Dr. Renesha Islam and Dr. Farzana Alam Mou presented on retinoblastoma. The presentation included an overview of retinoblastoma including its: anatomy and histology; classification based on laterality, focality, heredity, family history and growth pattern; genetics involving mutations in the RB1 gene; clinical presentations; investigations including examination under anesthesia and imaging; treatment options; and prognosis. Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the retina that predominantly affects young children.
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina. It is the most common eye cancer in children and its incidence ranges from 1 in 14,000 to 1 in 34,000 live births worldwide. The document discusses the epidemiology, genetics, pathology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, classification systems, management options including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy and enucleation, and importance of genetic counseling for families with retinoblastoma.
This document provides information on retinoblastoma, including its history, epidemiology, genetics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and management. Some key points:
- Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the retina that typically presents in childhood. It can be hereditary or sporadic.
- Presenting signs may include leukocoria, strabismus, reduced vision. Advanced cases can involve the optic nerve or orbit.
- Diagnosis involves examinations like ultrasonography, MRI, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Genetic testing helps determine hereditary risk.
- Staging considers tumor size, location, laterality and extent. Prognostic factors include age and
- Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina in young children. It arises from primitive retinal cells.
- The patient was a 19 month old boy referred for a white pupil in the right eye noticed for 4 months. Examination found a white pupil and squint in the right eye.
- Investigations including ultrasound and MRI confirmed the diagnosis of retinoblastoma in the right eye. The family then took the child to another hospital for further chemotherapy and management.
This document discusses retinoblastoma, a rare form of eye cancer that affects children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene and can be hereditary or non-hereditary. Symptoms include white pupil reflex and strabismus. Diagnosis involves examinations like indirect ophthalmoscopy and imaging like ultrasound, CT, and MRI. Treatment depends on tumor staging and may include focal therapies like thermotherapy, chemotherapy, radiation, or enucleation. Prognosis is generally good if caught early but risks include secondary cancers and recurrence so lifelong follow-up is important. Genetic counseling is also critical given hereditary risks for family members.
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare form of cancer, that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina ( the light-detecting tissue of the eye). It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children.
Cancer of the Eye
Diagnosis: Birth-~6 years olds
Unilateral or Bilateral
~3% of Pediatric Cancers
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina in children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene that regulates cell growth. The disease can be hereditary or sporadic. Presenting symptoms include leukocoria, strabismus, and vision loss. Diagnosis is usually made through eye examination and imaging tests like ultrasound and MRI. Treatment depends on disease stage and extent, and may include enucleation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, or brachytherapy to preserve vision and the eye. Retinoblastoma can spread from the eye to other parts of the body if not treated properly. Early detection and treatment are important for good outcomes.
Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina. The eye has three layers - an outer fibrous layer, inner sensory retina, and middle vascular layer. Retinoblastoma appears as opaque, yellow-white tumors in the retina seen on fundus examination. Diagnosis is confirmed through imaging like CT/MRI showing enhancement and retinal detachment. Treatment involves radiation therapy using plaques or external beam, with doses of 40-45Gy over 5 days to treat the whole retina while sparing other tissues. Follow up is needed every 4-6 weeks initially and yearly long term to monitor for recurrence.
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina. It is the most common eye cancer in children and its incidence ranges from 1 in 14,000 to 1 in 34,000 live births worldwide. The document discusses the epidemiology, genetics, pathology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, classification systems, management options including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy and enucleation, and importance of genetic counseling for families with retinoblastoma.
This document provides information on retinoblastoma, including its history, epidemiology, genetics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and management. Some key points:
- Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the retina that typically presents in childhood. It can be hereditary or sporadic.
- Presenting signs may include leukocoria, strabismus, reduced vision. Advanced cases can involve the optic nerve or orbit.
- Diagnosis involves examinations like ultrasonography, MRI, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Genetic testing helps determine hereditary risk.
- Staging considers tumor size, location, laterality and extent. Prognostic factors include age and
- Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina in young children. It arises from primitive retinal cells.
- The patient was a 19 month old boy referred for a white pupil in the right eye noticed for 4 months. Examination found a white pupil and squint in the right eye.
- Investigations including ultrasound and MRI confirmed the diagnosis of retinoblastoma in the right eye. The family then took the child to another hospital for further chemotherapy and management.
This document discusses retinoblastoma, a rare form of eye cancer that affects children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene and can be hereditary or non-hereditary. Symptoms include white pupil reflex and strabismus. Diagnosis involves examinations like indirect ophthalmoscopy and imaging like ultrasound, CT, and MRI. Treatment depends on tumor staging and may include focal therapies like thermotherapy, chemotherapy, radiation, or enucleation. Prognosis is generally good if caught early but risks include secondary cancers and recurrence so lifelong follow-up is important. Genetic counseling is also critical given hereditary risks for family members.
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare form of cancer, that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina ( the light-detecting tissue of the eye). It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children.
Cancer of the Eye
Diagnosis: Birth-~6 years olds
Unilateral or Bilateral
~3% of Pediatric Cancers
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina in children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene that regulates cell growth. The disease can be hereditary or sporadic. Presenting symptoms include leukocoria, strabismus, and vision loss. Diagnosis is usually made through eye examination and imaging tests like ultrasound and MRI. Treatment depends on disease stage and extent, and may include enucleation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, or brachytherapy to preserve vision and the eye. Retinoblastoma can spread from the eye to other parts of the body if not treated properly. Early detection and treatment are important for good outcomes.
Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina. The eye has three layers - an outer fibrous layer, inner sensory retina, and middle vascular layer. Retinoblastoma appears as opaque, yellow-white tumors in the retina seen on fundus examination. Diagnosis is confirmed through imaging like CT/MRI showing enhancement and retinal detachment. Treatment involves radiation therapy using plaques or external beam, with doses of 40-45Gy over 5 days to treat the whole retina while sparing other tissues. Follow up is needed every 4-6 weeks initially and yearly long term to monitor for recurrence.
