Retail involves the sale of goods directly to consumers in small quantities. It adds value through activities such as breaking bulk, product assembly, and displaying merchandise attractively to consumers. There are various types of retailers from department stores that offer a wide range of goods to specialty stores that focus on specific products. Retailers can operate brick and mortar stores, online stores, or use a hybrid model. The retail industry is becoming more consolidated with larger chains emerging in different retail segments.
The document discusses retail store management and design. It covers the role of the store manager in overseeing daily operations and staff, as well as merchandising, customer service, and costs. Effective store design considers layout, signage, and feature areas to guide traffic flow, showcase products, and create an experience that encourages browsing and sales. Digital signage allows dynamic, centralized content control across stores. Overall store design must support the retailer's strategy and provide customers a rewarding shopping experience for loyalty and sales.
The document discusses store layout, design, and visual merchandising. It describes different types of store layouts including grid, racetrack, and free-form layouts. It also discusses elements of store atmosphere and design objectives. Key considerations for store layout include allocation of floor space, area mix, merchandise type and density, and prime locations for merchandise placement.
This document discusses different types of retail institutions and ownership structures, including independent retailers, chain stores, and franchises. It then covers various types of retailing like food retailers, general merchandise retailers, non-store retailers, and service retailing. Food retailers discussed include conventional supermarkets, superstores, supercenters, warehouse supermarkets, and convenience stores. General merchandise retailers mentioned are department stores, discount stores, specialty stores, category specialists/killers, home improvement centers, and warehouse clubs. The document also touches on non-store retailing like catalogue, direct mail, direct sell, TV home shopping, and vending machines.
For us “Management Consulting” is not a mere profession, but our passion. Every team member of Align is focussed on ensuring results and making businesses profitable.
Align Associate has helped numerous corporates in meeting their business goals. A smart organization whose team have expertise of working for Global major corporates and have evolved a unique methodology of solution coupled with strong implementation approach. The organization has a team of ACAs, MBAs, Engineers, Tech Experts having all round corporate strategy and business process expertise who work as a team to bring results. It is quite appreciated by the corporate world at large for its commitment to deliver value.
This document summarizes studies of customer behavior in retail stores. The key points are:
1. Such studies aim to identify who customers are, where they shop, what they buy, when and how they buy, and how they respond to sales promotions.
2. Identifying customers involves determining their characteristics like gender, age, income, and place of origin to understand how these influence buying behavior.
3. Customer buying behavior patterns can be analyzed based on place of purchase, items purchased, time and frequency of shopping, purchase method, and response to promotions. Understanding these patterns helps solve marketing problems.
The document discusses concepts in retail management. It begins by defining retailing as the sale of goods and services to consumers for personal use. It then discusses the role of retailers in linking producers to customers. Organized retailing makes up only 2% of the Indian retail sector currently but is growing rapidly. Factors like rising incomes and lifestyle changes are contributing to the growth of organized retail formats in India. The retail environment in India differs from western countries in aspects like urban congestion and rural populations.
This document defines wholesalers as firms that sell goods in bulk for resale or business use. It identifies several types of wholesalers including full-service wholesalers that offer general merchandise and specialty goods, limited-service wholesalers like cash-and-carry operations, and brokers/agents that connect buyers and sellers but do not take ownership of products. Retailers are defined as businesses that sell directly to consumers, and various types of retailers are described such as chain stores, department stores, discount stores, shopping malls, and independent stores. Wal-Mart is provided as a case study of a large retailer known for always low prices achieved through cost controls.
Theories of retailing, theories of retail development,
Retail Life Cycle, Environmental Theory, Cyclical Theory - Wheel of retailing, phases of retail development, Accordion theory
The document discusses retail store management and design. It covers the role of the store manager in overseeing daily operations and staff, as well as merchandising, customer service, and costs. Effective store design considers layout, signage, and feature areas to guide traffic flow, showcase products, and create an experience that encourages browsing and sales. Digital signage allows dynamic, centralized content control across stores. Overall store design must support the retailer's strategy and provide customers a rewarding shopping experience for loyalty and sales.
The document discusses store layout, design, and visual merchandising. It describes different types of store layouts including grid, racetrack, and free-form layouts. It also discusses elements of store atmosphere and design objectives. Key considerations for store layout include allocation of floor space, area mix, merchandise type and density, and prime locations for merchandise placement.
This document discusses different types of retail institutions and ownership structures, including independent retailers, chain stores, and franchises. It then covers various types of retailing like food retailers, general merchandise retailers, non-store retailers, and service retailing. Food retailers discussed include conventional supermarkets, superstores, supercenters, warehouse supermarkets, and convenience stores. General merchandise retailers mentioned are department stores, discount stores, specialty stores, category specialists/killers, home improvement centers, and warehouse clubs. The document also touches on non-store retailing like catalogue, direct mail, direct sell, TV home shopping, and vending machines.
For us “Management Consulting” is not a mere profession, but our passion. Every team member of Align is focussed on ensuring results and making businesses profitable.
