Wilms tumor
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Wilms' tumor is the most common malignant renal tumor in childhood, usually occurring between ages 1-5. Nearly 97% of cases are sporadic without an identifiable genetic cause. Clinical manifestations include an abdominal mass, abdominal pain, hypertension, hematuria, and other symptoms. Diagnostic testing includes bloodwork, imaging like ultrasound and CT scan to identify and stage the tumor. Staging guides treatment, which typically involves surgery followed by chemotherapy. Prognosis is generally very good, with cure rates over 85% for localized tumors.
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Wilms tumor
Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is the most common malignant renal tumor of childhood. It develops from embryonic kidney tissue and accounts for 6-7% of childhood cancers. The tumor is usually diagnosed before age 5 and may be detected via abdominal mass or hematuria. Staging involves imaging like CT or MRI to determine extent. Prognosis depends on histology and stage. Treatment typically involves nephrectomy followed by chemotherapy, with radiation sometimes used. Late effects can include growth issues, infertility, and second cancers. Long term follow up is important after treatment ends.
Nephroblastoma
A seminar presentation on benign kidney malignancy in children-Nephroblastoma, siting management and challenges in the tropical setting.
Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma
Wilms tumor is the most common kidney cancer in children, peaking between ages 2-3. It is usually treated with surgery to remove the kidney followed by chemotherapy. For bilateral cases, chemotherapy is given first to shrink tumors before kidney-sparing surgery. Neuroblastoma arises from nerve tissue and most often appears in the abdomen. It is the most common cancer in infants and has a wide range of severity. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation. Both cancers are staged to determine prognosis and guide therapy. Overall, current multi-disciplinary approaches have significantly improved survival rates.
Wilms' Tumor
•Background
•Pathophysiology
•Frequency
•Mortality/Morbidity
•Clinical Examinination
•Differential Diagnoses
•Treatment Modalities
•Prognosis
•Jordanian Perspective
Neuroblastoma
This document discusses neuroblastoma, a common childhood cancer. Some key points:
- Neuroblastoma arises from neural crest cells and can occur in adrenal glands or sympathetic nervous system. Half of children present with metastatic disease.
- It is the most common cancer in infancy and accounts for 8-10% of childhood cancers. The median age of diagnosis is 19 months.
- Familial cases have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and a younger median age of diagnosis. Amplification of the N-MYC oncogene and deletion of chromosome 1p are common genetic factors.
- Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor if possible, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy to control local
Wilms tumor
Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma, is a malignant kidney tumor that typically occurs in young children under 5 years old. It is the fifth most common pediatric cancer and is highly responsive to treatment, with a 90% survival rate. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic factors and abnormalities in genes like WT1 and WT2 may play a role in tumor development. Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy depending on the stage. Early detection and complete surgical removal of localized tumors results in high survival rates.
Renal cell carcinoma
This document summarizes renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common type of kidney cancer. Key points include:
- RCC originates in the renal cortex and arises mostly from the upper pole of the kidney.
- Common subtypes include clear cell, papillary, and chromophobe carcinomas.
- Risk factors include male sex, older age, smoking, obesity, and genetic conditions like von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.
- Symptoms may include hematuria, flank pain, and palpable flank mass. Imaging like CT and MRI are used to diagnose and stage disease.
- Treatment depends on stage but typically involves surgical removal (radical or partial nephrectomy
Vesicouretric reflux
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract. It can be primary due to deficiencies in the ureterovesical junction or secondary due to bladder dysfunction. Diagnosis involves urine tests, ultrasound, VCUG, DMSA scan and urodynamic studies. Most low-grade reflux resolves spontaneously while high-grade reflux is less likely to resolve. Management includes antibiotics and watchful waiting or surgical correction via open or endoscopic techniques like injection of bulking agents. The goal is to prevent urinary tract infections and renal damage.
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Wilms tumor
Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is the most common malignant renal tumor of childhood. It develops from embryonic kidney tissue and accounts for 6-7% of childhood cancers. The tumor is usually diagnosed before age 5 and may be detected via abdominal mass or hematuria. Staging involves imaging like CT or MRI to determine extent. Prognosis depends on histology and stage. Treatment typically involves nephrectomy followed by chemotherapy, with radiation sometimes used. Late effects can include growth issues, infertility, and second cancers. Long term follow up is important after treatment ends.
