Considered the most attractive figure in the Romanov dynasty. Son of a Prussian princess, he had in him more Hohenzollern than Romanov traits, and found it hard to adopt the Russian way of life.
Revision Russian Tsars Alexander II and III, Nicholas IIKari Robertson
This document discusses the decline of imperial power in Tsarist Russia and the emergence of the Soviet state between 1855 and 1905. It analyzes factors such as ethnic and religious diversity, the Russian economy, autocracy under the royal family, and changes in Russian society. Key events explored include the Crimean War, emancipation of serfdom, and assassination of Tsar Alexander II. Growing opposition to the ruling Romanov dynasty stemmed from liberal reforms, the influence of new literature, and rise of revolutionary groups like the Narodniks.
Alexander II implemented several important reforms during his reign from 1855 to 1881, though the motivations and consequences of the reforms were complex. The most significant reform was ending serfdom in 1861, which freed millions of serfs but failed to satisfy many as the former serfs struggled economically and had to pay redemption dues for years. Other reforms included military reorganization, local governments, law codes, education, and limited freedoms for religious minorities and nationalities. However, the reforms failed to create a coherent political system, left the former serfs in a poor economic state, and dissatisfied many groups including liberals who wanted more change and radicals who sought a complete overhaul. Alexander's assassination in 1881 reflected the ongoing tensions and opposition to
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Russian Revolution. It describes how the Russian people suffered under the absolute rule of Czar Nicholas II, including poor working conditions for serfs. Dissatisfaction grew after Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and entry into World War I in 1914, which caused severe hardships. In early 1917, widespread riots broke out and the weak provisional government that replaced the Czar was unable to maintain order, leading to the Communists taking control under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin later that year.
The document summarizes major political and social events in Russia between 1905 and 1917. Key points include:
- Russia was ruled by an autocratic tsar but faced unrest from liberals seeking reforms and socialists seeking revolution.
- The 1905 revolution erupted after Bloody Sunday but was crushed, though the tsar was forced to create a limited parliament.
- World War I exacerbated Russia's problems, and the 1917 revolutions overthrew the tsar and brought the Bolsheviks to power under Lenin.
This document contains critical review questions about the rise of Russia and absolute rule. It discusses how the Mongol rule of Russia contributed to its lag behind the West. It also examines Catherine the Great's similarities to Peter the Great in westernizing and modernizing Russia. Additionally, it addresses how the expansion of serfdom provided benefits to the Russian government while exploiting peasants.
The major events of the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, a series of two revolutions in RUSSIA in 1917. The first revolution in March (O.S. February) deposed TSAR NICHOLAS II. The second revolution in November (O.S. October) toppled the Provisional Government and handed power to the Bolsheviks, giving way to the rise of the SOVIET UNION (U.S.S.R.), the world's first communist state.
1) Many Enlightenment philosophers believed that enlightened monarchs could best reform society from above, as they distrusted allowing changes from the masses.
2) Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia promoted aspects of the Enlightenment like education and legal reform while maintaining absolute rule.
3) Monarchs like Maria Theresa of Austria and Joseph II of Austria introduced limited reforms to reduce the power of the nobility and church, but faced opposition that prevented lasting changes.
Revision Russian Tsars Alexander II and III, Nicholas IIKari Robertson
This document discusses the decline of imperial power in Tsarist Russia and the emergence of the Soviet state between 1855 and 1905. It analyzes factors such as ethnic and religious diversity, the Russian economy, autocracy under the royal family, and changes in Russian society. Key events explored include the Crimean War, emancipation of serfdom, and assassination of Tsar Alexander II. Growing opposition to the ruling Romanov dynasty stemmed from liberal reforms, the influence of new literature, and rise of revolutionary groups like the Narodniks.
Alexander II implemented several important reforms during his reign from 1855 to 1881, though the motivations and consequences of the reforms were complex. The most significant reform was ending serfdom in 1861, which freed millions of serfs but failed to satisfy many as the former serfs struggled economically and had to pay redemption dues for years. Other reforms included military reorganization, local governments, law codes, education, and limited freedoms for religious minorities and nationalities. However, the reforms failed to create a coherent political system, left the former serfs in a poor economic state, and dissatisfied many groups including liberals who wanted more change and radicals who sought a complete overhaul. Alexander's assassination in 1881 reflected the ongoing tensions and opposition to
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Russian Revolution. It describes how the Russian people suffered under the absolute rule of Czar Nicholas II, including poor working conditions for serfs. Dissatisfaction grew after Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and entry into World War I in 1914, which caused severe hardships. In early 1917, widespread riots broke out and the weak provisional government that replaced the Czar was unable to maintain order, leading to the Communists taking control under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin later that year.
The document summarizes major political and social events in Russia between 1905 and 1917. Key points include:
- Russia was ruled by an autocratic tsar but faced unrest from liberals seeking reforms and socialists seeking revolution.
- The 1905 revolution erupted after Bloody Sunday but was crushed, though the tsar was forced to create a limited parliament.
- World War I exacerbated Russia's problems, and the 1917 revolutions overthrew the tsar and brought the Bolsheviks to power under Lenin.
This document contains critical review questions about the rise of Russia and absolute rule. It discusses how the Mongol rule of Russia contributed to its lag behind the West. It also examines Catherine the Great's similarities to Peter the Great in westernizing and modernizing Russia. Additionally, it addresses how the expansion of serfdom provided benefits to the Russian government while exploiting peasants.