This document discusses the management of retinoblastoma. It describes various staging and classification systems used, including the original Reese-Ellsworth system from 1964 and the updated International Classification from 2006. It then outlines different treatment modalities for retinoblastoma, including focal therapies like cryotherapy, laser treatments, and radioactive plaque applications. It also discusses external beam radiotherapy techniques like lateral beam and direct anterior field approaches. The goal of treatment is to save the patient's life while preserving useful vision if possible.
This document provides information on the clinical evaluation, imaging, classification, staging, management, and molecular therapy approaches for retinoblastoma. It discusses various treatment options including chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, and newer targeted molecular therapies. Current treatment protocols are outlined based on the classification and staging of the retinoblastoma.
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal tumor with features of skeletal muscle. It is the most common childhood and adolescent soft tissue sarcoma, frequently involving the head and neck in children.
Retinoblastoma is known to be a rare eye cancer, which occurs from the immature retina cells. It is one of the most common malignant cancer found in young children.
The document discusses various types of orbital tumours and pathologies. It describes three main intraorbital spaces - intraconal, conal and extraconal - and examples of pathologies that can occur in each space. It provides details on orbital lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, orbital metastasis and dermoid cysts. For each condition, it outlines clinical features, location in the orbit, radiological features on CT and MRI such as signal characteristics, enhancement patterns and appearance. Common primary cancers that metastasize to the orbit are also listed.
Orbital tumors can be primary, secondary, or metastatic in origin. The most common malignant orbital tumor in adults is lymphoma, which typically involves the lacrimal gland. Malignant melanoma of the uvea is also relatively common and can arise in the iris, ciliary body, or choroid. Treatment options depend on the type and size of the tumor but may include surgery, radiation therapy such as plaque brachytherapy, proton beam therapy, or stereotactic radiotherapy. Complications can include vision loss, glaucoma, and cataracts.
medical based types and management
An orbital tumor refers to any tumor located in the “orbit,” which is the bony socket in the front of the skull that contains the eye
Laser photocoagulation is used to destroy small tumors by burning them with a laser beam. It is used for very small tumors away from important eye structures like the macula and optic disc. Side effects can include retinal edema and detachment.
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene. There are two main types - hereditary retinoblastoma, which requires only one mutation, and sporadic retinoblastoma, which requires two mutations. Symptoms include leukocoria. Diagnosis involves ophthalmoscopy, imaging like ultrasound and MRI, and sometimes biopsy. Treatment depends on factors like tumor size and location, and may include focal therapies like cryotherapy, chemotherapy, external beam radiation, plaque brachytherapy, or enucleation of the eye. Prognosis depends on extent of disease and risk of metastasis.
- The document discusses the evaluation of proptosis, which is the abnormal forward protrusion of the eyeball. It defines different types of orbital abnormalities and provides the approach to examining a patient with proptosis, including taking a thorough history, performing a local and systemic examination, ordering appropriate imaging and lab tests, and considering histopathological studies if needed. The causes of proptosis can be divided into categories such as inflammatory, mass effect, vascular changes, and infiltrative processes. Key aspects of the evaluation are to determine if the proptosis is unilateral or bilateral and whether there are associated signs and symptoms to suggest an underlying cause.
Vitreous hemorrhage is the extravasation, or leakage, of blood into the areas in and around the vitreous humor of the eye.[1] The vitreous humor is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eye. A variety of conditions can result in blood leaking into the vitreous humor, which can cause impaired vision, floaters, and photopsia.
It's an indepth presentation by Dr. Shah-Noor Hassan.
1) A 2-year-old male child presented with a white spot in his left eye and gradual protrusion of the eye. Differential diagnoses included retinoblastoma, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, and Coats disease.
2) Imaging showed calcification in the eye, suggesting retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is a rare malignant tumor of the retina that can be heritable or non-heritable. Treatment may include laser therapy, cryotherapy, chemotherapy, or enucleation of the eye depending on the size and stage of the tumor.
3) The diagnosis in this case was retinoblastoma based on the presentation of a white spot in the eye, protr
Retinoblastoma is a rare eye cancer that affects children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. There are two main types - sporadic which occurs spontaneously, and hereditary which is inherited. Treatment depends on tumor size and extent, and may include chemotherapy, laser therapy, cryotherapy, plaque brachytherapy, or enucleation of the eye for large tumors. The goal is to save vision if possible or life if the eye cannot be saved. Screening of family members is important given the hereditary risk.
Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN) is a spectrum of dysplastic and malignant epithelial lesions of the conjunctiva and cornea. It is most commonly caused by ultraviolet radiation exposure and can range from benign dysplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical features may include elevated, variably shaped lesions near the limbus. Differential diagnosis includes pterygium, papilloma, and melanoma. Treatment involves surgical excision combined with cryotherapy or topical chemotherapy depending on size and invasiveness of the lesion.
Severe life threatening infection of orbit is called as orbital cellulitis which can be due to many causes. A skill to recognize the disease early and give prompt treatment is very essential for any ophthalmologist
Choroidal melanomas are the most common primary intraocular malignancies in adults. They arise from melanocytes within the choroid and can be pigmented or amelanotic. Risk factors include light iris color and increased sun exposure. Diagnosis is based on clinical appearance, ultrasound, and fluorescein angiography. Prognosis depends on tumor size, cell type, genetic factors, and presence of extrascleral extension. The liver is the most common site of metastasis.
Retinoblastoma for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Aetiology, Genetics, pathophysiology, clinical features, Classification and management of Retinoblastoma.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
Ocular tumors can arise in the eyelids, eye, and orbit. Early diagnosis is important to preserve vision and life. There are several types of benign and malignant tumors, including tumors of the orbit, eyelids, conjunctiva, uveal tract, and retina. Common orbital tumors are dermoid cysts, rhabdomyosarcoma, and orbital metastases. Eyelid tumors include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and sebaceous carcinoma. Conjunctival tumors include naevi, papilloma, primary acquired melanosis, and melanoma. Intraocular tumors involve the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, such as melanomas.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy and its management. It begins by stating that diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of vision impairment worldwide. It then describes the clinical presentation and stages of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to proliferative, as well as diabetic macular edema. The management section discusses preventing and treating diabetic retinopathy through controlling blood sugar and blood pressure systematically, as well as local treatments like pan-retinal photocoagulation laser, anti-VEGF injections, and vitrectomy surgery. It emphasizes that timely screening and treatment according to guidelines can reduce the risk of severe vision loss to less than 5%.
