ultra structure of Ribosome, Prokaryotic Ribosome, Eukaryotic Ribosome, Svedberg unit, Centrifugal force, assembly of Ribosome, functions of Ribosome, models of Ribosomes, fine structure of Ribosome, Discovery of Ribosome,
Basics only
Ribosome’s are a cell structure that makes protein (seat of protein synthesis).
• Ribosomes are often referred as PROTEIN FACTORY of the cell.
• Protein is needed for many cell functions such as repairing damage or directing
chemical processes.
• The ribosome is a complex molecule made of ribosomal RNA molecules and
proteins that form a factory for protein synthesis in cells.
Basics only
Ribosome’s are a cell structure that makes protein (seat of protein synthesis).
• Ribosomes are often referred as PROTEIN FACTORY of the cell.
• Protein is needed for many cell functions such as repairing damage or directing
chemical processes.
• The ribosome is a complex molecule made of ribosomal RNA molecules and
proteins that form a factory for protein synthesis in cells.
CBCS 4TH SEM ,
CHARGING, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF tRNA,
AMINOACYL RNA SYNTHETASE(ASR) PROOFREADING AND EDITING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzOVMWYLiCE
DNA is tightly packed in the nucleus of every cell. DNA wraps around special proteins called histones, which form loops of DNA called nucleosomes. These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin. Chromatin in turn forms larger loops and coils to form chromosomes.
DNA packaging is crucial because it makes sure that those excessive DNA are able to fit nicely in a cell that is many times smaller.
The DNA in bacterial cells are either circular or linear. To accommodate the size of bacterial cell, supercoiled DNA are folded into loops with each loop resembles shape of bead-like packets containing small basic proteins that is analogous to histone found in Eukaryotes.
CBCS 4TH SEM ,
CHARGING, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF tRNA,
AMINOACYL RNA SYNTHETASE(ASR) PROOFREADING AND EDITING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzOVMWYLiCE
DNA is tightly packed in the nucleus of every cell. DNA wraps around special proteins called histones, which form loops of DNA called nucleosomes. These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin. Chromatin in turn forms larger loops and coils to form chromosomes.
DNA packaging is crucial because it makes sure that those excessive DNA are able to fit nicely in a cell that is many times smaller.
The DNA in bacterial cells are either circular or linear. To accommodate the size of bacterial cell, supercoiled DNA are folded into loops with each loop resembles shape of bead-like packets containing small basic proteins that is analogous to histone found in Eukaryotes.
This pdf is about the structure of ribosomes.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Functionasites of ribosomes By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
STRUCTURE
70s PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
80s EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOME
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
FUNCTIONAL SITES OF RIBOSOME
OVER VIEW OF PROTINE SYNTHESIS
FUNCTION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
THANKYOU
Ribosomes (from ribonucleic acid and Greek-”soma” meaning body) are complexes of RNA and proteins that are found in all cells.
Ribosomes are of basically two types- 70S and 80S.
The S refers to the Svedberg unit. This is a sedimentation coefficient which shows how fast a cell organelle sediment in an ultracentrifuge. The heavier the structure more is its sedimentation coefficient.
Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF MAJOR ORGANELLES RIBOSOMES,LYSOSOMES,PEROXISOMES & EN...AJAYSOJITRA6
STRUCTURE AND FUCTION OF CELL ORGANELLES
INTRODUCTION:
While examining the animal and plant cell through a microscope, we might have seen numerous organelles that work together to complete the cell activities.
Animal cells are eukaryotic cells or cells with a membrane-bound nucleus.
DNA in animal cells is housed within the nucleus.
In addition to having nucleus animal cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles.
Organelles have a wide range of responsibilities that include everything from producing hormones and enzymes to providing energy for animal cells.
All living things are made up of cells that make up their body structure. Some of these living things are single-celled and other organisms are made up of more than one cell.
i. Intrauterine insemination (IUI).
ii. In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF and ET).
iii. Gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT).
iv. Zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIPT).
v. Intra-vaginal culture (IVC).
vi. Cytoplasmic transfer (CT).
Paleobotany definition for fossils , ten different types of fossils like amber mold and casts chemical fossils compression impression petrification microfossils macrofossils pseudofossils index fossils coal and fossilization were explained with different photos and explanation
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. Introduction
• Cells need to make proteins.
• Enzymes made of proteins are used to help speed up
biological processes.
• Other proteins support cell functions and are found
embedded in membranes.
• Proteins even make up most of your hair.
• When a cell needs to make proteins, it looks for
ribosomes.
• Ribosomes are the protein builders or the
protein synthesizers of the cell.
• They are like construction guys who connect one amino
acid at a time and build long chains.
3. Ribosome
• The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found
within all living cells, that serves as the site
of biological protein synthesis (translation).
• Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order
specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules.
• Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small
ribosomal subunits, which read the RNA, and the large
subunits, which join amino acids to form
a polypeptide chain.
4. • Each subunit comprises one or more ribosomal
RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of ribosomal
proteins (r-protein or rProtein).
