Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare form of cancer, that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina ( the light-detecting tissue of the eye). It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children.
Cancer of the Eye
Diagnosis: Birth-~6 years olds
Unilateral or Bilateral
~3% of Pediatric Cancers
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare form of cancer, that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina ( the light-detecting tissue of the eye). It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children.
Cancer of the Eye
Diagnosis: Birth-~6 years olds
Unilateral or Bilateral
~3% of Pediatric Cancers
Retinoblastoma is known to be a rare eye cancer, which occurs from the immature retina cells. It is one of the most common malignant cancer found in young children.
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal tumor with features of skeletal muscle. It is the most common childhood and adolescent soft tissue sarcoma, frequently involving the head and neck in children.
This a ppt presentation which gives an introduction to Rb diagnosis and treatment in a simple, concise way.
This presentation was prepared by me to be presented for doctoral degree students, pediatric coarse at the Department of Clinical Oncology & Nuclear Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a form of cancer that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye. It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children, and it is almost exclusively found in young children.
Retinoblastoma is known to be a rare eye cancer, which occurs from the immature retina cells. It is one of the most common malignant cancer found in young children.
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal tumor with features of skeletal muscle. It is the most common childhood and adolescent soft tissue sarcoma, frequently involving the head and neck in children.
This a ppt presentation which gives an introduction to Rb diagnosis and treatment in a simple, concise way.
This presentation was prepared by me to be presented for doctoral degree students, pediatric coarse at the Department of Clinical Oncology & Nuclear Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a form of cancer that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye. It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children, and it is almost exclusively found in young children.
Retinoblastoma is caused by mutations (changes) in certain genes. Over the past few decades, scientists have learned how certain changes in a person’s DNA can cause cells of the retina to become cancerous. The DNA in each of our cells makes up our genes, which are the instructions for how our cells function. We usually look like our parents because they are the source of our DNA. But DNA affects much more than how we look. Some genes control when our cells grow, divide into new cells, and die at the right time. Certain genes that help cells grow, divide, or stay alive are called oncogenes. Others that slow down cell division or cause cells to die at the right time are called tumor suppressor genes. Cancers can be caused by DNA changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. The most important gene in retinoblastoma is the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. This gene makes a protein (pRb) that helps stop cells from growing too quickly. Each cell normally has 2 RB1 genes. As long as a retinal cell has at least one RB1 gene that works as it should, it will not form a retinoblastoma. But when both of the RB1 genes are mutated or missing, a cell can grow unchecked. This can lead to further gene changes, which in turn may cause cells to become cancerous.
Brief revision of a very important ophthalmologic & pediatric tumor, includes epidemiology, classification, clinical picture, imaging studies and treatment. Also contains several photos of patients with the disease.
es una presentacion de retinoblastoma enfocado desde el punto de vista mas genetico. la presentacion tiene notas para poder enterla mejor, ojala le ayude
Retinoblastoma is a type of eye tumor which can run in families. This ppt explains different types of Retinoblastomas , their treatments and possible outcomes. This can be a useful guide in eye research.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Overview
•Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy of
childhood and infancy with a cumulative life time incidence of 1 in 3,300 to 1 in
20,000 live births world wide.
• Indian studies have shown the incidence of the tumor in 1:15000 live births.
• Retinoblastoma is a highly malignant tumor that arises from an accumulation of
proliferating embryonic retinal cells.
• Early diagnosis and treatment of the tumor is essential for child survival and
salvaging the eye to give useful vision.
3. Genetics
Retinoblastoma represents the phenotypic expression of an abnormal tumor
suppressor gene known as retinoblastoma gene RB1.
Normally a gene will cause expression of a cell proliferation, but RB1 gene
acts by suppressing the phenotypic characteristics.
The gene is activated in hypophosphorylated state, (pRB)4, which is
responsible for the inhibition of cell proliferation.
After the mutation, the gene is not converted to pRB form which leads
to uncontrolled cell growth.
In order for retinoblastoma to develop; both copies of the gene at the 13q14
locus must be lost, deleted, mutated, or inactivated.
4. ‘two hit’ hypothesis
• Alfred Knudson in 1971, stated that two complementary chromosomal mutations are
required in the same retinal cell to develop retinoblastoma.