This document discusses branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), including its pathogenesis, clinical features, complications, investigations, and management. BRVO is caused by obstruction of one of the retinal veins, usually at the arteriovenous crossing point. It can lead to macular edema, neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. Treatment involves anti-VEGF injections, steroids, laser photocoagulation, and occasionally surgery. Several clinical trials have evaluated therapies for BRVO, finding that anti-VEGF drugs and steroids reduce macular edema but laser provides little additional benefit when combined with anti-VEGF treatment.
Retinoblastoma is a rare, malignant intraocular tumor of childhood that arises from embryonic retinal cells. It can occur as either a hereditary or non-hereditary form. The hereditary form is caused by a germline mutation in the RB1 gene and accounts for around 40% of cases. It presents at a younger age and is typically bilateral and multifocal. The non-hereditary form occurs due to two somatic mutations and presents later with a unilateral, unifocal tumor. Treatment aims to cure the cancer while preserving vision and the eye depending on the type and stage of disease. Management may involve various local therapies, chemotherapy, and enucleation depending on the classification and extent of involvement.
Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina that develops from mutations in the RB1 gene. It is the most common eye cancer in children. Treatment involves various modalities like chemotherapy, thermotherapy, cryotherapy, brachytherapy, or external beam radiotherapy to preserve vision and the eye if possible. Enucleation is recommended if over 50% of the eye is involved or there is suspicion of extraocular extension. Retinoblastoma management aims to preserve life first, then the eye, and vision.
This document discusses the management of retinoblastoma. It describes various staging and classification systems used, including the original Reese-Ellsworth system from 1964 and the updated International Classification from 2006. It then outlines different treatment modalities for retinoblastoma, including focal therapies like cryotherapy, laser treatments, and radioactive plaque applications. It also discusses external beam radiotherapy techniques like lateral beam and direct anterior field approaches. The goal of treatment is to save the patient's life while preserving useful vision if possible.
This document provides information on the clinical evaluation, imaging, classification, staging, management, and molecular therapy approaches for retinoblastoma. It discusses various treatment options including chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, and newer targeted molecular therapies. Current treatment protocols are outlined based on the classification and staging of the retinoblastoma.
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal tumor with features of skeletal muscle. It is the most common childhood and adolescent soft tissue sarcoma, frequently involving the head and neck in children.
Retinoblastoma is known to be a rare eye cancer, which occurs from the immature retina cells. It is one of the most common malignant cancer found in young children.
The document discusses various types of orbital tumours and pathologies. It describes three main intraorbital spaces - intraconal, conal and extraconal - and examples of pathologies that can occur in each space. It provides details on orbital lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, orbital metastasis and dermoid cysts. For each condition, it outlines clinical features, location in the orbit, radiological features on CT and MRI such as signal characteristics, enhancement patterns and appearance. Common primary cancers that metastasize to the orbit are also listed.
Orbital tumors can be primary, secondary, or metastatic in origin. The most common malignant orbital tumor in adults is lymphoma, which typically involves the lacrimal gland. Malignant melanoma of the uvea is also relatively common and can arise in the iris, ciliary body, or choroid. Treatment options depend on the type and size of the tumor but may include surgery, radiation therapy such as plaque brachytherapy, proton beam therapy, or stereotactic radiotherapy. Complications can include vision loss, glaucoma, and cataracts.
medical based types and management
An orbital tumor refers to any tumor located in the “orbit,” which is the bony socket in the front of the skull that contains the eye
Laser photocoagulation is used to destroy small tumors by burning them with a laser beam. It is used for very small tumors away from important eye structures like the macula and optic disc. Side effects can include retinal edema and detachment.
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene. There are two main types - hereditary retinoblastoma, which requires only one mutation, and sporadic retinoblastoma, which requires two mutations. Symptoms include leukocoria. Diagnosis involves ophthalmoscopy, imaging like ultrasound and MRI, and sometimes biopsy. Treatment depends on factors like tumor size and location, and may include focal therapies like cryotherapy, chemotherapy, external beam radiation, plaque brachytherapy, or enucleation of the eye. Prognosis depends on extent of disease and risk of metastasis.
- The document discusses the evaluation of proptosis, which is the abnormal forward protrusion of the eyeball. It defines different types of orbital abnormalities and provides the approach to examining a patient with proptosis, including taking a thorough history, performing a local and systemic examination, ordering appropriate imaging and lab tests, and considering histopathological studies if needed. The causes of proptosis can be divided into categories such as inflammatory, mass effect, vascular changes, and infiltrative processes. Key aspects of the evaluation are to determine if the proptosis is unilateral or bilateral and whether there are associated signs and symptoms to suggest an underlying cause.
Vitreous hemorrhage is the extravasation, or leakage, of blood into the areas in and around the vitreous humor of the eye.[1] The vitreous humor is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eye. A variety of conditions can result in blood leaking into the vitreous humor, which can cause impaired vision, floaters, and photopsia.
It's an indepth presentation by Dr. Shah-Noor Hassan.
1) A 2-year-old male child presented with a white spot in his left eye and gradual protrusion of the eye. Differential diagnoses included retinoblastoma, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, and Coats disease.
2) Imaging showed calcification in the eye, suggesting retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is a rare malignant tumor of the retina that can be heritable or non-heritable. Treatment may include laser therapy, cryotherapy, chemotherapy, or enucleation of the eye depending on the size and stage of the tumor.
3) The diagnosis in this case was retinoblastoma based on the presentation of a white spot in the eye, protr
Retinoblastoma is a rare eye cancer that affects children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. There are two main types - sporadic which occurs spontaneously, and hereditary which is inherited. Treatment depends on tumor size and extent, and may include chemotherapy, laser therapy, cryotherapy, plaque brachytherapy, or enucleation of the eye for large tumors. The goal is to save vision if possible or life if the eye cannot be saved. Screening of family members is important given the hereditary risk.
Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN) is a spectrum of dysplastic and malignant epithelial lesions of the conjunctiva and cornea. It is most commonly caused by ultraviolet radiation exposure and can range from benign dysplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical features may include elevated, variably shaped lesions near the limbus. Differential diagnosis includes pterygium, papilloma, and melanoma. Treatment involves surgical excision combined with cryotherapy or topical chemotherapy depending on size and invasiveness of the lesion.
Severe life threatening infection of orbit is called as orbital cellulitis which can be due to many causes. A skill to recognize the disease early and give prompt treatment is very essential for any ophthalmologist
Choroidal melanomas are the most common primary intraocular malignancies in adults. They arise from melanocytes within the choroid and can be pigmented or amelanotic. Risk factors include light iris color and increased sun exposure. Diagnosis is based on clinical appearance, ultrasound, and fluorescein angiography. Prognosis depends on tumor size, cell type, genetic factors, and presence of extrascleral extension. The liver is the most common site of metastasis.
Retinoblastoma for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Aetiology, Genetics, pathophysiology, clinical features, Classification and management of Retinoblastoma.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
Ocular tumors can arise in the eyelids, eye, and orbit. Early diagnosis is important to preserve vision and life. There are several types of benign and malignant tumors, including tumors of the orbit, eyelids, conjunctiva, uveal tract, and retina. Common orbital tumors are dermoid cysts, rhabdomyosarcoma, and orbital metastases. Eyelid tumors include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and sebaceous carcinoma. Conjunctival tumors include naevi, papilloma, primary acquired melanosis, and melanoma. Intraocular tumors involve the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, such as melanomas.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy and its management. It begins by stating that diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of vision impairment worldwide. It then describes the clinical presentation and stages of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to proliferative, as well as diabetic macular edema. The management section discusses preventing and treating diabetic retinopathy through controlling blood sugar and blood pressure systematically, as well as local treatments like pan-retinal photocoagulation laser, anti-VEGF injections, and vitrectomy surgery. It emphasizes that timely screening and treatment according to guidelines can reduce the risk of severe vision loss to less than 5%.
This document discusses branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), including its pathogenesis, clinical features, complications, investigations, and management. BRVO is caused by obstruction of one of the retinal veins, usually at the arteriovenous crossing point. It can lead to macular edema, neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. Treatment involves anti-VEGF injections, steroids, laser photocoagulation, and occasionally surgery. Several clinical trials have evaluated therapies for BRVO, finding that anti-VEGF drugs and steroids reduce macular edema but laser provides little additional benefit when combined with anti-VEGF treatment.
Retinoblastoma is a rare, malignant intraocular tumor of childhood that arises from embryonic retinal cells. It can occur as either a hereditary or non-hereditary form. The hereditary form is caused by a germline mutation in the RB1 gene and accounts for around 40% of cases. It presents at a younger age and is typically bilateral and multifocal. The non-hereditary form occurs due to two somatic mutations and presents later with a unilateral, unifocal tumor. Treatment aims to cure the cancer while preserving vision and the eye depending on the type and stage of disease. Management may involve various local therapies, chemotherapy, and enucleation depending on the classification and extent of involvement.
Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina that develops from mutations in the RB1 gene. It is the most common eye cancer in children. Treatment involves various modalities like chemotherapy, thermotherapy, cryotherapy, brachytherapy, or external beam radiotherapy to preserve vision and the eye if possible. Enucleation is recommended if over 50% of the eye is involved or there is suspicion of extraocular extension. Retinoblastoma management aims to preserve life first, then the eye, and vision.
Retinoblastoma (Bsc. optometry 2nd year KUHS)Exam view pointNavmii
This document summarizes key information about retinoblastoma, a malignant ocular tumour that most commonly affects children under the age of 4. It notes that retinoblastoma can present at birth or be recognized in early childhood, and is typically characterized by a white pupillary reflex known as leukokoria. The tumour can spread systemically through the bloodstream. While sporadic cases account for around 60% of retinoblastomas, 40% are familial and associated with mutations in the RB1 or MYCN genes. Familial tumours also confer an increased risk of bilateral disease and secondary cancers.
Retinoblastoma - Diagnosis and Management Presentationdocumesh
This document provides an overview of retinoblastoma, a rare eye cancer that affects children. It discusses the following key points:
- Retinoblastoma is the most common eye cancer in children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene.
- Presenting symptoms often include leukocoria (white pupil reflex) or strabismus. Diagnosis is usually made through ultrasound, MRI, CT scan, or histopathology.
- Treatment depends on factors like tumor stage and genetics. Options include focal therapies like cryotherapy or thermotherapy, external beam radiation, chemotherapy, and enucleation. The goal is usually tumor control while preserving vision and the eye.
This a ppt presentation which gives an introduction to Rb diagnosis and treatment in a simple, concise way.
This presentation was prepared by me to be presented for doctoral degree students, pediatric coarse at the Department of Clinical Oncology & Nuclear Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Retinoblastoma is a rapidly developing cancer of the retina that mostly affects young children. It can be hereditary, arising from a genetic mutation, or non-hereditary. Clinical features include a white pupil reflex or leukocoria. Diagnosis involves eye examination and imaging tests. Treatment depends on tumor stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, or eye removal. Close monitoring of family members is needed if hereditary to screen for the condition.
This document provides an overview of retinoblastoma, including:
1. A brief history of retinoblastoma classification and descriptions.
2. Details on the genetics and pathogenesis of retinoblastoma, including the two-hit hypothesis.
3. Presenting features, diagnostic testing, classification systems, and treatment options for retinoblastoma such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, and enucleation.
Primary brain tumors occur in around 250,000 people globally each year, accounting for less than 2% of all cancers. The most common primary brain tumors are meningiomas (20.8% of cases) and gliomas (50.4% of cases), which originate from glial cells. Gliomas include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Astrocytomas are the most common glioma and are graded from I to IV based on factors like cellularity and presence of necrosis, with glioblastoma multiforme being grade IV. Meningiomas originate from the meninges and are typically benign, though some can become malignant. Primary brain tumors are
I LOVE NEUROSURGERY INITIATIVE: INTRACRANIAL TUMORS.pptwalid maani
This document discusses intracranial tumors, including:
- Their incidence rates, with primary brain tumors occurring in 6 per 100,000 people and metastatic tumors in 30 per 100,000 people.