The major events of the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, a series of two revolutions in RUSSIA in 1917. The first revolution in March (O.S. February) deposed TSAR NICHOLAS II. The second revolution in November (O.S. October) toppled the Provisional Government and handed power to the Bolsheviks, giving way to the rise of the SOVIET UNION (U.S.S.R.), the world's first communist state.
1) Many Enlightenment philosophers believed that enlightened monarchs could best reform society from above, as they distrusted allowing changes from the masses.
2) Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia promoted aspects of the Enlightenment like education and legal reform while maintaining absolute rule.
3) Monarchs like Maria Theresa of Austria and Joseph II of Austria introduced limited reforms to reduce the power of the nobility and church, but faced opposition that prevented lasting changes.
This document provides an introduction to imperialism, including its definition and different types. Imperialism is when a powerful nation dominates other countries politically, economically, or socially. There are four main types of imperialism discussed: colonies, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic imperialism. The document then examines potential motives for why nations practice imperialism, such as exploratory, political, ideological, religious, and economic goals. Nations may seek to map new territories, control other governments, civilize foreign populations, convert people to their religion, or gain access to raw materials and trade.
Russia's political history began with the Mongol Invasion in the 13th century, where forces of Genghis Khan took control of Moscow and established Tatar rule over Russia that lasted until 1480. During this time, Russia was isolated from developments in Western Europe. In the 16th century, Ivan the Terrible began expanding Russian territory but died with no heir, plunging Russia into civil war. The Romanov Dynasty was established in 1613 and worked to modernize Russia along Western European lines under Peter the Great in the early 18th century. However, periods of reform were often followed by repression, as under Catherine the Great in the late 18th century. Russian territory continued expanding eastward and southward during this period
Between 1450-1700, Russia grew from a loose federation of states centered around Kiev into a vast empire dominated by the Tsars. The Mongol invasion in the 13th century brought Russia under Mongol rule until the 1400s. The first Tsars expanded the Russian state into Siberia and Central Asia while centralizing power. Conflict between nobles and Tsars led to civil wars. The Romanov Dynasty established rule from 1613-1914 after a period of turmoil. Peter the Great forcibly Westernized Russia in the early 1700s through reforms like a modernized army and navy as well as the founding of St. Petersburg, but serfdom and oppression of lower classes continued.
The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) was a devastating conflict fought mainly in Central Europe that began as a religious war between Catholic and Protestant states in the Holy Roman Empire but expanded to include most of the major powers in Europe. Religious and political tensions between Protestant and Catholic states, as well as the competing territorial ambitions of countries like Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic turned an internal German struggle into an international war. The war crippled the Holy Roman Empire and resulted in massive loss of life in Germany, while strengthening the positions of Sweden, France, and Prussia in European affairs.
This document provides an overview of the political history of South Asia. It discusses several key periods and empires:
- The Indus River Civilization from 2300-1750 BCE, which had advanced urban planning, sanitation systems, and agriculture.
- The Aryan Empire from 1500-1000 BCE that introduced the caste system and Vedic scriptures.
- The Mauryan Empire founded in 320 BCE by Chandragupta Maurya and expanded by Emperor Ashoka, unifying most of South Asia.
- The Gupta Empire from 320-550 CE that was a period of advancement in science, mathematics, astronomy, literature, and art.
- The Mughal Empire
The document provides background information on the Russian Revolution through a vocabulary list and sections on pre-revolutionary Russia, the reign of Czar Nicholas II, World War I and the rise of the Bolsheviks. Key events summarized are the 1905 revolution in response to Bloody Sunday and the October Manifesto, World War I which weakened Russia and led to the March Revolution of 1917 overthrowing the Czar, and the Bolsheviks seizing power in November 1917 by promising to withdraw from WWI and preventing the Czar's return. A civil war followed between the Bolsheviks and opposing White Army which the Bolsheviks eventually won, allowing Lenin and the USSR to be established.
The document provides an overview of the Russian Revolution. It describes the oppressive conditions under the rule of Czar Nicholas II, including poverty among peasants and unrest from protests and uprisings. World War I exacerbated issues and led to further revolts in 1917, forcing Nicholas to abdicate. This March Revolution established a provisional government led by Kerensky. In November 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seized power in the November Revolution and established the Soviet Union. A civil war then broke out between the Reds and Whites, which the Bolsheviks ultimately won through force and brutality under Lenin's leadership based on interpretations of Marxism.
Bismarck successfully unified Germany in 1871 and then pursued a policy of maintaining peace in Europe through a complex web of alliances including the League of Three Emperors and the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary. His diplomacy was aimed at isolating France and preventing the formation of any alliance against Germany. By 1890, Bismarck had maintained peace in Europe for nearly two decades through skillful statesmanship, but increasing tensions and his resignation weakened Germany's position as other powers sought to alter the balance of power.
Alexander II and the Emancipation of the Serfsrakochy
The document discusses the emancipation of serfs in 19th century Russia and the subsequent reforms under Tsar Alexander II. It provides background on serfdom prior to emancipation in 1861, including the different types of serfs. It then summarizes the key aspects of the 1861 emancipation edict, including granting serfs freedom and land. However, emancipation also led to unrest as peasants faced debt and land disputes. The document next outlines Alexander II's reforms in other areas like the military, judiciary, education, and local government. Overall, it presents an overview of the emancipation of serfs and the modernizing reforms that followed under Alexander II in the mid-19th century.