• The “first hit” is a germ line mutation that is found in all or most of the cells of the
body and hence inherited.
• The second hit occurs sometime during development, and if it occurs in a somatic
cell such as a retinal cell then retinoblastoma develops.
• The likely retinoblastomas which are heritable are:
• All familial tumors
• 15- 20 % of sporadic tumors caused by germ line mutation
• Bilateral tumors
• Unilateral tumors with multi-focal lesions
6. Age at diagnosis
• Average age at diagnosis – 18 months
• Unilateral – a 23 months
• Bilateral – 12 months
• 90% of cases – diagnosed before 5yrs
7. PRESENTATION
-Leukocoria (Amaurotic cat’s eye)
-Strabismus ( convergent)
- Secondary glaucoma ( Buphthalmos)
-Pseudohypopyon, hyphema
-Tumour seedings on Iris, tumor induced uveitis
-Iris neovascularisation
-Orbital inflammation, Orbital invasion with proptosis
- Bony involvement, metastasis in regional lymph nodes and brain
8. --- Thorough slit lamp examination
IDO under sedation- with 360 degree scleral depression –mandatory
(diagnostic in 90% of RB)
GROWTH PATTERN:-
• ENDOPHYTIC- seeds into the vitreous as a white mass
• EXOPHYTIC- subretinal, multilobular white mass causing RD
- O.N invasion
- Choroidal invasion
9.
10.
11.
12. Special presentation
• Spontaneous hyphema
posterior segment ischemia- causes new vessels
to develop in iris- bleed.
any child with spontaneous hyphema, without trauma
- B scan to rule out RB
13. • Phthisis bulbi
undergo severe inflammation-spontaneous
regress-phthisis
RB to considered in any child with phthisical eye of
uncertain origin
17. Investigations
• TC,DC,ESR-to exclude inflammatory/other causes simulating RB
• Aqueous humor-assay of LDH
aqueous:blood LDH ratio
>1 – in RB
<1 – in other causes
• X-rays of orbit – not help in diagnosis, but can show
calcifications
• Genetic analysis – blood samples from patient and parents
18. B - Scan
Round irregular intraocular mass, V-Y pattern.
Numerous highly reflective echoes-representing typical
intralesional calcification.
A-Scan- high internal echoes with tumor & rapid attenuation of
orbital pattern
24. FFA-
Large tumors-dilated feeding vessels & veins
Small tumors-minimally dilated feeding vessels in the arterial phase, mild
hypervascularity in venous phase& late staining of mass
METASTATIC WORK UP:-
Only if evidence of local/systemic extension
Bone marrow aspiration/biopsy
CSF analysis
25. Reese – Ellsworth Classification Of Retinoblastoma
Older
Gr I A. Solitary tumours < 4D
B. Multiple tumour < 4D
Gr II A. Solitary tumour 4-10 D
B. Multiple tumour 4-10D
Gr III A. tumour anterior to equator
B. Solitary tumour larger than 10d.
Gr IV A. Multiple tumours > than 10d
B. Lesion extending to ora
Gr V Massive tumours involving half retina
Vitreous seeding
26. Newer Classification
Group A
• 3 mm or less – in greatest diameter
• Not touching optic nerve or foveal avascular zone
• no vitreous seeding
Rx-
• Local treatment only
• Cryotherapy for peripheral ds
• Laser photocoagulation for posterior ds
27. Group B
• Multiple smaller tumour not larger than 10 mm
• Solitary tumour not larger than 10 mm
• No vitreous seeding ; no RD
Rx
Primary brachytherapy – single site. If multiple sites are needed, to
treat like C
28. Group C
• Tumours less than 15 mm
• No vitreous seeding or RD
• Small tumours < 3mm touching optic nerve or involving
fovea
Rx
-Three drug chemoreduction
Local consolidation – cryotherapy laser or plaque
Lens sparing External Beam Radiotherapy for tumours not
responding to chemo
< 1 yr – consider plaque therapy
29. Group D
• Dispersed, disseminated or diffuse
• Vitreous seeding or RD or both
• Volume of tumour does not exceed half the volume of the eye
Rx
Four drug chemoreduction with prechemotherapy cryo
Whole Eye EBR – Intensified chemo
Enucleation for unilateral lesions
30. Group E
Extra retinal
• Volume of tumour greater than half the volume of eye
• Antr. seg - glaucoma, hyphaema
• total detachment
• Fixed retinal folds
Rx
Enucleation
31. Group F
Metastatic ds –
Massive choroidal involvement/ involvement of Optic Nerve
Posterior to lamina cribrosa
Rx
Adjuvant. Chemotherapy before and after enucleation
Orbital radiation therapy if
- orbit
- optic nerve is involved
32. Treatment Methods andTechniques
Focal treatment
• Direct tumour Hyperthermia and Photocoagulation
• Argon Laser – frequency doubled YAG –
• Diode laser (532mm or 810mm)
33.