- Common tumor types like astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, medulloblastomas, meningiomas, and pituitary tumors.
- Risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations including CT, MRI, PET and angiography, pathology classification, and management approaches like surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
The document summarizes malignant intraocular tumors, focusing on retinoblastoma. It discusses retinoblastoma genetics, clinical features, diagnosis, staging, and treatment. Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in children, caused by deletion of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. Clinical features include leukocoria. Diagnosis involves ophthalmic examination, imaging like CT/MRI, and histopathology showing Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes. Staging systems include Reese-Ellsworth and the International Classification. Treatment depends on staging and includes focal therapies, chemotherapy, radiation, and enucleation. The goal is survival while retaining eyes and vision when possible
The retina is the innermost layer of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells. Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor that arises from these photoreceptor cells in the retina, most commonly affecting young children under 5 years old. It can be hereditary if caused by a mutation in the RB1 gene, resulting in bilateral and multifocal tumors, or non-hereditary if caused by somatic mutations, usually presenting as a unilateral tumor. Treatment depends on tumor size and extent but may include chemotherapy, local therapies like cryotherapy or brachytherapy, and enucleation of the eye for advanced cases. Early diagnosis and treatment can help preserve vision and life.
- Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina, usually in young children under 5 years old. It typically presents as leukocoria (white pupil reflection).
- There are two main types - heritable (genetic) and non-heritable. Heritable retinoblastoma is often bilateral and multifocal due to a germline gene mutation, while non-heritable is typically unilateral from a somatic mutation.
- Treatment aims to cure the disease while preserving vision if possible, and includes chemotherapy, cryotherapy, radiation plaques, enucleation, or external beam radiation depending on tumor size and location. Screening of at-risk children is important for early detection and treatment.
Pathology of intracranial tumors lectureEffiong Akang
This document provides an overview of intracranial tumors, including:
1. It classifies intracranial neoplasms according to histological group and WHO grade and discusses some of the major tumor types such as astrocytic tumors, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas and others.
2. It reviews the epidemiology and pathogenesis of intracranial tumors. Most are sporadic but some have familial causes.
3. The objectives are for students to understand the classification, clinical manifestations, gross and microscopic features of common intracranial neoplasms.
Dr. Brijesh Maheshwari presented on neuroblastoma. Key points:
1. Neuroblastoma originates from neural crest cells and most commonly affects children under 5, often presenting with abdominal pain or mass.
2. Staging systems include International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) and International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) system. Over half of cases present with metastatic disease.
3. Prognostic factors include age at diagnosis, tumor biology like MYCN amplification, and response to initial treatment. A multidisciplinary approach is used including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, and immunotherapy.
The document discusses several types of tumors that can occur in the head and neck region of children. Lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and neuroblastoma are some of the tumors mentioned. For lymphoma, the most common presentation is cervical lymphadenopathy, while rhabdomyosarcoma often presents with pain and swelling in locations like the orbit or paranasal sinuses. Diagnosis involves biopsy along with imaging and lab tests. Treatment depends on the specific tumor but may involve chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. All childhood cancer cases should be referred to a specialist center.
This document discusses retinoblastoma, a rare cancer that affects the retina. It begins with the history and epidemiology of retinoblastoma, noting it was first described in 1597 and occurs in about 1 in 15,000-20,000 live births. The document then covers the genetics, describing it as caused by a mutation in the RB1 gene and how it can be hereditary or non-hereditary. The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options are outlined, including cryotherapy, brachytherapy, chemotherapy, and enucleation. The prognosis is described as generally good if caught early but late presentation is associated with poorer outcomes.
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children that arises in the cerebellum. It typically presents between ages 4-8 with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and cerebellar dysfunction. Treatment involves surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy in a multimodal approach. Prognosis is generally better in adults compared to children due to differences in tumor biology and treatment tolerance. Relapse can occur in up to 30% of patients within 3 years after initial treatment.
The document provides information on neuroblastoma, including its origin from neural crest cells, sites of occurrence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging systems, prognostic factors, and management. It notes that neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children and occurs most often in children under 5 years old. The diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT/MRI to identify the primary tumor and metastases, biopsy for histopathological examination, and urine and bone marrow tests. Staging systems include the International Neuroblastoma Staging System and International Neuroblastoma Risk Group system. Prognostic factors include the child's age, tumor biology markers like MYCN amplification, and response to initial treatment. Management involves surgery, chemotherapy,
This document provides an overview of acute rheumatic fever presented by Dr. Renesha Islam. Some key points:
- Acute rheumatic fever is an immune response to Group A streptococcus infection that causes inflammation of the heart, joints, brain and skin. It often damages the heart valves long term.
- Major symptoms include migratory polyarthritis in joints (75% of cases), carditis (50-60% of cases, involving the heart valves, myocardium and pericardium), Sydenham's chorea (10-15% of cases), erythema marginatum and subcutaneous nodules (rare).
- Diagnosis is based on the revised Jones criteria
Importance of examination of Pulse & BP in children.pptxDr. Renesha Islam
This document provides information on examining pulse and blood pressure in children. It discusses what pulse is, how to take a pulse in different locations like the radial artery and brachial artery, and how to assess pulse rate, rhythm, volume, and character. It describes abnormal pulse findings like tachycardia, bradycardia, irregular rhythms, and abnormal pulse characters. It explains factors that can cause variations in pulse examination and outlines important information that can be learned from assessing the pulse.
The document provides information on evaluating a neonate presenting with cholestatic jaundice. It discusses taking a thorough history and conducting a physical exam. Important investigations include liver function tests to establish cholestasis and assess severity, and tests to identify treatable conditions like infection or galactosemia. Imaging like ultrasound and hepatobiliary scintigraphy can differentiate between extrahepatic and intrahepatic causes. A liver biopsy further aids diagnosis and management of neonatal cholestasis. Common etiologies include biliary atresia, idiopathic neonatal hepatitis, and metabolic disorders. Timely evaluation is important to diagnose treatable conditions and avoid unnecessary surgery.