Nephroblastoma
A seminar presentation on benign kidney malignancy in children-Nephroblastoma, siting management and challenges in the tropical setting.
Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma
Wilms tumor is the most common kidney cancer in children, peaking between ages 2-3. It is usually treated with surgery to remove the kidney followed by chemotherapy. For bilateral cases, chemotherapy is given first to shrink tumors before kidney-sparing surgery. Neuroblastoma arises from nerve tissue and most often appears in the abdomen. It is the most common cancer in infants and has a wide range of severity. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation. Both cancers are staged to determine prognosis and guide therapy. Overall, current multi-disciplinary approaches have significantly improved survival rates.
Wilms' Tumor
•Background
•Pathophysiology
•Frequency
•Mortality/Morbidity
•Clinical Examinination
•Differential Diagnoses
•Treatment Modalities
•Prognosis
•Jordanian Perspective
Neuroblastoma
This document discusses neuroblastoma, a common childhood cancer. Some key points:
- Neuroblastoma arises from neural crest cells and can occur in adrenal glands or sympathetic nervous system. Half of children present with metastatic disease.
- It is the most common cancer in infancy and accounts for 8-10% of childhood cancers. The median age of diagnosis is 19 months.
- Familial cases have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and a younger median age of diagnosis. Amplification of the N-MYC oncogene and deletion of chromosome 1p are common genetic factors.
- Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor if possible, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy to control local
Wilms tumor
Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma, is a malignant kidney tumor that typically occurs in young children under 5 years old. It is the fifth most common pediatric cancer and is highly responsive to treatment, with a 90% survival rate. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic factors and abnormalities in genes like WT1 and WT2 may play a role in tumor development. Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy depending on the stage. Early detection and complete surgical removal of localized tumors results in high survival rates.
Renal cell carcinoma
This document summarizes renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common type of kidney cancer. Key points include:
- RCC originates in the renal cortex and arises mostly from the upper pole of the kidney.
- Common subtypes include clear cell, papillary, and chromophobe carcinomas.
- Risk factors include male sex, older age, smoking, obesity, and genetic conditions like von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.
- Symptoms may include hematuria, flank pain, and palpable flank mass. Imaging like CT and MRI are used to diagnose and stage disease.
- Treatment depends on stage but typically involves surgical removal (radical or partial nephrectomy
Vesicouretric reflux
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract. It can be primary due to deficiencies in the ureterovesical junction or secondary due to bladder dysfunction. Diagnosis involves urine tests, ultrasound, VCUG, DMSA scan and urodynamic studies. Most low-grade reflux resolves spontaneously while high-grade reflux is less likely to resolve. Management includes antibiotics and watchful waiting or surgical correction via open or endoscopic techniques like injection of bulking agents. The goal is to prevent urinary tract infections and renal damage.
Neuroblastoma
This document provides an overview of neuroblastoma, including its clinical presentation, pathology, risk grouping, diagnostic workup, prognostic factors, and management. Some key points:
- Neuroblastoma arises from neural crest tissue and is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. Over 70% present with metastases.
- Risk grouping systems include INSS (International Neuroblastoma Staging System) and more recently INRG (International Neuroblastoma Risk Group) staging.
- Prognostic factors include age, stage, pathology, MYCN status, and other biomarkers.
- Treatment depends on risk but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, and immunotherapy. Precise management
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Wilm's tumour - The most common kidney tumor in children - Dr Vishnu A [VCR],...
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INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS / PATHOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION / GRADING
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
Neuroblastoma
An 8 year old boy from Jumla, Nepal presented with increased urinary frequency and was found to have a 4cmx4cm mass in his abdomen. Imaging and biopsy revealed the mass was a stage III small round cell tumor. Further tests showed it was a neuroblastoma that had metastasized to his bones, classifying it as stage IV disease. Neuroblastoma is the third most common childhood cancer, arising from sympathetic nervous tissue. Prognosis depends on age at diagnosis, tumor stage, genetics, and response to chemotherapy and surgery.
Wilms tumor
1. Nephroblastoma, also known as Wilms tumor, is the most common renal malignancy in children. It typically presents as an abdominal mass and can metastasize to lungs, liver, and bone.
2. Treatment involves nephrectomy followed by chemotherapy based on stage and histology. Radiation therapy may be given for local control in certain high risk cases.