The document summarizes key events in early 20th century Russian and Soviet history following the Bolshevik Revolution. It describes Lenin overthrowing the provisional government in 1917 and establishing a Soviet government. It then discusses the Russian Civil War that followed and Lenin's introduction of war communism and the New Economic Policy. The document next outlines Stalin's rise to power after Lenin's death and his establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship through industrialization, collectivization, and terror against political opponents.
The document summarizes the political and economic situation in tsarist Russia prior to the revolutions of 1917. It describes how Russia was an absolute monarchy ruled by the Tsar, with limited rights and political repression. Economically it was a semi-feudal system with an impoverished peasant majority. Dissatisfaction grew due to Russia's involvement in World War 1, leading to the February Revolution of 1917 which overthrew the Tsar. In October, the Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution, establishing Soviet rule and beginning the process of communist rule in Russia.
The document provides an overview of Russian history from 1861 to the rise of Stalin. It discusses the vast Russian Empire under the tsars and the various political and social groups that struggled for change. Key events included the 1905 revolution in response to Bloody Sunday, World War I and food shortages causing the February Revolution of 1917 that overthrew the monarchy. Lenin and the Bolsheviks then took power in October 1917 and established a communist government, fighting a civil war against opposing forces. Under Stalin's rule, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization and collectivization through five-year plans, though at great human cost and with limited improvements to people's lives.
Peter the Great was Tsar of Russia from 1682 to 1725. He introduced Western technologies and institutions to modernize Russia, which met resistance from traditionalists. Peter founded a new capital, St. Petersburg, to symbolize Russia's connection to Europe. He reformed the military, government, and church to increase Russia's power and integrate it into the Western world. Peter's reforms raised debates about Russia's relationship with the West that continued for centuries.
The USSR was a socialist state that existed from 1922 to 1991, comprising 15 Soviet republics. It was established following the Russian Revolution and adopted a centrally planned economy and one-party rule under the Communist Party. In the late 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev introduced policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) that contributed to nationalist movements in the republics seeking independence. This led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, with Russia and 14 other republics becoming independent states.
The document provides definitions and context about European imperialism between 1870-1914. It discusses the motives and causes of late 19th century European imperialism including economic factors, nationalism, social Darwinism, and the white man's burden. Specific examples of European colonialism are given for Britain, France, Germany, and the United States in Africa and Asia during this era of imperialism.
The fall of the Soviet Union was caused by several economic and political factors over many years. Mikhail Gorbachev attempted reforms with glasnost and perestroika in the 1980s, but these had unintended consequences like increased nationalism that contributed to the USSR's dissolution. An August 1991 coup failed to stop growing independence movements. By December 1991, the Soviet Union had dissolved and was replaced by the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika, as well as economic failures, rising nationalism, and public demand for change, contributed to the fall of European communist regimes in 1989. The opening of the Berlin Wall and revolutions in Eastern bloc countries ended the Soviet Union's control over Eastern Europe. By 1991, nationalist and reformist sentiments led by Boris Yeltsin overwhelmed the Soviet system, culminating in the dissolution of the USSR.
The War of 1812 was caused by several factors, including British and French seizure of American cargo and ships, the British practice of impressment which led to the Chesapeake Incident, and territorial disputes over lands in North America. The war resulted in unsuccessful American invasions of Canada but ended with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. While the borders changed little, the war established frontier myths for America and began Andrew Jackson's rise to the presidency following his victory at the Battle of New Orleans.
The Russian Civil War broke out after the Bolshevik revolution of 1917 as various opposition groups opposed the Bolsheviks' seizure of power. These groups included monarchists, socialists, and foreign powers. The main triggers for conflict were the Bolsheviks dissolving the Constituent Assembly and signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ceded territory to Germany. The opposing sides formed the Red Army led by Trotsky for the Bolsheviks and the multi-factioned White Army. The civil war involved over 20 factions and lasted from 1918 to 1921, with the Red Army eventually defeating the White Army and allowing the Bolsheviks to consolidate control over Russia.
Russia industrialized and reformed more slowly than Western Europe for several reasons:
1) Russia had an autocratic government where Tsars ruled with absolute power and resisted reforms to maintain support from landowning nobles.
2) Russian society had a very rigid class structure in the early 1800s with serfs bound to the land at the bottom and resistance to change from nobles at the top.
3) While some reforms like emancipation of serfs were enacted under pressure, Tsars often reversed reforms to placate nobles, resulting in a pattern of reform and reaction under different rulers.
Russia struggled with reforms in the 19th century as the Tsar maintained autocratic rule. By the mid-1800s, Tsar Alexander II realized Russia needed reforms to modernize, leading him to emancipate serfs in 1861. However, the flawed emancipation left peasants in poverty. His successor Tsar Alexander III reverted to repression. In 1905, unrest grew and the "Bloody Sunday" massacre of protesters led to the October Manifesto granting limited reforms. However, the tsar retained ultimate power, setting the stage for revolution.
This document provides an introduction to imperialism, including its definition and different types. Imperialism is when a powerful nation dominates other countries politically, economically, or socially. There are four main types of imperialism discussed: colonies, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic imperialism. The document then examines potential motives for why nations practice imperialism, such as exploratory, political, ideological, religious, and economic goals. Nations may seek to map new territories, control other governments, civilize foreign populations, convert people to their religion, or gain access to raw materials and trade.