Align Associate has helped numerous corporates in meeting their business goals. A smart organization whose team have expertise of working for Global major corporates and have evolved a unique methodology of solution coupled with strong implementation approach. The organization has a team of ACAs, MBAs, Engineers, Tech Experts having all round corporate strategy and business process expertise who work as a team to bring results. It is quite appreciated by the corporate world at large for its commitment to deliver value.
This document summarizes studies of customer behavior in retail stores. The key points are:
1. Such studies aim to identify who customers are, where they shop, what they buy, when and how they buy, and how they respond to sales promotions.
2. Identifying customers involves determining their characteristics like gender, age, income, and place of origin to understand how these influence buying behavior.
3. Customer buying behavior patterns can be analyzed based on place of purchase, items purchased, time and frequency of shopping, purchase method, and response to promotions. Understanding these patterns helps solve marketing problems.
The document discusses concepts in retail management. It begins by defining retailing as the sale of goods and services to consumers for personal use. It then discusses the role of retailers in linking producers to customers. Organized retailing makes up only 2% of the Indian retail sector currently but is growing rapidly. Factors like rising incomes and lifestyle changes are contributing to the growth of organized retail formats in India. The retail environment in India differs from western countries in aspects like urban congestion and rural populations.
This document defines wholesalers as firms that sell goods in bulk for resale or business use. It identifies several types of wholesalers including full-service wholesalers that offer general merchandise and specialty goods, limited-service wholesalers like cash-and-carry operations, and brokers/agents that connect buyers and sellers but do not take ownership of products. Retailers are defined as businesses that sell directly to consumers, and various types of retailers are described such as chain stores, department stores, discount stores, shopping malls, and independent stores. Wal-Mart is provided as a case study of a large retailer known for always low prices achieved through cost controls.
Theories of retailing, theories of retail development,
Retail Life Cycle, Environmental Theory, Cyclical Theory - Wheel of retailing, phases of retail development, Accordion theory
The document discusses different types of retail stores and how shopping locations have changed over time. It describes convenience stores for everyday items, CBD stores for higher-end goods, street markets, out-of-town superstores, retail parks grouping stores together, and metro stores attached to gas stations. It then asks questions about Tesco's history, starting in London in 1919 and growing into an international chain operating in several countries.
Retail shrinkage refers to inventory lost to theft or error. The document discusses causes of retail shrinkage including shoplifting and employee theft. It compares techniques used in India like CCTV and double-checking purchases to global methods such as concealed doors, RFID tags, and retail analytics. Case studies found that while large stores heavily invest in security, small shops have high shrinkage due to limited techniques and budgets. Overall the document analyzes factors influencing shrinkage and prevention methods.
Retail store design involves strategically planning elements to match the needs of the target customer base, including employee type and density, merchandise type and density, and fixture type and density. The store facade is also important as it makes a first impression on customers and conveys what customers will find inside. Elements like design, ambience, merchandise, services, and security guards together provide the retail identity. An effective facade invites customers inside silently, creates awareness, and conveys what is available in the store. Problems can arise in creating unique facades tailored for each retail store. In addition to these elements, sound, odor, visual factors, and space mix involving staple, convenience, and impulse merchandise are also considered in retail store design
Chain stores are retail stores that are centrally owned and operated under one management. They specialize in limited product ranges and deal on a cash-only basis. Chain stores maintain centralized purchasing, control, and promotional services across similarly designed stores. They are classified based on location (local, sectional, national, international) and products handled. Advantages for manufacturers include lower costs, economies of scale, and standardized operations, while consumers benefit from lower prices, regular supply, and assured quality. However, chain stores also face disadvantages like less freedom and flexibility for individual stores.
Presentation on Retail marketing in Indiatoysangha
The document discusses the evolution of retail in India from early barter systems and weekly markets to modern formats like supermarkets, hypermarkets, malls, and e-retail. It notes that weekly markets provided cheaper goods and did not have permanent shops, while a barter system exchanged goods and services before money was used. The organized retail sector includes stores like supermarkets, hypermarkets, department stores, and cash and carry operations, while the unorganized sector comprises small, local shops. Major retail formats each have defining characteristics and value propositions for customers.
Milli Jain , Commercial Design Interior Designdezyneecole
This document provides an introduction to retail spaces. It defines retail as the activity of selling goods directly to the public in small quantities. It discusses different types of retail stores like concept stores, pop-up stores, and flagship stores. It outlines the main retail sectors including food, fashion, home, and leisure/entertainment. For each sector, it provides some examples of common store types. The document aims to give an overview of retail spaces, sectors, and store concepts.
This document discusses key factors that attract customers to retail spaces. It begins by defining retail design and visual merchandising. It then covers different retail sectors like food, fashion, home, and leisure. It discusses different types of retail stores such as flagship stores, concept stores, pop-up stores, and lifestyle stores. It also covers markets. The document emphasizes the importance of exterior presentation, signs, windows, and displays in attracting customers. It provides guidelines for effective design of store fronts and visual merchandising elements. The overall aim is to understand what attracts customers and increases sales and footfall in retail spaces through design.