3. With multimodal therapy, the cure rate for Wilms tumor is now over 90%. Ongoing surveillance is important due to risk of recurrence or secondary tumors.
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Wilms tumour / Nephroblastoma
References include Oxford handbook of Urology (3rd Edition)
Smith`s Urology (18th Edition)
EAU Guidelines 2017
Neuroblastoma
- Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children and accounts for 15% of pediatric cancer deaths.
- It arises from primitive neural crest cells of the sympathetic nervous system and the abdomen is the most common primary site.
- Staging systems include the International Neuroblastoma Staging System and the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System, which classify disease as localized, metastatic, or multifocal based on imaging.
- Treatment involves chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, and immunotherapy depending on risk stratification as low, intermediate, or high risk based on age, stage, biology, and other factors.
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Wilm's tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a type of kidney cancer that typically affects children under the age of 5. It makes up about 6% of all childhood cancers. The tumor is caused by the abnormal growth of kidney cells that would normally develop into mature kidney tissue. Wilm's tumor is associated with genetic syndromes that involve mutations in genes like WT1. Patients with certain birth defects like WAGR or Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome have a higher risk of developing Wilm's tumor. The cancer presents as a soft, homogeneous mass in the kidney and is characterized by the presence of blastemal, stromal, and epithelial cells under the microscope. Treatment involves
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Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. It arises from neural crest cells that form the adrenal medulla and sympathetic ganglia. Over half of children present with metastatic disease. Risk factors include genetic predispositions and exposure to chemicals during pregnancy. Clinical features vary depending on tumor location but may include abdominal mass, bone pain, or eye symptoms. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation. Prognosis depends on age, stage, and biological features of the tumor.
Wilm's Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
Wilm's tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a malignant tumor of the kidneys that typically occurs in young children. It is the fifth most common pediatric malignancy. Max Wilms first described this tumor in 1899. Imaging tests such as ultrasound and CT scans are used to identify tumors in the kidneys and check for spread. Tissue samples are often obtained during surgery to confirm diagnosis. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy.
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This document discusses urinary obstruction at the upper and lower urinary tract. It classifies obstruction by cause, duration, degree, and level. Common causes of upper tract obstruction include ureteral stones, while lower tract obstruction may be due to conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia. Left untreated, urinary obstruction can lead to complications like hydronephrosis, infection, and kidney damage. Physical exam findings may include palpable masses, flank pain, or enlarged kidneys. Treatment aims to relieve obstruction and eradicate any infection through methods like drainage or surgery.
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This document summarizes various congenital renal anomalies. It begins by describing normal renal development from the intermediate mesoderm. It then classifies renal anomalies based on abnormalities of number, position, fusion, vasculature and structure. Specific anomalies discussed in more detail include renal agenesis, supernumerary kidneys, abnormalities of position like nonrotation and ectopia, abnormalities of fusion like horseshoe kidneys and crossed fused ectopic kidneys, and structural abnormalities such as fetal lobation, renal cysts, and mesoblastic nephroma. Imaging features of several major anomalies are also presented.
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Wilm's tumor is a malignant kidney tumor most often found in children. Electrolytes are chemical compounds that ionize when dissolved, such as sodium chloride and potassium. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney that filter blood and produce urine. Nephrolithiasis is a condition involving kidney stones, which are solid crystal masses within the kidney or ureter. Urgency is the feeling of needing to urinate immediately.
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This document provides an overview of neuroblastoma, including its clinical presentation, pathology, risk grouping, diagnostic workup, prognostic factors, and management. Some key points:
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- The testis has blood supply from the testicular artery and drains into the pampiniform plexus and internal spermatic veins. Lymphatic drainage is to retroperitoneal lymph nodes.
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2. Risk factors include family history, chemical exposure, smoking, irradiation, arsenic exposure, and urinary disorders. Preneoplastic abnormalities and carcinoma in situ can develop.
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Wilm's tumour - The most common kidney tumor in children - Dr Vishnu A [VCR],...
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INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS / PATHOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION / GRADING
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
Neuroblastoma
An 8 year old boy from Jumla, Nepal presented with increased urinary frequency and was found to have a 4cmx4cm mass in his abdomen. Imaging and biopsy revealed the mass was a stage III small round cell tumor. Further tests showed it was a neuroblastoma that had metastasized to his bones, classifying it as stage IV disease. Neuroblastoma is the third most common childhood cancer, arising from sympathetic nervous tissue. Prognosis depends on age at diagnosis, tumor stage, genetics, and response to chemotherapy and surgery.