Russia's political history began with the Mongol Invasion in the 13th century, where forces of Genghis Khan took control of Moscow and established Tatar rule over Russia that lasted until 1480. During this time, Russia was isolated from developments in Western Europe. In the 16th century, Ivan the Terrible began expanding Russian territory but died with no heir, plunging Russia into civil war. The Romanov Dynasty was established in 1613 and worked to modernize Russia along Western European lines under Peter the Great in the early 18th century. However, periods of reform were often followed by repression, as under Catherine the Great in the late 18th century. Russian territory continued expanding eastward and southward during this period
Between 1450-1700, Russia grew from a loose federation of states centered around Kiev into a vast empire dominated by the Tsars. The Mongol invasion in the 13th century brought Russia under Mongol rule until the 1400s. The first Tsars expanded the Russian state into Siberia and Central Asia while centralizing power. Conflict between nobles and Tsars led to civil wars. The Romanov Dynasty established rule from 1613-1914 after a period of turmoil. Peter the Great forcibly Westernized Russia in the early 1700s through reforms like a modernized army and navy as well as the founding of St. Petersburg, but serfdom and oppression of lower classes continued.
The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) was a devastating conflict fought mainly in Central Europe that began as a religious war between Catholic and Protestant states in the Holy Roman Empire but expanded to include most of the major powers in Europe. Religious and political tensions between Protestant and Catholic states, as well as the competing territorial ambitions of countries like Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic turned an internal German struggle into an international war. The war crippled the Holy Roman Empire and resulted in massive loss of life in Germany, while strengthening the positions of Sweden, France, and Prussia in European affairs.
This document provides an overview of the political history of South Asia. It discusses several key periods and empires:
- The Indus River Civilization from 2300-1750 BCE, which had advanced urban planning, sanitation systems, and agriculture.
- The Aryan Empire from 1500-1000 BCE that introduced the caste system and Vedic scriptures.
- The Mauryan Empire founded in 320 BCE by Chandragupta Maurya and expanded by Emperor Ashoka, unifying most of South Asia.
- The Gupta Empire from 320-550 CE that was a period of advancement in science, mathematics, astronomy, literature, and art.
- The Mughal Empire
The document provides background information on the Russian Revolution through a vocabulary list and sections on pre-revolutionary Russia, the reign of Czar Nicholas II, World War I and the rise of the Bolsheviks. Key events summarized are the 1905 revolution in response to Bloody Sunday and the October Manifesto, World War I which weakened Russia and led to the March Revolution of 1917 overthrowing the Czar, and the Bolsheviks seizing power in November 1917 by promising to withdraw from WWI and preventing the Czar's return. A civil war followed between the Bolsheviks and opposing White Army which the Bolsheviks eventually won, allowing Lenin and the USSR to be established.
The document provides an overview of the Russian Revolution. It describes the oppressive conditions under the rule of Czar Nicholas II, including poverty among peasants and unrest from protests and uprisings. World War I exacerbated issues and led to further revolts in 1917, forcing Nicholas to abdicate. This March Revolution established a provisional government led by Kerensky. In November 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seized power in the November Revolution and established the Soviet Union. A civil war then broke out between the Reds and Whites, which the Bolsheviks ultimately won through force and brutality under Lenin's leadership based on interpretations of Marxism.
Bismarck successfully unified Germany in 1871 and then pursued a policy of maintaining peace in Europe through a complex web of alliances including the League of Three Emperors and the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary. His diplomacy was aimed at isolating France and preventing the formation of any alliance against Germany. By 1890, Bismarck had maintained peace in Europe for nearly two decades through skillful statesmanship, but increasing tensions and his resignation weakened Germany's position as other powers sought to alter the balance of power.
Alexander II and the Emancipation of the Serfsrakochy
The document discusses the emancipation of serfs in 19th century Russia and the subsequent reforms under Tsar Alexander II. It provides background on serfdom prior to emancipation in 1861, including the different types of serfs. It then summarizes the key aspects of the 1861 emancipation edict, including granting serfs freedom and land. However, emancipation also led to unrest as peasants faced debt and land disputes. The document next outlines Alexander II's reforms in other areas like the military, judiciary, education, and local government. Overall, it presents an overview of the emancipation of serfs and the modernizing reforms that followed under Alexander II in the mid-19th century.
The document summarizes key events in early 20th century Russian and Soviet history following the Bolshevik Revolution. It describes Lenin overthrowing the provisional government in 1917 and establishing a Soviet government. It then discusses the Russian Civil War that followed and Lenin's introduction of war communism and the New Economic Policy. The document next outlines Stalin's rise to power after Lenin's death and his establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship through industrialization, collectivization, and terror against political opponents.
The document summarizes the political and economic situation in tsarist Russia prior to the revolutions of 1917. It describes how Russia was an absolute monarchy ruled by the Tsar, with limited rights and political repression. Economically it was a semi-feudal system with an impoverished peasant majority. Dissatisfaction grew due to Russia's involvement in World War 1, leading to the February Revolution of 1917 which overthrew the Tsar. In October, the Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution, establishing Soviet rule and beginning the process of communist rule in Russia.