This document discusses different types of retailers. It covers characteristics of general merchandise retailers and objectives to think about. It then categorizes various types of food retailers like supermarkets, supercenters, and convenience stores. General merchandise retailers are also categorized, including department stores, discount stores, and category specialists. Service retailers are defined and differences between service and merchandise retailers are explained. Finally, types of retail ownership like independent stores, corporate chains, and franchises are outlined.
This document discusses various aspects of retail operations management. It covers components of retail operations including store operations, business development, planning, logistics, and management information systems. It also discusses components of store operations such as administration, visual merchandising, IT, HR, security, and merchandising. Additionally, it outlines different types of retail store formats including department stores, discount stores, specialty stores, outlet stores, supermarkets, and shopping malls. Key aspects of store operations management include customer service, inventory availability, in-store processes, staff planning, and staff motivation. Retail KPIs that are discussed include sales per square foot, sales per employee, inventory shrinkage, average transaction size, items per ticket,
This document provides an overview of store operations and retail marketing. It discusses key aspects of managing a retail store including store atmosphere, cash handling, prevent shoplifting, customer service, refunds/returns, visual merchandising, training programs, inventory/stock management, and legal compliance. It also describes the role of the store manager and their responsibilities which include ensuring the store is clean, properly stocked, offers a positive customer experience, and meets business targets and profits. Additionally, it covers retail location strategies, factors affecting location selection, and the STP (segmenting, targeting, positioning) approach to retailing.
This document provides an overview of different types of retailers. It begins by describing the variety of U.S. retailers from street vendors to large multichannel companies. It then discusses key elements used to classify retailers such as merchandise type, variety/assortment, services, and price. Several major retailer categories are outlined in detail, including food retailers like supermarkets, supercenters, and convenience stores, as well as general merchandise retailers like department stores, discount stores, and specialty stores. Trends affecting different retailer types are also examined.
This document discusses different types of food-oriented store-based retail strategies. It describes convenience stores, conventional supermarkets, hypermarkets, box stores, and warehouse stores. For each type of store, it provides details on their typical location, prices, atmosphere and services, merchandise, and promotion strategies. It notes advantages and disadvantages of conventional supermarkets and hypermarkets. The document aims to classify store-based retailers according to their retail strategy mix.
mall, anchor store, draw tenant, seamless mall, specialty mall, mall management, mall layout, malls in India, facilities management in INdia, failure of malls
The document discusses different types of retail formats. It describes store-based formats like convenience stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, department stores, specialty stores, off-price retailers, and catalogue showrooms. It also discusses non-store formats. The key factors in classifying retailers are ownership type (independent, chain, franchise), merchandise offered (food, general), target market, and store size. Larger formats that have emerged include superstores, hypermarkets, and big box retailers with very large store sizes.
Heartstrings is a retail store that specializes in bags. It aims to provide quality products at reasonable prices. It targets female students and employees aged 10-40 in cities near Metro Manila. While it has loyal customers and good vendor relationships, Heartstrings has average ratings in other areas like store design, advertising, and service quality. The report recommends improving the retail mix, developing new product lines, opening a new store, offering personalized bags, creating a website, and pursuing database retailing.
This document discusses product mix and the product life cycle. It defines key characteristics of products and classifications of products based on their nature, consumers' intentions, and social benefits. It then outlines the four stages of the product life cycle: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. For each stage, it provides details on sales, costs, profits, competition, and recommended marketing strategies. It concludes by noting some limitations to the product life cycle framework.
Retail store operations encompass all aspects of running a retail store on a daily basis, including choosing a store location, designing the store interior and displays, managing product inventory through ordering, receiving, and pricing stock, handling cash and implementing fraud prevention controls, providing customer service, and overseeing employees, promotions, and store maintenance. Key functions involve location selection, visual merchandising, inventory management, loss prevention, staff training, and ensuring a positive customer experience throughout the shopping process. Effective retail store operations are critical for a store's success and competitiveness.
This project report submitted by Mr. Sumukh Khandelwal to Dezyne E’cole College covers the design of a commercial retail space. It includes chapters on visual merchandising and retail design principles, layouts, anthropometrics and ergonomics, shop entrances and displays, new concepts in retailing, and requirements and expectations of retail outlets. The report also defines commercial spaces and how to design them, and provides details of Mr. Khandelwal's retail design project including the brief, concept, materials used, and working drawings.
The document presents information on the retail industry in India. It discusses the types of retail formats in India, including organized and unorganized sectors. It notes that the organized retail sector accounts for only 4.6% of the Indian retail market. Several key players in apparel, electronics, and general retail are mentioned along with details about their store formats, locations, and positioning. Future projections estimate the Indian retail industry will grow to Rs. 990,037 Cr by 2010 with organized retail growing at 25-30% annually.
This document discusses channel institutions and distributor management. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of distributors, including buying products, ensuring market coverage, maintaining inventory, and assisting with promotions. It describes the process of selecting distributors, including identifying prospects, conducting background checks, evaluating interest levels, and shortlisting candidates based on quantitative and qualitative criteria like financial status and market standing. The document also discusses functions of distributors, performance evaluation, and the future of wholesaling in India.