Wilms tumor
1. Nephroblastoma, also known as Wilms tumor, is the most common renal malignancy in children. It typically presents as an abdominal mass and can metastasize to lungs, liver, and bone.
2. Treatment involves nephrectomy followed by chemotherapy based on stage and histology. Radiation therapy may be given for local control in certain high risk cases.
3. With multimodal therapy, the cure rate for Wilms tumor is now over 90%. Ongoing surveillance is important due to risk of recurrence or secondary tumors.
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References include Oxford handbook of Urology (3rd Edition)
Smith`s Urology (18th Edition)
EAU Guidelines 2017
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- Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children and accounts for 15% of pediatric cancer deaths.
- It arises from primitive neural crest cells of the sympathetic nervous system and the abdomen is the most common primary site.
- Staging systems include the International Neuroblastoma Staging System and the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System, which classify disease as localized, metastatic, or multifocal based on imaging.
- Treatment involves chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, and immunotherapy depending on risk stratification as low, intermediate, or high risk based on age, stage, biology, and other factors.
Phyllodes tumor
Phyllodes tumors are rare breast tumors that are usually benign but can sometimes be malignant. They make up 1% of breast tumors. Phyllodes tumors typically present as large, rapidly growing masses in women over 40 years old. Diagnosis is made through biopsy and imaging tests. Treatment is complete surgical excision with wide margins. For malignant tumors, adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy may be considered. Prognosis is generally good for benign and borderline tumors treated with surgery alone, while malignant tumors have a 5-year survival rate of 60-80% even with additional treatment.
Wilm’s tumor
Wilm's tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a type of kidney cancer that typically affects children under the age of 5. It makes up about 6% of all childhood cancers. The tumor is caused by the abnormal growth of kidney cells that would normally develop into mature kidney tissue. Wilm's tumor is associated with genetic syndromes that involve mutations in genes like WT1. Patients with certain birth defects like WAGR or Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome have a higher risk of developing Wilm's tumor. The cancer presents as a soft, homogeneous mass in the kidney and is characterized by the presence of blastemal, stromal, and epithelial cells under the microscope. Treatment involves
Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. It arises from neural crest cells that form the adrenal medulla and sympathetic ganglia. Over half of children present with metastatic disease. Risk factors include genetic predispositions and exposure to chemicals during pregnancy. Clinical features vary depending on tumor location but may include abdominal mass, bone pain, or eye symptoms. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation. Prognosis depends on age, stage, and biological features of the tumor.
Wilm's Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
Wilm's tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a malignant tumor of the kidneys that typically occurs in young children. It is the fifth most common pediatric malignancy. Max Wilms first described this tumor in 1899. Imaging tests such as ultrasound and CT scans are used to identify tumors in the kidneys and check for spread. Tissue samples are often obtained during surgery to confirm diagnosis. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy.
Urinary Tract Obstruction
This document discusses urinary obstruction at the upper and lower urinary tract. It classifies obstruction by cause, duration, degree, and level. Common causes of upper tract obstruction include ureteral stones, while lower tract obstruction may be due to conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia. Left untreated, urinary obstruction can lead to complications like hydronephrosis, infection, and kidney damage. Physical exam findings may include palpable masses, flank pain, or enlarged kidneys. Treatment aims to relieve obstruction and eradicate any infection through methods like drainage or surgery.
Congenital renal anomalies
This document summarizes various congenital renal anomalies. It begins by describing normal renal development from the intermediate mesoderm. It then classifies renal anomalies based on abnormalities of number, position, fusion, vasculature and structure. Specific anomalies discussed in more detail include renal agenesis, supernumerary kidneys, abnormalities of position like nonrotation and ectopia, abnormalities of fusion like horseshoe kidneys and crossed fused ectopic kidneys, and structural abnormalities such as fetal lobation, renal cysts, and mesoblastic nephroma. Imaging features of several major anomalies are also presented.