The document provides an overview of Russian history from 1861 to the rise of Stalin. It discusses the vast Russian Empire under the tsars and the various political and social groups that struggled for change. Key events included the 1905 revolution in response to Bloody Sunday, World War I and food shortages causing the February Revolution of 1917 that overthrew the monarchy. Lenin and the Bolsheviks then took power in October 1917 and established a communist government, fighting a civil war against opposing forces. Under Stalin's rule, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization and collectivization through five-year plans, though at great human cost and with limited improvements to people's lives.
Peter the Great was Tsar of Russia from 1682 to 1725. He introduced Western technologies and institutions to modernize Russia, which met resistance from traditionalists. Peter founded a new capital, St. Petersburg, to symbolize Russia's connection to Europe. He reformed the military, government, and church to increase Russia's power and integrate it into the Western world. Peter's reforms raised debates about Russia's relationship with the West that continued for centuries.
The USSR was a socialist state that existed from 1922 to 1991, comprising 15 Soviet republics. It was established following the Russian Revolution and adopted a centrally planned economy and one-party rule under the Communist Party. In the late 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev introduced policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) that contributed to nationalist movements in the republics seeking independence. This led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, with Russia and 14 other republics becoming independent states.
The document provides definitions and context about European imperialism between 1870-1914. It discusses the motives and causes of late 19th century European imperialism including economic factors, nationalism, social Darwinism, and the white man's burden. Specific examples of European colonialism are given for Britain, France, Germany, and the United States in Africa and Asia during this era of imperialism.
The fall of the Soviet Union was caused by several economic and political factors over many years. Mikhail Gorbachev attempted reforms with glasnost and perestroika in the 1980s, but these had unintended consequences like increased nationalism that contributed to the USSR's dissolution. An August 1991 coup failed to stop growing independence movements. By December 1991, the Soviet Union had dissolved and was replaced by the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika, as well as economic failures, rising nationalism, and public demand for change, contributed to the fall of European communist regimes in 1989. The opening of the Berlin Wall and revolutions in Eastern bloc countries ended the Soviet Union's control over Eastern Europe. By 1991, nationalist and reformist sentiments led by Boris Yeltsin overwhelmed the Soviet system, culminating in the dissolution of the USSR.
The War of 1812 was caused by several factors, including British and French seizure of American cargo and ships, the British practice of impressment which led to the Chesapeake Incident, and territorial disputes over lands in North America. The war resulted in unsuccessful American invasions of Canada but ended with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. While the borders changed little, the war established frontier myths for America and began Andrew Jackson's rise to the presidency following his victory at the Battle of New Orleans.
The Russian Civil War broke out after the Bolshevik revolution of 1917 as various opposition groups opposed the Bolsheviks' seizure of power. These groups included monarchists, socialists, and foreign powers. The main triggers for conflict were the Bolsheviks dissolving the Constituent Assembly and signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ceded territory to Germany. The opposing sides formed the Red Army led by Trotsky for the Bolsheviks and the multi-factioned White Army. The civil war involved over 20 factions and lasted from 1918 to 1921, with the Red Army eventually defeating the White Army and allowing the Bolsheviks to consolidate control over Russia.
Russia industrialized and reformed more slowly than Western Europe for several reasons:
1) Russia had an autocratic government where Tsars ruled with absolute power and resisted reforms to maintain support from landowning nobles.
2) Russian society had a very rigid class structure in the early 1800s with serfs bound to the land at the bottom and resistance to change from nobles at the top.
3) While some reforms like emancipation of serfs were enacted under pressure, Tsars often reversed reforms to placate nobles, resulting in a pattern of reform and reaction under different rulers.
Russia struggled with reforms in the 19th century as the Tsar maintained autocratic rule. By the mid-1800s, Tsar Alexander II realized Russia needed reforms to modernize, leading him to emancipate serfs in 1861. However, the flawed emancipation left peasants in poverty. His successor Tsar Alexander III reverted to repression. In 1905, unrest grew and the "Bloody Sunday" massacre of protesters led to the October Manifesto granting limited reforms. However, the tsar retained ultimate power, setting the stage for revolution.
Timeline of events - The decline and fall of the Romanov Dynasty.Matt White
The Russian Revolution began with the February Revolution in 1917 which overthrew the Tsar. This was caused by public discontent with World War I and the monarchy. In October 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seized power in the October Revolution. The new Bolshevik government withdrew Russia from WWI and established the world's first socialist state, setting the stage for the rise of the Soviet Union.
The document summarizes major events in Russia between the late 1800s and 1920s, including the fall of the Russian Empire and rise of communism. It discusses how the Russian Empire faced modernization challenges under the last czars and experienced unrest. The 1917 revolutions overthrew the czarist regime and established a provisional government, which Lenin then took control of through the Bolshevik revolution. Lenin established a communist government and repressive policies through the Red Terror, before his death led to Stalin consolidating power and instituting harsh industrialization and collectivization policies through the 1930s.
The document discusses economic conditions in Imperial Russia between 1871-1914. It notes that while industry grew during this period, led by the textile and metallurgical industries supporting railway expansion, it did not grow enough to relieve pressure from agricultural overpopulation. Agriculture continued to struggle with low yields due to outdated practices, lack of credit, and the continuation of the commune system. Efforts at reform were sporadic and aimed more at relieving misery temporarily rather than enacting fundamental change, for fear of alienating the landed classes. The condition of the peasantry continued to be one of deepening poverty.