The document discusses different types of retail stores and how shopping locations have changed over time. It describes convenience stores for everyday items, CBD stores for higher-end goods, street markets, out-of-town superstores, retail parks grouping stores together, and metro stores attached to gas stations. It then asks questions about Tesco's history, starting in London in 1919 and growing into an international chain operating in several countries.
Retail shrinkage refers to inventory lost to theft or error. The document discusses causes of retail shrinkage including shoplifting and employee theft. It compares techniques used in India like CCTV and double-checking purchases to global methods such as concealed doors, RFID tags, and retail analytics. Case studies found that while large stores heavily invest in security, small shops have high shrinkage due to limited techniques and budgets. Overall the document analyzes factors influencing shrinkage and prevention methods.
Retail store design involves strategically planning elements to match the needs of the target customer base, including employee type and density, merchandise type and density, and fixture type and density. The store facade is also important as it makes a first impression on customers and conveys what customers will find inside. Elements like design, ambience, merchandise, services, and security guards together provide the retail identity. An effective facade invites customers inside silently, creates awareness, and conveys what is available in the store. Problems can arise in creating unique facades tailored for each retail store. In addition to these elements, sound, odor, visual factors, and space mix involving staple, convenience, and impulse merchandise are also considered in retail store design
Chain stores are retail stores that are centrally owned and operated under one management. They specialize in limited product ranges and deal on a cash-only basis. Chain stores maintain centralized purchasing, control, and promotional services across similarly designed stores. They are classified based on location (local, sectional, national, international) and products handled. Advantages for manufacturers include lower costs, economies of scale, and standardized operations, while consumers benefit from lower prices, regular supply, and assured quality. However, chain stores also face disadvantages like less freedom and flexibility for individual stores.
Presentation on Retail marketing in Indiatoysangha
The document discusses the evolution of retail in India from early barter systems and weekly markets to modern formats like supermarkets, hypermarkets, malls, and e-retail. It notes that weekly markets provided cheaper goods and did not have permanent shops, while a barter system exchanged goods and services before money was used. The organized retail sector includes stores like supermarkets, hypermarkets, department stores, and cash and carry operations, while the unorganized sector comprises small, local shops. Major retail formats each have defining characteristics and value propositions for customers.
Milli Jain , Commercial Design Interior Designdezyneecole
This document provides an introduction to retail spaces. It defines retail as the activity of selling goods directly to the public in small quantities. It discusses different types of retail stores like concept stores, pop-up stores, and flagship stores. It outlines the main retail sectors including food, fashion, home, and leisure/entertainment. For each sector, it provides some examples of common store types. The document aims to give an overview of retail spaces, sectors, and store concepts.
This document discusses key factors that attract customers to retail spaces. It begins by defining retail design and visual merchandising. It then covers different retail sectors like food, fashion, home, and leisure. It discusses different types of retail stores such as flagship stores, concept stores, pop-up stores, and lifestyle stores. It also covers markets. The document emphasizes the importance of exterior presentation, signs, windows, and displays in attracting customers. It provides guidelines for effective design of store fronts and visual merchandising elements. The overall aim is to understand what attracts customers and increases sales and footfall in retail spaces through design.
This document discusses different types of retailers. It covers characteristics of general merchandise retailers and objectives to think about. It then categorizes various types of food retailers like supermarkets, supercenters, and convenience stores. General merchandise retailers are also categorized, including department stores, discount stores, and category specialists. Service retailers are defined and differences between service and merchandise retailers are explained. Finally, types of retail ownership like independent stores, corporate chains, and franchises are outlined.
This document discusses various aspects of retail operations management. It covers components of retail operations including store operations, business development, planning, logistics, and management information systems. It also discusses components of store operations such as administration, visual merchandising, IT, HR, security, and merchandising. Additionally, it outlines different types of retail store formats including department stores, discount stores, specialty stores, outlet stores, supermarkets, and shopping malls. Key aspects of store operations management include customer service, inventory availability, in-store processes, staff planning, and staff motivation. Retail KPIs that are discussed include sales per square foot, sales per employee, inventory shrinkage, average transaction size, items per ticket,
This document provides an overview of store operations and retail marketing. It discusses key aspects of managing a retail store including store atmosphere, cash handling, prevent shoplifting, customer service, refunds/returns, visual merchandising, training programs, inventory/stock management, and legal compliance. It also describes the role of the store manager and their responsibilities which include ensuring the store is clean, properly stocked, offers a positive customer experience, and meets business targets and profits. Additionally, it covers retail location strategies, factors affecting location selection, and the STP (segmenting, targeting, positioning) approach to retailing.
This document provides an overview of different types of retailers. It begins by describing the variety of U.S. retailers from street vendors to large multichannel companies. It then discusses key elements used to classify retailers such as merchandise type, variety/assortment, services, and price. Several major retailer categories are outlined in detail, including food retailers like supermarkets, supercenters, and convenience stores, as well as general merchandise retailers like department stores, discount stores, and specialty stores. Trends affecting different retailer types are also examined.
