1) In the 16th century, foreign trade was limited and new routes were sought following the Ottoman conquest blocking traditional overland routes to Asia, leading to the Age of Exploration. 2) Henry VIII established the Church of England independent of Rome and dissolved the monasteries, strengthening the monarchy and establishing a new Protestant dynasty. 3) The English Civil War in the 1640s resulted in Oliver Cromwell becoming Lord Protector after the monarch Charles I was deposed and executed for tyranny.

2. Foreign Trade and Colonial Plunder Foreign trade limited by transportation Only land route Constantinople captured by the Turks, the land route to Asia was cut off “ Age of Exploration” Find a route to India around Russia or America Trade with colonies of other powers Find land to plan colonies Pope had given the whole unexplored world to Spain and Portugal

3. The strengthening of the Centralized Monarch Henry VIII Established a new dynasty Strengthened the judicial system Strengthened the treasury Put down revolts and rivals to the throne Left a stable and wealthy monarchy for his son

4. The Reformation Strength of the church hindered the social and political process of England External pretext for the reformation was Henry VIII’s divorce case Henry VIII married Catherine but had no sons Applied to the pope to divorce and marry again But Rome was occupied by Spain Foreign influence through the church

5. 1533 Divorce through Parliament 1534 “Act of Supremacy” ->head of the English Church, independent from Rome Roman Catholic Church-international English (Anglican) Church-national Protestant: A branch of Christianity which broke off from the Roman Catholic Church at the time of the reformation

6. The Counter-Reformation Mary re-established Catholicism and burnt 300 protestants->”Bloody Mary” After Mary’s death in 1558, Elizabeth becomes queen and restores the Anglican Church

7. The English Renaissance Renaissance=rebirth Italians believed that they were merely discovering lost knowledge, English were influenced by the Italians and rediscovered the Classics through them Mostly literary

8. Bourgeois Revolution Capitalist mode of production needs two basic conditions Large number of employed workers and expansion of domestic market Large amount of capital Tension between the Bourgeoisie (middle class) and the Crown Early 17 th century refusal of Parliament to grand taxes and over the efforts of the Kings to secure their consent

9. Absolutist Rule of the Stuarts James VI, King of Scotland, 1603 also becomes the King of England after Elizabeth dies Divine Right of Kings-the right to rule is from God and also King is only responsible to God 1611 dissolved Parliament 1614 “Addled Parliament”-ineffective Set the scene for Civil War under his son and successor, Charles I

10. English Civil War West and North supported Charles: feudal nobles and their followers, Anglican Clergy, Peasantry in the NW Parliament: Bourgeoisie, plebeians, peasants Royalist vs. Roundheads Cromwell’s “New Model Army” 1649 Charles was deposed as “tyrant, traitor, murderer, and a public implacable enemy of the Commonwealth of England” January 1649-beheaded

11. Commonwealth and Protectorate August 1649- Cromwell confiscates the land of the “rebels” Karl Marx “The English Revolution ship wrecked in Ireland” Cromwell then defeats the Scottish forces, Scotland under English Rule 1651-Navigation Act: No goods should be imported from abroad except in English ships or from ships of the colonies

12. 1653: Parliament dissolved and Cromwell was made Lord Protector for life Commonwealth became the Protectorate 1657 office of Lord Protector was made hereditary Cromwell dies in 1658, his son Richard declared Lord Protector but retires in 1659 May 1660-Charles II, son of Charles the I, proclaimed King Charles II of England

13. Restoration and the Coup D’Etat First political parties Cavaliers/Loyalists: Tories Roundheads:Whigs June 1688: Leaders of Parliament invite William of Holland to take the throne ” The Glorious Revolution” 1689 Bill of Rights: limits powers of the Crown Mutiny Act: army only possible through Parliament’s consent Triennial Act of 1694 ensured frequent Parliament sessions Prevented Kings from ruling without Parliament

14. Concluded the medieval period and marked the beginning of the modern period