The Tsars Russia - An introduction to some of the long term causes of the Rus...colek2014
The document summarizes the long-term causes that led to the collapse of the Romanov dynasty and Tsarist regime in Russia in 1917. It explains that the Tsarist system was outdated and unable to modernize like other European nations had. New modern forces like the middle class, industrial workers, and Marxism threatened the old institutions that supported the monarchy like the nobility and peasantry. Russia was also too large to govern effectively from one central authority, was economically and militarily weak, and contained many different ethnic and religious groups that lacked unity. The growth of revolutionary groups and a bourgeois middle class calling for democratic reforms further undermined the autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II.
Russia began as a small territory that expanded under strong rulers to become the world's largest country. While its government underwent many changes, Russian culture and traditions remained strong. The Soviet Union was formed after the Russian Revolution but collapsed in 1991, leading Russia to attempt building a democracy and market economy. Russian culture is influenced by its vast area and cold climate, and includes traditions like Maslenitsa celebrating the end of winter.
This document provides an overview of Russian history from Catherine I to Nicholas II, including key events and figures. It discusses Karl Marx and his ideas of class struggle. It describes Nicholas I's authoritarian rule after crushing the Decembrist Revolt. It summarizes the emancipation of serfs by Alexander II in 1861 and the remaining revolutionary tensions. It also briefly mentions education and demographics in late 19th century Russia.
The document summarizes key events of the February Revolution in Russia in 1917, which overthrew the monarchy of Tsar Nicholas II. It describes growing opposition to Nicholas' leadership as Tsar due to military failures in WWI and instability within the government. In February 1917, widespread strikes and protests in Petrograd sparked a revolutionary situation. Soldiers began to mutiny and desert the military. Nicholas abdicated the throne on March 3rd, marking the end of the Romanov dynasty and hundreds of years of imperial rule in Russia. The Provisional Government was then established to replace the monarchy.
The document summarizes the key events and figures of the Russian Revolution from 1905-1917. It describes how Tsar Nicholas II failed to address widespread economic and social issues in Russia, leading to unrest. Mass protests were violently suppressed, further angering the public. Lenin and the Bolsheviks then orchestrated revolts and overthrew the monarchy. They eventually had Nicholas II and his family executed. This allowed Russia to move towards a new system based on Marxist and Leninist ideas with a goal of improving workers' rights and living conditions.
The Russian Revolution was caused by growing unrest against the oppressive rule of Tsar Nicholas II. [1] Factory workers labored for long hours in poor conditions and low pay and joined revolutionary groups like the Bolsheviks calling for change. [2] Figures like Vladimir Lenin and Grigori Rasputin influenced events, with Lenin leading the Bolsheviks to overthrow the monarchy and Rasputin gaining favor with the royal family. [3] This ultimately led to the deaths of Nicholas II and his family at the hands of the Bolsheviks in 1918, ending centuries of imperial rule in Russia.
The document summarizes the history of Russia leading up to the Russian Revolution in 1917. It describes the authoritarian rule of the Czars from Ivan the Terrible to Nicholas II, and the social and economic problems facing Russia at the time, including peasant uprisings and involvement in World War I. The revolution occurred when Nicholas II abdicated the throne in February 1917 due to public unrest. A provisional government took over but faced opposition from the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in October 1917 and established communist rule, taking Russia out of World War I.
World War I exacerbated unrest in Russia and weakened the monarchy. As Russia suffered devastating losses and food grew scarce under Czar Nicholas II's poor leadership, popular support for the monarchy plummeted. When the Russian military failed in World War I, unrest peaked and revolutionary ideas spread rapidly. This led to the overthrow of the Czarist government in 1917 and establishment of a communist government, ending Russian involvement in World War I and spreading communism globally.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a major turning point in Russian history that drastically altered the country's political and economic direction. It consisted of two revolutions - the February Revolution which overthrew the Tsar and established a provisional government, and the October Revolution in which the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seized power. The revolutions were caused by growing unrest over factors like poor living conditions, the stresses of World War I, and dissatisfaction with the limitations of the provisional government. The Russian Revolution had widespread international impacts and established the Soviet Union as the world's first communist state.
Russia underwent significant changes from the late 1600s through the early 1900s as Czars modernized the country through Westernization but maintained autocratic rule, causing unrest among the population. Czar Nicholas II faced setbacks in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I, during which a shortage of supplies and political unrest led the people to support new revolutionary parties in early 1917. This led to Nicholas' abdication and the rise of Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks, who took power that October through violence and established a communist government, removing political opposition and negotiating a separate peace with Germany to exit World War I.
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Catherine the Great was a long-reigning Empress of Russia known for expanding the empire through conquest and diplomacy. She came to power in 1762 following the abdication and assassination of her husband, Peter III. Though she began as a reformer, Catherine grew more conservative over time, giving nobility greater control over serfs while also establishing new schools. She governed during the Golden Age of the Russian Empire and added over 200,000 square miles of territory through victories over the Ottomans and partitioning of Poland.
The Russian Revolution - Recurso Educativo Abierto - Fernando FloresFernandoFloresdeAnda
Recurso Educativo Abierto para la materia de Clínica Tutorial 1
Fernando Flores de Anda
Presentación que describe detalladamente el proceso que llevo hacia la revolución rusa, con una descripción de su contexto histórico, sus antecedentes, desarrollo y concecuencias.