This document discusses different types of food-oriented store-based retail strategies. It describes convenience stores, conventional supermarkets, hypermarkets, box stores, and warehouse stores. For each type of store, it provides details on their typical location, prices, atmosphere and services, merchandise, and promotion strategies. It notes advantages and disadvantages of conventional supermarkets and hypermarkets. The document aims to classify store-based retailers according to their retail strategy mix.
mall, anchor store, draw tenant, seamless mall, specialty mall, mall management, mall layout, malls in India, facilities management in INdia, failure of malls
The document discusses different types of retail formats. It describes store-based formats like convenience stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, department stores, specialty stores, off-price retailers, and catalogue showrooms. It also discusses non-store formats. The key factors in classifying retailers are ownership type (independent, chain, franchise), merchandise offered (food, general), target market, and store size. Larger formats that have emerged include superstores, hypermarkets, and big box retailers with very large store sizes.
Heartstrings is a retail store that specializes in bags. It aims to provide quality products at reasonable prices. It targets female students and employees aged 10-40 in cities near Metro Manila. While it has loyal customers and good vendor relationships, Heartstrings has average ratings in other areas like store design, advertising, and service quality. The report recommends improving the retail mix, developing new product lines, opening a new store, offering personalized bags, creating a website, and pursuing database retailing.
This document discusses product mix and the product life cycle. It defines key characteristics of products and classifications of products based on their nature, consumers' intentions, and social benefits. It then outlines the four stages of the product life cycle: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. For each stage, it provides details on sales, costs, profits, competition, and recommended marketing strategies. It concludes by noting some limitations to the product life cycle framework.
Retail store operations encompass all aspects of running a retail store on a daily basis, including choosing a store location, designing the store interior and displays, managing product inventory through ordering, receiving, and pricing stock, handling cash and implementing fraud prevention controls, providing customer service, and overseeing employees, promotions, and store maintenance. Key functions involve location selection, visual merchandising, inventory management, loss prevention, staff training, and ensuring a positive customer experience throughout the shopping process. Effective retail store operations are critical for a store's success and competitiveness.
This project report submitted by Mr. Sumukh Khandelwal to Dezyne E’cole College covers the design of a commercial retail space. It includes chapters on visual merchandising and retail design principles, layouts, anthropometrics and ergonomics, shop entrances and displays, new concepts in retailing, and requirements and expectations of retail outlets. The report also defines commercial spaces and how to design them, and provides details of Mr. Khandelwal's retail design project including the brief, concept, materials used, and working drawings.
The document presents information on the retail industry in India. It discusses the types of retail formats in India, including organized and unorganized sectors. It notes that the organized retail sector accounts for only 4.6% of the Indian retail market. Several key players in apparel, electronics, and general retail are mentioned along with details about their store formats, locations, and positioning. Future projections estimate the Indian retail industry will grow to Rs. 990,037 Cr by 2010 with organized retail growing at 25-30% annually.
This document discusses channel institutions and distributor management. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of distributors, including buying products, ensuring market coverage, maintaining inventory, and assisting with promotions. It describes the process of selecting distributors, including identifying prospects, conducting background checks, evaluating interest levels, and shortlisting candidates based on quantitative and qualitative criteria like financial status and market standing. The document also discusses functions of distributors, performance evaluation, and the future of wholesaling in India.
This document provides an overview of retailing and retail management strategies. It defines retailing as any business selling directly to consumers, and notes key retail functions like creating time/place/possession utilities. The document outlines global and Indian retail scenes and trends, including the growth of organized retail. It also describes types of retailers, factors influencing customer choice, and retail formats/trading areas. Finally, it discusses retail management strategies around positioning, merchandising, customer service, communication, pricing, and performance measurement. Franchising and e-tailing models are also summarized.
Channel institutions wholesaling
Functions of Wholesalers
Need for Wholesalers
Characteristics of Wholesalers
Difference with Retailers
Functions of Wholesalers
Types of Wholesalers
Limitations of Wholesalers
Major Wholesaling Decisions
Managing Distributors
Need for Distributors
Expectations from a Distributor
Cost of Servicing
Dealer
Distributor
Favourable Factors
UnFavourable Factors
This document discusses retailing and wholesaling. It begins by defining retailing as activities involved in selling goods or services directly to consumers. Retailers are classified as store or non-store. The wheel of retailing explains how retailers evolve their strategies. Retailers select target markets and develop their marketing mix. Wholesalers are intermediaries that sell to businesses and retailers. They provide functions like storage, transportation and financing. Wholesalers are classified by ownership and type, including merchant wholesalers and agents/brokers. The document concludes with an overview of direct marketing and non-store retailing methods like mail order, internet, and vending machines.
The document discusses various components of distribution and logistics management, including channel institutions like wholesalers, retailers, and distributors. It describes the functions of retailing and how the retail industry has evolved in India. Key aspects of developing a retail strategy are highlighted, such as selecting a generic strategy, considering the marketing mix elements of merchandise, price, service, and communication.
This document contains a list of 10 URLs linking to Facebook pages and blogs related to commerce education in Karachi, Pakistan. The pages promote Bachelor of Commerce programs at Karachi University, provide information for economics students, and connect those interested in commerce education through Facebook groups.
