avian influenza A (H7N9) is thought to have arisen from gene reassortment of multiple avian virus
lineages. Hemagglutinin (HA) gene segments from H7 influenza viruses were determined to come
from migratory wild ducks along the East Asian flyway encompassing Eastern China, South Korea
and Japan [19]. Between 2009 and 2010, H7 virus strains were found in domesticated duck farms in
Jiangxi province, China and then subsequently in market birds (chickens). The strain persisted for
less than two years within market birds prior to the 2013 outbreak of H7N9 [20].
According to Liu, et al. (2013), neuraminidase (NA) gene segments from N9 viruses were thought to
derive from wild bird viruses in Europe and Korea [19], however a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The study found that when the virus made the jump from aquatic birds to chickens/poultry there
were five amino acid deletions that occurred within the NA surface proteins which enhanced viral
pathogenicity within these animals [21]. In order for the virus to cross the species barrier from
poultry into humans, it needed to acquire human–type receptor specificity [22]. It was noted that the
majority of H7N9 viruses isolated contained a mutation in their HA surface proteins identified as
Q226L [21,22]. This mutation was previously correlated with a switch from avian–type receptor
specificity to human–type receptor specificity in past human influenza pandemics – H2N2 in 1952
and H3N2 in 1968 [22]. Vries, et al. (2017), found that by itself the mutation remained specific to
avian–type receptors with an increase in avidity to human–type receptors, however, the group
demonstrated that three other mutations (V186G/K–K193T–G228S or V186N–N224K–G228S)
within the H7 protein in addition to the Q226L mutation could switch specificity from avian to
human–type receptors. Currently, only 186G and 193N mutations have been discovered in isolated
H7 avian viruses. As a result, the virus remains transmissible only through avian–human contact and
not through human–human contact [22].
Reassortment of the six internal genes (PB1, PB2, PA, NP, MP and NS) with an endemic H9N2
virus

Avian Plague Thesis
Tom Gordon, Connor Kirschbaum Thesis: Throughout history humans have dealt with many
diseases and plagues, some of these were the Bubonic Plague (the Black Death) in mid 1300's, the
Avian Flu which started in 1878 and the Swine Flu which started in the 1918. People have been
discovering the causes for these plagues and diseases. They found out that animals such as Rodents
for the Bubonic Plague, birds for the Avian Flu and pigs for Swine flu were vectors for diseases. The
Bubonic Plague was a epidemic in the mid 1300s and killed the vast majority of the population in
Europe. The Bubonic Plague killed an estimated 25 million people during the epidemic. The
Bubonic Plague is estimated to kill 30–50 percent of the total population in Europe (DeWhite, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B) How did this disease spread to humans –B Spread from pigs to humans by saliva, feces and nasal
secretions from infected pigs C) How do you cure/ get rid of swine flu –C Rest, pain relievers and
fluids IV: Conclusions –A in all three different cases, these animals were considered vectors of
diseases by the diseases from Swine Flu, Avian Flu and the Bubonic Plague all started with infected
bacterium that went into a host body which spread to humans. In avian flu it was birds, in swine flu
it was pigs and bubonic plague it was rodents. After humans realizing the diseases, they quickly
adapted and fought off these diseases by using many different methods such as antivirals, medicines,
rest and eradicating the cause of the disease (birds for avian flu, pigs for swine flu and rodents for
the bubonic

Influenza, Avian Influenza, and the Impacts of Past and...
Influenza, Avian Influenza, and the Impacts of Past and Looming Pandemics
Avian influenza is a disease that has been wreaking havoc on human populations since the 16th
century. With the recent outbreak in 1997 of a new H5N1 avian flu subtype, the world has begun
preparing for a pandemic by looking upon its past affects. In the 20th Century, the world witnessed
three pandemics in the years of 1918, 1957, and 1968. In 1918 no vaccine, antibiotic, or clear
recognition of the disease was known. Killing over 40 million in less than a year, the H1N1 strain
ingrained a deep and lasting fear of the virus throughout the world. Though 1957 and 1968 brought
on milder pandemics, they still killed an estimated 3 million people and presented a new ... Show
As stated by the World Health Organization, "all fifteen HA subtypes and nine DNA subtypes have
been detected in free flying birds". (WHO, 2005, 12) They, in turn, provide a huge and highly
mobile pool of genetic diversity.
Wild aquatic fowl, ducks in particular, serve as a reservoir for the Influenza virus to transmit into
poultry and then to humans. Infected birds shed flu viruses in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces
(CDC, 2004). The current virus seen in Asia is denoted as H5N1 and was first seen in terns in South
Africa in 1961 (CDC, 2004). The first human seen infection of the avian H5N1 viruses was in 1997
in Hong Kong in a three– year old boy (Ruben, 2005). The outbreak involved 18 cases and killed 6,
one third of the confirmed infected population (Rueben, 2005). In three days 1.5 million birds were
killed in order to prevent further spread. A new pandemic is now on the horizon with recent
outbreaks in poultry in the eight Asian countries of Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, South
Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam since 2004 (CDC, 2005). As of July 5, 2005, there have been 108
reported human cases of the H5N1 virus with 54 deaths (CDC, 2004). In wake of a

H5N1 Breakout Summary

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