Par contacto dirigirse al correo floresdeandafer@gmail.com
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
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land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
1. THE AGE OF ALEXANDER II
(1855-1881)
Prepared by:
John Carlo Castillo-Cabalit
AB History Student
National Youth Commission
& Pilipinas Natin Volunteer
Office of the President
3. (born April 29, 1818, Moscow, Russia died March 13,
1881, St. Petersburg) Tsar of Russia (185581). He
succeeded to the throne at the height of the Crimean
War, which revealed Russia's backwardness on the
world stage. In response, he undertook drastic reform,
improving communications, government, and education,
and most importantly, emancipating the serfs (1861). His
reforms reduced class privilege and fostered
humanitarian progress and economic development.
Though sometimes described as a liberal, Alexander was
in reality a firm upholder of autocratic principles, and an
assassination attempt in 1866 strengthened his
commitment to conservatism. A period of repression
after 1866 led to a resurgence of revolutionary terrorism,
and in 1881 he was killed in a plot sponsored by the
terrorist organization People's Will.
4. ALEXANDER II
He succeeded at a bankrupt regime.
Considered the most attractive figure in the
Romanov dynasty. Son of a Prussian princess,
he had in him more Hohenzollern than
Romanov traits, and found it hard to adopt the
Russian way of life.
He was by nature soft and tractable, but even so
he was no weakling. He had also the ability to
resist external influences.
Ruthlessness, cruelty and willfulness were alien
to his nature. He was a good man.
5. On his accession to the throne it was clear to him that the
state, tottering and exhausted as it was, would need
thorough overhaul and reform if he and the dynasty were
to survive. He kept an open mind regarding the reforming
movements. But he wanted reform to be initiated from
traditional seat of authority, to come from above and be
offered to the people as a gift.
After Sevastopol fell, the regions south of the Danube
which Russia had acquired earlier were given up. The
black sea neutralized. Russia was not permitted to
maintain a fleet there nor erect fortifications. The straits
were closed to warships of all nations. Russia had to
surrender the protectorate it claimed over Balkan
Christians, who were now placed under the protectorate of
all the great powers. Russia’s activities were severely
circumscribed.
6. The ending of the Crimean war cleared the way for the
age of Reforms. The reforms carried out under Alexander
made a far deeper impression on Russia than did the
process of Westernization under Peter the Great and
Catherine II. The age of Reform struck at the very heart of
the established order. It altered the whole social structure
and re-shaped the political system on Western lines. Both
Alexander himself and the more intelligent of his advisers
were aware of the possibility of revolution. He se out the
combat of threat of revolution by reforms which he
himself initiated.
Considering its fear of revolution, its is not surprising that
the government mistrusted this forces—liberalism. But
after 1855, they were allowed to develop somewhat more
freely. This could be seen in journalism, in literature and
in the first stirrings of political parties.
7. On the other hand, it is striking how quickly the liberal
government became radical. These were circumstances in
which a widespread radical and revolutionary oppositions
came to a head, of which a N.G. Chernyshevskly (1828-
89), a man of radical and vaguely socialist views was the
leader. Associated with him were Dobrolyubov (1836-81)
and Pisarev (1840-1908) who were persecuted by the
government and honoured as martyrs by their supporters.
A Sportsman’s Sketches- describe the miserable conditions of
the peasants.
Oblomov- (I.A. Goncharov) portrays the true Russian in
contrast to Westernalized Russian of German extraction.
Who can be happy and free Russia?- (N.A. Nekrassov) a
poetry
The House of the Dead and Crime and Punishment-
Dostoyevsky
8. ALEXANDER II & THE GREAT REFORMS
THE DETERMINED REFORMER
Undertook program of vast & far-reaching
reform (most significant = emancipation)
Crimean War pointed out weaknesses,
inferiority, & backwardness of Russia
Determined to ensure greatness of Russia
But never went too far with liberalism &
consistently upheld autocracy
9. ALEXANDER II & THE GREAT REFORMS
THE BIG ISSUE: SERFDOM
Motivations for abolition:
Contributed to military
backwardness
Economically inefficient
Fear of revolt from below
Morally wrong
Tsar said so
10. ALEXANDER II & THE GREAT REFORMS
THE BIG ISSUE: SERFDOM
Process of emancipation:
Creation of SECRET
COMMITTEE
• Made up of large
landholders
• No consensus about
land redistribution
Secret Committee made
MAIN COMMITTEE
Finally agree on terms,
approved by Tsar in 1861
11. ALEXANDER II & THE GREAT REFORMS
THE BIG ISSUE: SERFDOM
Emancipation Settlement:
Freed serfs from bondage
But had to buy land
• Govt. would loan money
• Redemption payment plan
over 49 years at 6% interest
Land given to obshchina
State peasants also freed
12. ALEXANDER II & THE GREAT REFORMS
THE BIG ISSUE: SERFDOM
Reactions:
Nobles sullen over loss of
income
Intelligentsia wanted more
for peasants
Peasants dazed & confused
• insufficient land for
survival
13. ALEXANDER II & THE GREAT REFORMS
THE BIG ISSUE: SERFDOM
Emancipation?
Peasants bound to
commune
Commune perpetuated
backwardness & inefficiency
Peasants not given legal or
political rights
Did not lead to serious
improvement of lives
14. ALEXANDER II & THE GREAT REFORMS
OTHER REFORMS
Administrative reforms
ZEMSTVO system (1864)
• Attempt to make local
govt. more effective
• Engaged in civic projects
• Gave nobles bigger say in
local govt.