This document provides an overview of IAS 20, which establishes the accounting requirements for government grants and disclosure of government assistance. It discusses how government grants should be recognized as income or deferred income depending on whether they are related to assets or income. It also covers repayment of grants if conditions are not met and disclosure requirements. The end of chapter practice problems provide examples of accounting for government grants and assistance related to assets, income, and contingencies.
The document discusses pricing decisions and advertising. It covers the meaning of pricing, objectives of pricing like market penetration and skimming. Factors influencing pricing like costs, competition and economic conditions are examined. Methods of pricing such as cost-plus, target-profit and going-rate pricing are outlined. Advertising is defined and its characteristics like being paid communication and exposing prospects to messages are explained. Various advertising mediums like newspapers, magazines, radio, television and direct mail are also described.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 11 of a Principles of Marketing textbook. It defines retailing and wholesaling, lists the functions of retailers and wholesalers, and describes different types of retailers and wholesalers based on factors like sales volume, product mix offered, ownership structure, and operation method. The types of retailers discussed include general merchandise stores, department stores, variety stores, specialty stores, corporate chain stores, independent stores, and franchise stores. The types of wholesalers discussed include merchant wholesalers, sales offices/branches, agents, industrial wholesalers, and limited function wholesalers.
The document discusses various pricing strategies and considerations including psychological pricing, cost-based pricing, competitor-based pricing, and promotional pricing. It also covers pricing objectives, factors that influence pricing decisions, and common problems in setting prices. Examples and case studies are provided to illustrate pricing concepts along with references for further reading.
The document discusses business marketing channels. It covers the critical role of industrial distributors and manufacturers' representatives in business channels. It also discusses requirements for successful channel strategy, including designing the channel structure to meet marketing objectives and managing the channel to achieve goals. The document outlines different channel alternatives for business markets and considerations for channel design, administration, and motivating channel members.
This document discusses marketing channels and channel management. It covers how distributors can reduce the number of transactions in a channel. It also discusses different types of consumer and industrial marketing channels, as well as customers' desired service levels. Additionally, it examines channel management decisions like selecting, motivating and evaluating channels. Finally, it reviews legal and ethical issues that can arise in channel relations.
This document discusses various pricing strategies and considerations, including:
1) It describes different types of pricing such as external pricing, internal transfer pricing, cost-plus pricing, and time and material pricing.
2) It explains concepts like determining the profit-maximizing price using marginal cost and marginal revenue, as well as price elasticity.
3) It outlines factors that influence pricing decisions and different approaches to setting prices like cost-plus markup, variable costing, and absorption costing.
Personal budgeting involves tracking income and expenses to understand how to allocate money and achieve financial goals. It is important to prepare a budget to identify goals, manage money better, increase savings, and prepare for emergencies. A personal budget should determine income sources, average income over 6 months, categorize expenses as fixed, variable or discretionary, average expenses over 2-3 months, compare income to expenses, set financial goals, and regularly review progress. Proper budgeting leads to financial security.
The document discusses various pricing strategies and concepts. It compares strategies like skimming pricing, penetration pricing, and competitive pricing. It also describes how prices are quoted, such as list prices and discounts. Finally, it discusses pricing policies, relationships between price and quality, global pricing strategies, and characteristics of online pricing like cannibalization and bundle pricing.
This document provides an overview of marketing channel structure and functions. It discusses how channel members add value through specialization and the division of labor principle. The document also examines different types of marketing channels for consumers and businesses. It explores considerations for selecting and managing multi-channel distribution systems, as well as carefully selecting and developing international channel members. Finally, it summarizes that future distribution channels will be more interactive and challenged by the internet, while international channels will remain important with an adaptive focus on customer preferences.
In this slide presentation know about “Services Marketing”, which is an integral part of even the developed economies. The developed economies thus called as service economies reveal that the service sector accounts for more employment, contribution in GDP and more consumption than manufactured goods.
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The document discusses managing marketing channels and place in the marketing mix. It defines marketing channels as the series of individuals and firms that participate in moving goods from producer to final user. Intermediaries like retailers and wholesalers are discussed as well as how they add value through improving exchange efficiency and eliminating discrepancies. The document also covers decisions around direct versus indirect channels, target market coverage, and types of vertical marketing systems.
Logistic management and supply chain management are critical for businesses. Logistics involves planning, implementing, and controlling the flow of materials and finished goods from suppliers to customers. It has become more important with globalization, a focus on integrated supply chain management, and the outsourcing of non-core functions. Effective logistics can provide both cost leadership and differentiated products and services by optimizing activities across the value chain.
This document summarizes key concepts about retail marketing intermediaries from Chapter 14 of BMGT 411. It discusses the major types of retailers like specialty stores, department stores, supermarkets, and superstores. It also covers trends in retailing like the growth of non-store selling and pop-up stores. Additionally, it examines topics such as private label brands, supply chain management, and multichannel marketing strategies.
The document discusses different types of retail classifications including organized retailers like department stores, hypermarkets, and supermarkets as well as unorganized retailers like kirana stores. It also covers the evolution of retail in Pakistan from traditional formats to modern retailers. Finally, the document outlines factors that are increasing the importance of retail like the changing nature of products, media fragmentation, and a more discerning Pakistani consumer.