TESTICULAR CANCERS
testicular cancer:anatomy of testis
epidemiology,risk factors and spread of testicular cancer
clinical presentation
tumor markers AFP,BHCG,LDH
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, originating from the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule. Risk factors include tobacco use, genetic factors, cystic kidney diseases, and exposure to certain chemicals. RCC is typically diagnosed through imaging tests and biopsy. Surgical removal of the kidney is the main treatment for localized RCC, while advanced or metastatic RCC may be treated with targeted drugs or immunotherapy. Prognosis depends on the stage, with localized RCC having high survival rates.
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This document contains a list of medical diagnoses including several types of cancers like basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, invasive ductal breast cancer, and adenocarcinoma of the colon. It also includes benign growths and cysts such as dermoid cysts, hemangiomas, lipomas, and leiomyomas as well as other conditions like hemorrhoids, appendicitis, esophageal varices, and myocardial infarction. Many of the diagnoses appear multiple times.
Chapter 9 powerpoint presentation slide
Wilm's tumor is a malignant kidney tumor most often found in children. Electrolytes are chemical compounds that ionize when dissolved, such as sodium chloride and potassium. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney that filter blood and produce urine. Nephrolithiasis is a condition involving kidney stones, which are solid crystal masses within the kidney or ureter. Urgency is the feeling of needing to urinate immediately.
Management of Wilms Tumors
The document discusses the management of Wilms' tumor, a type of kidney cancer that typically affects children. It covers the history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathology, clinical features, workup, staging, and treatment approaches for Wilms' tumor. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by chemotherapy and sometimes radiation therapy, with the goal of eliminating both the primary tumor and any metastases in a multidisciplinary, stage-adapted approach.
Nephroblastoma
Nephroblastoma is a type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children. It is also known as Wilms' tumor, which is a cancer that starts in the kidneys. This document appears to be written by Dr. Ketan Vagholkar, a consultant general surgeon and professor of surgery, about nephroblastoma or Wilms' tumor.
Wilm’s Tumor
Wilms' tumor is a rare, malignant kidney tumor that typically affects children under 5 years old. It is the most common pediatric abdominal tumor. Signs may include an abdominal mass, swelling, pain, or high blood pressure. Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor, along with chemotherapy and radiation. Nursing care focuses on preventing infection, managing pain, and treating nausea from chemotherapy.
Management of renal cell carcinoma and wilms' tumor
This document provides an overview of the management of renal tumors. It discusses the classification, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, staging, and management of both localized and locally advanced renal cell carcinoma. For localized RCC, treatment options include radical or partial nephrectomy, which can be performed openly, laparoscopically, or robotically. Active surveillance is also discussed. For locally advanced RCC, the aim is complete excision though extended surgery may be needed. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy has not proven beneficial.
Wilm tumor and RT management
Max Wilms first described Wilms tumor in 1899 after examining childhood kidney tumors. Wilms tumor is the most common malignant renal tumor in children, affecting around 7 per million children under 15 years old. The tumor is named after Max Wilms. Treatment has improved survival rates to around 90% with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy depending on tumor stage and histology. Genetic factors like WAGR, Beckwith-Wiedemann, and Denys-Drash syndromes increase risk by predisposing to mutations in genes like WT1 and CTNNB1.
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Similar to Wilms tumor
Wilims tumour
Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma, is a malignant kidney tumor that typically occurs in children under 5 years old. It begins from abnormal proliferation of embryonic kidney cells. Staging is determined by imaging and pathology, and treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation. The prognosis is generally good, especially for early stages, with 4-year survival rates over 90% for stages I-III and 70-90% for stage IV.
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Wilm's tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is the most common type of kidney cancer in children. It develops in the renal parenchyma and can affect one or both kidneys. Risk factors include age under 5 years old, genetic conditions, and certain birth defects. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by chemotherapy and sometimes radiation therapy. With treatment, about 90% of children with Wilm's tumor are cured. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications from the tumor, effects of treatment, and providing support to the child and family.
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Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma, is a type of kidney cancer that primarily affects young children. It arises from immature kidney cells and is most commonly diagnosed in children ages 3-4. While it has a high cure rate if detected early, treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach involving surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy. Risk factors include genetic predispositions and certain birth defects or syndromes. Staging helps determine the appropriate treatment, which may include surgical removal of the kidney and surrounding tissues, as well as chemotherapy and radiation administered in divided doses or fractions.