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This document provides an overview of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). It begins by introducing HLH and describing its characteristics such as fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and cytopenias. It then discusses the classification of primary and secondary HLH, epidemiology, genetic causes, clinical features, diagnostic guidelines, treatment protocols, and long-term follow up recommendations. For the patient presented, the document recommends following the HLH-2004 treatment protocol initially and considering continuation therapy or stem cell transplant depending on the disease response and severity.
Sadia, a 10-year old girl, presented with pain and swelling in her left leg for 3 months and difficulty walking for 1 month. She also had a new painless swelling near her left eye. Initial workup found a mass in her left leg and another in her left eye area. Biopsies of the masses found features suggestive of Ewing sarcoma and metastatic neuroblastoma. Further imaging and testing confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic neuroblastoma with a primary tumor in her left leg and metastases in her left eye area.
- Genotyping plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of thalassemia. Laboratory diagnosis requires tests like complete blood count, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and DNA analysis to identify mutations.
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This presentation contains all the updated information regarding ongoing treatment protocol, HSCT, Antibiotic prophylaxis, upcoming targeted therapies related to AML
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7. History
o Peter Pawius of Amsterdam provided the description of
a tumor resembling RB. He described as “Substance
similar to brain tissue mixed with thick blood and like
crushed stone” in 1597.
o In 1809, James Wardrop, a scottish surgeon 1st
recognized that retinoblastoma is a discrete tumor
arising from retina based on gross pathological findings.
o In 1864, Virchow, thought that the cell of origin was glial
and named it ‘glioma of retina’.
8. History
oIn the late 1800s, Flexner and Wintersteiner proposed
the term neuroepithelioma, because they believed that
the tumor originated from the neuroepithelium.
oEarly 1900s, Verhoef concluded that the tumor was
derived from undifferentiated embryonic retinal cells
called retinoblast and proposed the term retinoblastoma.
o The American ophthalmological society first
adopted the term retinoblastoma in 1926.
9. oRetinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the embryonic
retina.
oMost common intraocular malignancy in children.
3% of all childhood cancers.
oAlthough usually not recognized at birth, retinoblastoma
predominantly affects young children.
oThe tumor has a variable growth rate, can originate from
single or multiple foci in one or both eyes & in bilateral
cases, may be manifest in one eye many months before it
is evident in the other.
Introduction
10. oCaused by a mutation in a gene that expresses a protein
central to the control of the cell cycle and may occur
sporadically or be inherited.
oChildren with the hereditary type of retinoblastoma
have a particular susceptibility to developing other
malignant tumors.
Introduction
11. o Incidence: 11 per million under 5 years of
age or 1 in 20,000 live births.
oThere are no racial or gender predilection.
o Most common in India and Africa.
o11% of cancers developing in the first year
of life, but for only 3% of all cancers younger
than 15 years of life.
oAbout 80% of cases are diagnosed before 3
to 4 years of life.
Epidemiology
10.1200/jgo.18.22400 Journal of Global Oncology 4, no. Supplement 2
12. Epidemiology
o 90% of cases : under 3 years of age.
o Extremely low by 6 years of age.
o 60–70% of retinoblastoma – Unilateral.
o 30–40% - Bilateral.
o In Pediatric hematology & oncology department of
BSMMU (2017-2020) – 3 patient (2 female, 1 male).
Meanageatdiagnosis
Familyhistory 4 months
Bilateraldisease 12 months
Unilateraldisease 24 months
AAO BCSC 2015: Ophthalmic pathology and intraocular tumors - Retinoblastoma
13.
14.
15. On The Basis Of Laterality:
oUnilateral tumors:
-One or more tumors in one eye.
-Median age of presentation-23 months.
-May be synchronous or metachronous.
-For unifocal cases it may be nonhereditary & for
multifocal cases it may be hereditary with younger age
of presentation.
Classification
16. oBilateral tumors:
-One or more tumors in both eyes.
-Can be synchronous or metachronous.
-It is presumed that these patients have the hereditary
form of the disease, even in the form of positive family
history.
-Age of presentation-before 2 yrs & most present in the
1st year of life.
oTrilateral tumors:
-Bilateral hereditary retinoblastoma with
neuroectodermal pineal tumor (pineoblastoma).
-Usually occurs below 5 years of age.
Classification
17. On The Basis Of Focality:
oUnifocal:
-Most likely to be nonhereditary.
oMultifocal:
-Most likely to harbor a germline mutation in the RB1
gene.
Classification
18. On the basis of heredity:
oHereditary retinoblastoma:
-40% (15%-unilateral, 25%-bilateral)
-Presence of germline mutation.
-Mutations in the RB1 gene appear to be inherited as
an autosomal dominant pattern.
-Earlier clinical manifestation of disease with disease
detectable in utero in children with known familial
disease.
-Very elevated risk of developing secondary
malignancies.
Classification
19. -All children with bilateral tumors
and roughly 15% of children with
unilateral tumors have this form
of disease.
-85% of these are new
spontaneous mutations
(sporadic), while the remaining
have a positive family history
(familial).
-Risk of developing second
malignancy is 6%.
-Risk increases 5-fold if exposed
to radiation.
Classification
20. oNonhereditary retinoblastoma: 60%
-Inherit two normal copies of RB1
gene.
-Post conception two somatic
mutations occur, one in each copy
of the RB1 gene in a retinoblast &
tumor results.
-Usually unifocal or unilateral
tumors.
-Risk of siblings is 1%.
21. oFamiliar retinoblastoma: 10%
-Inherited from an affected parent or unaffected carrier
parent.
-Mutation in RB1 gene present in all cases including the
germline.
-Generally multifocal and bilateral.
-Risk of secondary non ocular malignancy.
oSporadic retinoblastoma: 90%
-Sporadic bilateral-30%, sporadic unilateral-60%)
-Typically present with unilateral unifocal disease at latter
stage.