Traditional and modern formats of retail businessronielynLacay1
This document provides information on traditional and modern retail formats. It begins with descriptions of traditional retail, where salespeople visit stores to take orders, and modern retail, where IT systems suggest orders. It then compares traditional and modern retail in areas like order acquisition, execution, promotions, new launches, in-store organization, payments, and metrics. Various modern retail formats are also outlined, including malls, hypermarkets, cash and carry stores, supermarkets, specialty stores, discount stores, department stores, convenience stores, and e-retailers. Key concepts in retailing like consumer purchase behavior and factors influencing decisions are summarized.
Retailing from three different perspectives, Characteristics, Activities performed by Retailers, Organized Retail Trade, Advantages of organized retail, Types of Retailing, Store & Non-Store Retailing, Internet Retailing, Catalog Retailing (Mail-order retailing), Direct Selling (door-to-door retailing), Tele Selling, TV Home Shopping, Vending Machines (Automatic Retailing), Retail Formats, On the basis of Merchandise Offered or Store Strategy Mix, Super Market, Hyper Market, Shopping Mall, Form of Ownership, Independent, Retal, Franchising, Leased Department, Co-Operative Outlet
The document discusses the major types of retailing in India. It notes that while retailing has existed for centuries, it is only recently that large corporate players have entered the market, bringing modern retail formats like supermarkets and shopping malls. Retail in India is categorized as either organized or unorganized, with the latter making up around 92% of the market and including small mom-and-pop stores. The organized retail sector includes various formats such as department stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, convenience stores, and branded specialty stores.
Retailing is the most popular business in the Philippines due to the prevalence of small sari-sari stores and large convenience store chains. Sari-sari stores, owned by individuals or families, are the most common retail store and sell goods in small quantities directly to consumers. Larger retailers like supermarkets and department stores offer lower prices but require consumers to self-serve. Retail stores are classified based on their size, the products offered, and selling methods which range from sari-sari stores to shopping malls, specialty stores, and mobile or delivery-based retailers.
The document discusses different types of markets including weekly markets, shopping complexes, wholesale markets, and online markets. Weekly markets are held one day a week where consumers can find goods at low rates and engage in bargaining. Shopping complexes are multi-story buildings that house branded products from various retailers. They have fixed prices and fewer people can afford the branded goods. Online markets allow consumers to shop from home using websites and credit cards. The markets provide goods through a chain from producers to wholesale and retail traders to consumers.
Retail Management Notes, Basics of Retail Management, Classification of Retailers, Types of Retailers, Scope of Retailing, Functions of Retailers, Role of Retailers in Distribution Channel, Indian retailscape, organized and Unorganized Retailers,
This document provides an overview of retail management. It discusses the meaning and need for retail management. Some key points include:
- Retail management involves processes that help customers procure desired merchandise from retail stores for their end use. It aims to make shopping a pleasurable experience.
- Effective retail management saves customers time, avoids chaos in stores, and helps control shoplifting.
- The document also covers types of retailers, functions of retailing, retail environment factors, and the growth of retailing in India including the introduction of foreign direct investment.
- It discusses concepts like franchising, types of franchising, and theories of retail development such as environmental and cyclical theories.
The document provides an overview of retail formats in India. It discusses that India has a diverse retail landscape with various store and non-store formats catering to different consumer segments. Some key store formats mentioned are mom-and-pop stores, chain stores, department stores, malls, specialty stores, discount stores, hypermarkets, supermarkets, convenience stores, and catalog showrooms. Non-store formats discussed include kiosks/carts/vending, direct selling, telemarketing, e-commerce, social media, and services like financial, transportation, and personal care. The retail sector in India is large and growing but also faces challenges like regulations, infrastructure gaps, and changing consumer behavior.
Retailing involves the sale of goods and services to the final consumer. According to Kotler, retailing includes all activities involved in selling goods or services to consumers for personal use. Retailers provide value to consumers by offering goods in convenient forms, locations, and times to match consumer demand. Common types of retailers include general merchandise retailers like supermarkets and department stores, specialty stores focused on specific products, and shopping malls housing multiple retailers. The retail industry in India has evolved from traditional formats like markets and itinerant salesmen to established stores and is now seeing emerging formats like malls and exclusive outlets.
This document provides an overview of retail management. It discusses various retail formats including traditional small stores, consumer cooperatives, and modern large format stores. It also covers the emergence of shopping malls in India. Franchising is explained as a method of business expansion where a franchisor allows others to use their brand name and systems. Key advantages like ready business models and disadvantages like high startup costs of franchising are mentioned. The document also briefly discusses legal issues and management aspects of retail operations and malls in India.
This presentation is designed for people who sell or market to retailers. It is also suitable for those who are new in a retail business such as management trainees, IT and finance teams.
This document discusses different types of retailers. It describes specialty stores that carry a narrow product line with a deep assortment. Department stores carry several product lines with a broad variety and customer services organized into separate departments. Supermarkets are large self-service stores that serve total consumer food and household needs. Convenience stores are small local shops open long hours. Discount stores sell standard merchandise at lower prices through higher volumes. Off-price retailers buy goods at less than wholesale and sell below retail, including factory outlets and independent stores. Superstores are large stores over 35,000 square feet that meet total consumer needs for food and non-food items.