• The ribosomes and associated molecules are also
known as the translational apparatus.
5. Discovery
Ribosomes were first observed in the mid-1950s
by Romanian-American cell biologist George Emil
Palade, using an electron microscope, as dense
particles or granules. So it is also called Palade particle
The term "ribosome" was proposed by scientist
Richard B. Roberts in the end of 1950s
7. Svedberg
It is the centrifugal unit
depending on the density
of the object (and in the
cage of cell, organelles)
determining that how
quickly they sink to the
depth when centrifuged
9. The structures of ribosomes
include:
• Situated in two areas of the cytoplasm.
• They are seen scattered in the cytoplasm and a few are
connected to the endoplasmic reticulum.
• Whenever joined to the ER they are called the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
• The free and the bound ribosomes are very much alike
in structure and are associated with protein synthesis.
• Around 37 to 62% of RNA is comprised of RNA and
the rest is proteins.
10. General structure of Ribosome
The general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
ribosomes are similar.
Each ribosome is porous, hydrated and composed of
two subunits.
One subunit is large in size and has a dome-like shape,
while the other subunit is smaller in size and occurring
above the larger subunit, forming a cap-like structure.
11. When the concentration of Mg++ reduces in the
matrix, both ribosomal subunits get separated.
In bacterial cells, the two subunits are found to occur
freely in the cytoplasm and they unite only during
protein synthesis.
12. Prokaryotic Ribosome
• Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, each consisting of a
small (30S) and a large (50S) subunit.
• Their small subunit has a 16S rRNA subunit
(consisting of 1540 nucleotides) bound to 21 proteins.
• The large subunit is composed of a 5S rRNA subunit
(120 nucleotides), a 23S rRNA subunit (2900
nucleotides) and 31 proteins
14. Models of 70S Ribosome:
• A. Quasi-symmetrical Model (Stoffler and Wittmann,
1970):
• According to this model, the smaller 30S subunit of prokaryote
ribosomes has a bipartite structure with an elongated, slightly
bent pro-late shape.
• A transverse cleft divides the subunit into two parts; a smaller
head and a larger body, giving it the appearance of a ‘telephone
receiver or embryo’.
• Under electron microscope, the frontal view of larger subunit
shows three protuberances (Fig. 3.17) arising from a rounded
base; the central being the most prominent and often gives the
larger subunit the appearance of an arm chair (the rounded base
forms the vaulted seat, the central protuberance forms the back
and the lateral protuberances the arm of the chair) or a maple
leaf.
15.
16. ii. Asymmetrical Model (J. A. Lake,
1981):
• According to this model, the smaller subunit has a
head, a base and a platform (Fig. 3.18).
• The platform separates the head from the base by a
cleft.
• The cleft is an important functional region the site of
codonanticodon interaction and part of binding site
for the initiation factor of protein synthesis.
• On the other hand, the large subunit consists of a
ridge, a central protuberance and a stalk.
• The first two are separated with the help of a valley.
17.
18. Eukaryotic ribosome
• Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes, each consisting of a
small (40S) and large (60S) subunit.
• Their 40S subunit has an 18S rRNA (1900 nucleotides)
and 33 proteins.
• The large subunit is composed of a 5S rRNA (120
nucleotides), 28S rRNA (4700 nucleotides), a 5.8S
rRNA (160 nucleotides) subunits and 46 proteins
20. What is the structure of
ribosome?
A Ribosome has an mRNA binding site and three
binding site
A site- aminoacyl site
P site –Peptidyl site
E site – exit site
21. Three Dimensional Model of 80S
Ribosome:
• The cytoplasmic ribosomes of eukaryotes are remarkably
similar in morphology to those of the prokaryotes.
• Like the 30S subunit of prokaryotes, the 40S subunit of
eukaryotes is divided into head and base segments by a
transverse groove.
• The 60S subunit is rounded in shape, although its one side
is flattened and it becomes confluent with the small
subunit during the formation of the monomer.
• A ribosome contains three binding site for RNA molecules.
• One for mRNA and two for tRNAs; one of the last two is
called the peptidyl-tRNA binding site, or P-site and the
other is called the aminoacyl-tRNA binding site, or A-site.
22.
23. • The 80S ribosomes contain four types of rRNA, viz.,
– 28S rRNA with 4,700 nucleotides,
– 5.8S rRNA with 160 nucleotides and
– 5S rRNA with 120 nucleotides
– in the larger 60S subunit and the smaller subunit of 40S contains 18S rRNA with
1,900 nucleotides
• The 55S ribosomes of mammalian mitochondria lack 5S rRNA but contain 21S
and 12S rRNAs of which 21S rRNA occurs in the larger or 35S subunit, while 12S
rRNA occurs in the smaller or 25S subunit.
• About 60 percent of the rRNA is helical or double stranded and contains paired
bases.
• These regions are due to hairpin loops between complementary regions of the
linear molecules.
• In ribosome, the RNA is exposed at the surface of the ribosomal subunits and
the protein is assumed to be in the interior, in relation to non-helical part of
the RNA.