34. Technique
Hyperthermia using Iris medical 810nm diode laser
Spot size upto 2mm
Duration – 9 sec
Tumour is covered over 10-15 mts.
Hyperthermia – given on same day as IV carboplatin
Hyperthermia useful in smaller tumour not responding to chemotherapy
35. Photocoagulation
In darkly pigmented eye
- long wavelength laser
Lightly pigmented
- shorter wavelength
Power 250-300 mw
Duration 400-600 msec increased till blanching of tumour occurs
36. Cryotherapy
Destruction by cryo – (ice crystals directly destroy tumour cells
rupturing cellular memb)
Done in Gr. A Ds – anterior to equator
In lesion – 2.5mm in diameter and 1mm thickness in sensory retina
If 3.5mm in diameter and 2mm thickness, more than one treatment is
necessary.
Contraindication – vitreous seeding and Tumour greater than 5mm
37. Radioactive Plaque (Brachytherapy)
•Primary brachytherapy – is the treatment in
Group B
•Iodine 125 Isotope is used
•Other radioactive plaques are –
Cobalt 60, Ruthenium 106, Iridium 192 and
Palladium 103
41. New Drugs used are –
Carboplatin
VP-16 (Etoposide)
VM-26 teniposide
CyclosporinA
Older Drugs used
Cyclophoshamide – (Cytoxan)
Vincristin and Adriamycin – do not penetrate into eye
42. Group C and D –
have been treated by initially by
Chemoreduction (Neoadjuvant
therapy) followed by focal therapy
44. i. Carboplastin 560 mg/m2/close or
18.7mg/kg
IV over 1 hr in 100 ml of NS
ii. Etoposide
150m/m2/dose or 5mg/kg/IV in 1 hr in
100 ml of NS
iii.Vincristine 1.5mg/m2/dose or
.05mg/kg/dose
45. •Group C - 3 - 4 cycles of CT
•Group D - 7 - 9 cycles
46. Adjuvant chemotherapy – given to
1) Prevent metastasis in patients with risk for
- extra ocular spread
- tumour extension to optic nerve past lamina cribrosa
- massive choroidal invasion
Dose – 6-12 cycles of 3 drugs
Carboplatin, etoposide and vincristine
47. Thermochemotherapy
•Done for group C tumour – with 3 drugs
•Smaller than 8mm in diameter & 5mm in thickness
•Cured withTCT –
continuous heat for 20-30mins after 2-3 hrs after
chemotherapy infusion
49. External Beam Radiotherapy
EBR – Retinoblastoma – radiosensitive tumour
However, incidence of second malignant neoplasm (SMN) following EBR has
increased
35% of patient 40 yrs after treatmemt – pt died –SMN
Only 6% of not treated – patient died
51. Dose – 15 Gy given by Antr approach
30 by – Lateral approach
Total dose 45 Gy – or daily 2Gy or alt.
day 4Gy.
Wedge is used to block lens
52. Lens sparing Electron beam
approach
•Done under sedation or short anesthesia
•Eye fixed with beam defining collimater
•Using low – vacuum contact lens – held in place
by magnetic slide.
53. Enucleation
1. Major treatment since 100 years
2.Initial treatment for advanced I.O.Retinoblastoma
3. In massive tumours where no vision is salvageable
4.Diffuse vitreous seeding – Enucleation done
54.
55. FOLLOW UP
• Every 4 months- 3-4yrs
• 6 months - 6yrs
• Every year
• Examine under GA
• Unilateral 20% risk
• Rpt CT
• Secondary tumours in hereditary cases