-Bilateral cases has been associated with advanced
paternal age.
On the basis of family history
22.
23. oIntraoccular:
-With endophytic growth, there is a white hazy mass.
-With exophytic growth, there is retinal detachment.
-Most tumors have combined growth.
-Retinal cells frequently break off from the main mass
and seed the vitreous, or new locations on the retina.
-Glaucoma may result from occlusion of the trabecular
network or from iris neovascularization.
On the basis of pattern of spread
24. oExtraoccular :
-RB spreads first to soft tissues surrounding the eye or
invades the optic nerve. From there it can spread
directly along the axons to the brain, or may cross into
the subarachnoid space and spread via the CSF to the
brain.
-Hematogenous spread leads to metastatic disease,
most commonly to brain, lungs, bone marrow, or
bone.
RB can spread lymphatically to the preauricular and
submandibular nodes.
25. oEndophytic:
-Tumors arising from the retina
& growing into the vitreous cavity.
-The tumors tend to entirely fill the
cavity & produce floating tumor
spheres called vitreous seeds.
-If left untreated eventually invades
the anterior portion of the eye, reaching
the acquous venous channels and the
conjunctiva, then through lymphatic channels
metastasize to regional lymph nodes.
On the basis of growth pattern:
26. o Exophytic:
- Grow from the retina into the subretinal space.
- Often cause serious detachments of the retina.
28. oDiffuse infiltrating:
-Least common.
-Most diagnostically challenging.
-No predominant mass.
-the tumor cells grow throughout the retina while
single cells and vitreous seeds
invade the anterior portions of
retina, the cilliary body, and
anterior chamber.
-clinically presents as
pseudohypopyon, uveitis.
-Tumor diffusely involves retina
causing placoid thickness of retina (not mass).
30. RB1 Gene
oRB occurs as a result of mutations
of RB1 gene located on long arm of
chromosome 13 (13q14).
oThis was the first tumor suppressor
gene cloned.
33. Gross features:
--Tumors are usually white-gray with a chalky appearance
and a soft friable consistency. Bright white speckles
corresponding to calcifications are present throughout the
tumor.
--The gross features depend mainly on the growth pattern.
Pathology
34. Growth Patterns
o Endophytic:
- White to cream-colored mass breaks through internal
limiting membrane.
- No surface vessels or small, irregular tumor vessels.
- Associated with vitreous seeding.
Endophytic tumour with vitreous seeding
35. Growth Patterns
o Exophytic:
- Yellow-white lesion in subretinal space.
- Overlying retinal vessels increased in caliber and tortuosity.
- Associated subretinal fluid and RD that can obscure the
tumour.
May be difficult to visualize
through deep detachment
Exophytic tumour
36. Growth Patterns
o Diffuse infiltrating:
- Flat infiltration of retina without discrete tumormass.
- Conjunctival chemosis, pseudohypopion,vitritis.
-Large tumor can be both endophytic and exophytic.
Intraretinal tumour
whole eye section shows a mixed endophytic
(into the vitreous) and exophytic (into the
subretinal space) growth pattern
37. oComposed of small basophilic cells(retinoblasts) with
large hyperchromatic nuclei (round, oval or spindle-
shaped) and scanty cytoplasm.
oHigh mitotic activity.
oMany retinoblastomas are
undifferentiated but varying
degree of differentiation,
characterised by formation of
Rosettes.
Histology
Undifferentiated tumour
38. 1) Flexner -Wintersteiner rosettes:
consists of central lumen
surrounded by tall columnar cells,
nuclei of which lie away from the
lumen.
2) Homer-Wright rosettes (pseudo-
rosettes) : (Less common)
It has no lumen & cells. Form around a
tangled mass of eosinophilic processes .
Also found in other neuroblastic tumor.
3)Fleurettes:
cluster of cells with long cytoplasmic
processes, projecting through a
fenestrating membrane & appearance
resembles the bouquet of flowers.
39. The signs and symptoms of intraoccular tumor depend on its size & position.
Clinical presentations
Leukocoria -56% Strabismus -20% Secondary glaucoma-1%
Hyphema—1% Orbital inflammation-3% Orbital invasion-1%
47. Plan of investigation
DIAGNOSIS FOR TREATMENT PURPO
SE
METASTASIS EVALUA
TION
Evaluation under
anesthesia
Retinal cam
Genetic study
RB gene if availa
ble
IMAGING
• MRI/ CT SCA
N Brain and
Orbit
CBC
SGPT
S. Creatinine
S. Electrolyte
S. magnesium,
S. Calcium
CcR
Audiology
MRI Brain
Chest Xray
CT Chest
Bone marrow a
spiration
( pancytopenia)
Bone scan
( Bone pain)
CSF study
48. 1. Examination of eye Under Anesthesia (EUA):
• Most important test for retinoblastoma.
• Should be done by an expert ophthalmologi
st:
–After appropriate sedation, and
–Pupillary dilatation.
49. – Diagnostic finding of retinoblastoma :
• A Creamy-white or snow-white mass
• Projecting from retina into the vitreous.
52. Classification of Intra-ocular RB (International Classification of RB
- ICRB):
• It is based on the ophthalmoscopic findings: 5 groups (A to E)
Group A
(Small retinal tumors):
• Small (<3mm)
retinal tumor,
• At least 3 mm
away from fovea/disk.
Group A retinoblastoma
(multi-focal)
Normal fundus
56. • Group E Retinoblastoma
(Extensive retinoblastoma):
– >50% globe occupied,
– Neovascular glaucoma,
– Buphthalmos.
57. Other Investigations for extra-ocular
tumor
• CT scan/ MRI of brain and orbit:
Extent of tumor in orbit,
Optic nerve involvement (ONI),
Pineoblastoma in Tri-lateral RB,
CNS metastasis.
58. – CSF for malignant cells
– MRI spine (if focal neurologic signs)
– Bone scan (if bone pain)
– Bone marrow study (if cytopenias).
59. • Base line organ functions:
– CBC,
– Liver and renal function,
– Serum calcium, magnesium and electrolytes
– Baseline hearing assessment
60. – Pathologic confirmation:
– Is not required for starting treatment of Retinoblastoma .