• But had many problems
Commune perpetuated
backwardness & inefficiency
15. ALEXANDER II & THE GREAT REFORMS
OTHER REFORMS
Administrative reforms
Village commune govt.
• Controlled lives of
peasants
Town govt.
• Ensured law & order in
villages
16. ALEXANDER II & THE GREAT REFORMS
OTHER REFORMS
Judicial reforms (1864)
Clean up of legal system
Established equality before
law (except for peasants)
Judiciary made separate
branch of govt.
Made system equal to most
advanced Western systems
17. ALEXANDER II & THE GREAT REFORMS
OTHER REFORMS
Military reforms (1874)
Object = create better
trained, more effective, social
just army
• Changed terms &
conditions of service
• Introduced education into
army
18. ALEXANDER II & THE GREAT REFORMS
OTHER REFORMS
Economic reforms
Creates state treasury &
state bank
Educational reforms
Allows students to go
abroad
Some higher ed. for women
Reduces censorship in law
But remains in practice
19. ALEXANDER II & THE GREAT REFORMS
ASSESSMENTS
Reforms did help transform Russia
Sweeping social, economic, legal
change
Russia moves further toward
modernization
Led to pressure for more reform
But Alexander would only go so far
Much opposition to reform
20. In the second half of his reign, reactionary tendencies
had not got the upper hand. From then until 1905 there
was a return to a rigid conservative absolutism which
was hostile to all reform. Despite the concessions
which had been wrung from them, the Tsar himself,
the aristocracy and the bureaucracy were determined
to maintain their position, and in this way they were
successful.
From the middle of the 60s, reaction was again in the
saddle. The reforms could not be undone; Russia after
the 1865, was and remained completely different from
the Russia of Nicholas I. but their effects were greatly
weakened and the hope of further harmonious
development was dashed.
21. Alexander II was no advocate of aggression and
expansion. He wanted peace and indeed he kept it for a
considerable period.
Under Alexander II, territorial expansion greatly
increased Russia’s power in Asia, and from the
beginning of the 70s there was increasing tension with
England. The two countries, however, avoided coming
blows. Russia’s colonial possessions in Asia were
rounded off without war, and they became the most
tightly knit colonial empire in the world.
Not that is was bought by Alexander II was personally
responsible for this; it was bought about, rather by the
impetus of commercial and industrial capitalism, which
began to press markets, new sources of raw materials
and a field from which other powers were excluded.
22. There were two main phases of Russian expansion in Asia.
The completion of the conquest
And the pacification of the Caucasus, from Black Sea(1859)
to the Caspian (1864); the other was marked by the Far
Eastern treaties (1858 and 1860), by which Russia acquired
the regions of the Amur and Ussuri. It absorbed the who of
Siberia and reached there Pacific ocean.
It was a movement of world wide importance. It meant the
extension of European influence in Asia.
In the context of international politics, it increased the danger
of a clash that Russia and England were brought into close
contact in Asia, resulting in a rivalry which was for decades
one of the focal points of the international tension during the
reign of Alexander II.
23. Alexander II only desired was to maintain the “League of the three
Emperors” with Germany and Austria established in 1872. but the
growth of nationalism and pan-Slavism drove him against his will
into a new conflict with Turkey (April 1877).
In January 1878, Russian troops advanced across Balkans and laid
siege to Andrianople. Russian forces had never before penetrated so
far. Constantinople and the Dardanelles lay close at hand. But at
this point England and Austria intervened with a threat of war and
Russia exhausted and distracted by troubles at home, was forced to
give way.
Alexander II had also to struggle with an internal situation which
becoming more and more critical. The failure to follow through his
early reforms, increasing the power of the opposition, and he
exhaustion brought about by war, all contributed. On the other
hand, aggressive nationalism drove him into a dangerous war. The
opposition was to become increasingly radical, revolutionary and
terroristic.
24. For the time being, the peaceful populist movement—
the so—called narodnichestvo—was in the ascendant.
But it failed. This failure provided the incentive for
another party which wanted revolution, and sought to
bring it about assassination and terror. This movement,
Zemlya I Volya or ‘ land and Freedom’ , sought to bring
about revolution by propaganda. It regarded
assassination as one form of this propaganda.
Revolutionaries split into 2 groups:
Black Partition (Cherny Peredel)-with a programme of
somewhat ill defined agrarian socialism.
People’s Will (Narodnaya Volya)- which convinced of the
impossibility of a mass uprising, relied entirely on the
elimination of leading personality by assassination.
In the end, its activities were directed exclusively
against the Tsar on whom the executive committee of
the Narodnaya Volya passed sentence of death.
25. The last decade of Alexander II’s reign saw Marxism make
it first inroads into Russia. If Alexander II did not attain the
same level of personal greatness as Peter I and Catherine II,
the years covered by his reign had more profound effects
than theirs on the course of his country’s development.
In the midst of these changes, and the unrest arising from
the revolutionary movement, Alexander once again made a
genuine attempt at reform. On March 13 1881, Alexander
sign a decree which seemed to point the way to a
constitutional system by associating elected representatives
with the business of legislation.
On the same day he was assassinated. The assassination did
not lead into revolution. And thus the political and social
order stood firm.
26. Thank you!!!
Have a great week and good
luck with 2nd exam!
Email add: johncarlo_cabalit@yahoo.com