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Wilms tumor is a malignant renal tumor that occurs most often in children under 5 years old. It develops within the kidney and can spread to surrounding tissues and distant organs. Risk factors include African American race and family history. Staging is based on extent of tumor spread - early stage tumors are confined to the kidney while later stages involve lymph nodes, other abdominal organs, or distant metastasis. Treatment involves surgical removal of the affected kidney along with radiation and chemotherapy. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for side effects of treatment like bleeding, infections, and mouth sores as well as providing emotional support.
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WILLMS TUTOR.pptx
- Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is the most common type of kidney cancer in children. It starts in the kidneys and occurs when kidney cells grow abnormally.
- Most Wilms tumors are unilateral (affecting one kidney) and become quite large before being noticed. While most have not spread at diagnosis, some children may have multiple tumors in one kidney or bilateral tumors in both kidneys.
- Treatment involves surgical removal of the tumor combined with radiation and chemotherapy. The prognosis is generally good, especially if caught early before spreading, but treatment can cause side effects that require ongoing nursing care and management.
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ca cervix.pdf
Here are brief answers to your questions:
- A Pap smear involves gently scraping cells from the cervix and vagina and examining them under a microscope to check for abnormal cells.
- Liquid-based cytology (LBC) uses a brush to collect cells which are then placed in a vial of preservative fluid, rather than smeared onto a slide. This allows for automated processing and may provide a more representative sample than conventional smears.
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- Metaplasia is a reversible
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OVARY CANCER: BORDERLINE
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Neuroblastoma & Wilms tumor.pptx
- Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor are the two most common childhood solid tumors that arise from neural crest cells and kidney respectively.
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Testicular cancer.pptx
This document discusses testicular cancer and Wilms tumor.
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Wilms tumor
- 1. Wilms’ Tumor
- 2. Epidemiology Wilms tumor is the most common malignant renal tumor of childhood. Most diagnoses between 1 and 5 years with the peak incidence at age 3. Nearly 97% of Wilms’ tumors are sporadic, in that they occur in the absence of a heritable or congenital cause or risk factor. A hereditary form of Wilms tumor may be associated with bilateral presentation. Many congenital anomalies are associated with Wilms tumor, including WAGR syndrome (Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary malformation, mental retardation),Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and some other overgrowth syndromes.
- 3. Clinical Manifestations Abdominal Mass(often painless) Abdominal Pain Hypertension Hematuria Obstipation Weight Loss Hypotension Fever
- 4. Laboratory & Imaging Studies CBC Liver & Renal Function Tests Ultrasound(should be performed to evaluate the presence of renal vein or vena caval extension.) CT
- 9. Differntial Diagnoses Hydronephrosis Polycystic disease of the kidney Mesoblastic nephroma Hamartoma Renal cell carcinoma Neuroblastoma Lymphoma Retroperitoneal rhabdomyosarcoma
- 10. Staging of Wilms’ tumor Stage I: Tumor limited to the kidney and completely excised. Stage II: Tumor that extends beyond the kidney but is completely excised. No residual tumor is apparent at or beyond the margins of excision. The tumor was biopsied, or there was local spillage of tumor confined to the flank. Stage III: Residual tumor confined to the abdomen. Lymph nodes in the renal hilus, the periaortic chains, or beyond contain tumor. Diffuse peritoneal contamination by the tumor, such as by spillage of tumor beyond the flank before or during surgery or by tumor growth that has penetrated through the peritoneal surface. Implants are found on the peritoneal surfaces. Tumor extends beyond the surgical margins either microscopically or grossly. Tumor is not completely resectable because of local infiltration into vital structures. Stage IV: Hematogenous metastases Stage V: Bilateral renal involvement
- 12. Treatment Before operation, all patients suspected of having Wilms’ tumor should undergo abdominal and chest CT. National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group (NWTSG) supports a strategy of surgery followed by chemotherapy in most instances, whereas the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) approach is to shrink the tumor using preoperative chemotherapy. The goal of surgery is complete removal of the tumor Typically a transverse abdominal incision is made, and a transperitoneal approach is used.
- 13. Prognoses In general prognoses is very good. Prognostic factors include stage and histologic features. Cure rates for patients with localized Wilms tumor at diagnosis are greater than 85%, whereas patients with pulmonary metastases have event-free survival rates of approximately 70% to 80%.
- 14. References 1-Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery Tenth Edition 2-NELSON ESSENTIALS OF PEDIATRICS, SEVENTH EDITION 2015
- 15. Thanks