– In diagnostic dilemma, FNAB (Fine needle aspiration biopsy) may be done
To exclude-
• Atypical uveitis,
• Endophthalmitis,
• Non-visualized retina due to-
– Cataract /
– Hemorrhage in anterior/posterior chamber.
– Better to avoid to prevent iatrogenic dissemination.
Pseudo-rossettes in retino-
blastoma
61. • Histopathology:
– In advanced retinoblastoma, surgical enucleation is done.
– Samples for hispathology are:
• Entire eye ball and
• Optic nerve ( atleast 10 mm).
– Macroscopically:
• Chalky, friable mass, necrotic areas.
63. • Histopathology: Extent of disease
– Features of high risk of metastasis:
• Involvement of
– Optic nerve (Post-laminar),
– Choroid > 3 mm,
– Sclera,
– Anterior chamber.
– Microscopic residual disease:
• Involvement at
– cut surface of eyeball,
– cut end of optic nerve.
64. • Genetic testing:
– Mutation of RB1 gene: (if available)
• Germ line mutation of RB1 gene is assumed in
– Bilateral tumors, early onset tumors
– Positive family history.
• Unilateral tumors:
– Most (80%) have mutation in tumor alone (somati
c).
– 20% may have mutation in both tumor and blood (
germ line).
66. Therapeutic modalities include the following
a combined multi modality approach
Paediatrics
Oncologist
Ophthalmologist
Radiation
Oncologist
67. • Counselling:
– It is a malignant disease.
– The primary goal is to save life.
– To save vision is a secondary objective.
– Early intervention is a must to save vision.
– In advanced disease, Enucleation is life saving.
68. • Treatment is complex and individualized.
• It depends on:
– Size and site of tumor,
– Extent of tumor (intra and extra ocular),
– Bilateral involvement
– Visual potential,
– Age of the patient.
71. • Management of unilateral Group A Retinoblastoma:
• Focal therapy alone
– (Posterior tumor- laser, anterior tumor- cryotherapy)
– 2-4 cycles at 3-4 weeks interval.
Follow up
• Most tumors regress into a flat calcified scar.
• If progressive
disease
Chemotherap
y
Radiotherapy
72. – Group B Retinoblastoma:
• Chemotherapy: 2 drugs
– Vincristine- 0.05 mg/kg - D1
– Carboplatin- 18.6 mg/kg- D1 2-6 cycles.
• Focal therapy:
– After 2 cycles of chemotherapy.
– 2-4 cycles.
F/U
• If progressive disease, Radiotherapy.
85. Follow-up:
– For Recurrences:
• Unilateral RB:
If eye is preserved – bilateral EUA: If enucleated- bilateral local examina
tion:
Monthly - till no active tumor for 3 EU
A,
3 monthly- till 3 years of age,
6 monthly –
till the age of 10 years.
3 monthly- 2 years,
6 monthly- till 5 years of age,
Yearly- till 10 years of age.
86.
87. • Bilateral RB:
– Above + MRI of brain- 6 monthly- till 5
years of age (for trilateral RB).
• Extra-ocular RB:
– Local and systemic examination + MRI
of brain and orbit + CBC and biochemis
try.
88. – For visual assessment:
• Refraction: Most of the patients require correction of refracti
ve errors,
• Protective glasses should be used by all.
– For Hearing loss:
• Hearing assessment – yearly
– For Myeloid neoplasm:
• CBC- 3 monthly for 3-5 years
90. • Genetic counselling:
– Indication:
• Early onset,
• Bilateral, multifocal tumor,
• Positive family history, or
• Germ line RB1 mutation.
91. • Counselling should target:
– Siblings of patients, and both have 40%
chance of disease
– Offspring of the survivors.
92. • Prenatal test-
• Can be done to exclude the risk of retinoblastoma during first pr
egnancy and detect predisposition to second pregnancy
• Post natal -In these children: ophthalmologic exam:
– At birth,
– 4 monthly, till 4 years of age.
93. • Early detection is very important to save vision or life
• High index of suspicion is required by all primary care physicians.
94. If any parent complains of
something abnormal in the
eye of a child,
Urgent ophthalmologic
referral may save both
vision and life.
95. • Prenatal versus Postnatal Screening for Familial
Retinoblastoma
American Academy Of Ophthalmology
• Vol 123 ,issue 12. December 2016
When a parent had retinoblastoma, prenatal molecular diag
nosis with early-term delivery increased the likelihood of
infants born with no detectable tumors, better vision outco
mes, and less invasive therapy. Prenatal molecular diagnos
is facilitates anticipatory planning for both the child and fa
mily.
96. • Retinoblastoma: A Sixteen-Year Review of the Presentation, Tr
eatment, and Outcome from a Tertiary Care Institute in Northe
rn India
• Ocular Oncology and Pathology
Ocul Oncol Pathol 2018; 4: 23-32
The study included 467 patients. Retinoblastoma was bilateral in 15
. Intraocular disease was seen in 301 patients and extraocular in
166 patients. Out of the 347 who received treatment, primary tr
eatment was chemoreduction in 228 and enucleation in 117. Loc
al recurrence was seen in 20, metastasis in 2, and deaths in 13.Hi
stopathological high risk features were significantly less in the ey
es that received chemoreduction (5.0%) versus primary enucleat
ion (20.8%) (p < 0.0004), but there was no difference in the rate
of metastasis, recurrence, and death between the two groups
97. • Recent advances and challenges in the management of
retinoblastoma
• Year : 2017 | Volume : 65 | Issue : 2 | Page : 133-139
• Indian journal of Ophthlmology
• The treatment of retinoblastoma (Rb) has improved significantly i
n recent times. Worldwide, there is an increasing trend to use co
nservative treatment modalities that aim to preserve the globe a
s well as vision with minimum morbidity. Recently, the use of targ
eted delivery of chemotherapy to the eye in the form of selective
intra-arterial and intravitreal chemotherapy has shown promising
results. Radiotherapy is beneficial in selected cases, either in the
form of plaque brachytherapy or as external beam radiotherapy.