Retailer’s Classification on the basics of Operational Structure.pptxDiksha Vashisht
Store Based: Store based formats can be further classified into two formats based on the basis of Ownership or Merchandise offered. Non Store Based Classification: Non Store retail organizations focus on establishing direct contact with the consumer.
Retailing involves the sale of goods to consumers rather than wholesalers. It connects production to end consumers who are typically small, immobile, and uninformed. Retailing has a large economic impact through sales and employment. Consumers benefit from the variety and convenience of products available from retailers. There are many types of retailers including department stores, supermarkets, warehouse retailers, and online retailers. Retail ownership can take independent, franchise, dealership, or network forms.
My project topic is employee motivation. Spencer's Retail Limited is an Indian retail company with over 400 locations across 60 cities in India. It operates various store formats including convenience stores called Spencer's Express, Spencer's Daily for small format daily need stores, Spencer's Super as supermarket chains, and Spencer's Hypermarkets as large format hypermarkets. The company has over 60,000 employees and is a subsidiary of RPG Group with its headquarters in Kolkata, India.
Direct marketing, online maketing, retailingArchit Sharma
Direct marketing involves communicating directly with customers through various channels to promote a specific call to action. It emphasizes measurable responses from targeted customers. Some key benefits of direct marketing include being able to directly measure results and response rates. Common direct marketing channels include email, mobile, telemarketing, direct response TV, and direct mail. Retailing involves the sale of physical goods from a fixed location to consumers. Common types of retailers include department stores, discount stores, supermarkets, and specialty stores.
Retail involves the sale of goods and services to end users. Retailers purchase products in bulk from manufacturers and then sell smaller quantities to consumers for a profit. Retailing can be done in fixed locations like stores, door-to-door, or online. Common retail outlets include department stores, discount stores, supermarkets, convenience stores, and online retailers. Retailers aim to attract different customer demographics and can specialize in specific product categories or adopt various pricing strategies.
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Retailing presentation bpd lecture 11
1.
2. Definitions
• What is Retail ?
• Retail involves the sale of goods from a single point (malls, markets,
department stores etc) directly to the consumer in small quantities
for his end use.
• A retailer is a business that sells products and/or services to
consumers for personal or family use.
• Define following terms
– Manufacturers
– Wholesaler
– Retailer
– Shopping
– window shopping:
3. 1-3
What is Retailing?
• Retailing – a set of business activities that adds value to the
products and services sold to consumers for their personal or
family use.
James Darell/Getty Images
6. Understanding Retail - What is Retail
?
• Before understanding the concept of retail, let us first go
through few terminologies.
• Market -
• Goods - Tangible (things which can be seen and touched)
physical products which are transferred from a seller to the
buyer (consumer) to fulfill the latter’s need are called as
goods.
• Jack owned two laptops which he sold to Mike
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. 2--11
Types of General Merchandise Retailers
• Department Stores
• Specialty Stores
• Category Specialists
• Home Improvement Centers
• Discount Stores
• Drugstores
• Off-Price retailers
• Extreme Value Retailers
12. Types of General Merchandise
Retailers
• A department store is a retail establishment offering a wide range
of consumer goods in different product categories known as
"departments".
• Specialty stores are retail businesses that focus on specific product
categories, such as office supplies, men's or women's clothing, and
carpet. It isn't the product they sell that determines if a company is
a specialty store but rather the breadth of their product offering.
• Discount stores that specialize in a particular category are called
category specialist retailers. They are also known as discount
specialty stores. Definition: Discount stores that specialize in a
particular category are called category specialist retailers.
• A home-improvement center or home center is a retail store that
combines the functions of a hardware store with those of a lumber
yard. Major home-improvement center chains include Home
Depot, Lowe's and Rona.
13. Types of General Merchandise
Retailers
• discount store: a shop that sells goods at less than the normal
retail price.
• Off-price retailers :are retailers who provide high quality
goods at cheap prices. They usually sell second-hand goods,
off-the-season items etc. Description: These retailers offer
inconsistent assortment of brand name and fashion-oriented
soft goods at low prices.
14. 2--14
Issues in Drug Store Retailing
• Drugstores:a pharmacy which also sells
toiletries and other articles.
• Consolidation – Walgreens, CVS, Rite-
Aid
• Competition from Supermarkets,
discount Stores and mail-in orders
• Evolution to a New Format
• -Stand Alone Sites with Drive Thru
Windows
• -offering more frequent purchase food
items
• Improved systems provide personalized
service in the pharmacy
Keith Brofsky/Getty Images
17. Types of Retail Outlets
• Retailing refers to a process where the retailer sells the goods
directly to the end-user for his own consumption in small
quantities.
• Types of Retail outlets
• Department Stores
• almost all the products they aspire to shop at one place only.
• Department stores provide a wide range of options to the
consumers and thus fulfill all their shopping needs.
18. Department Stores in india
Central
Spar Hypermart
Debenhams
Easyday
HyperCity
Lifestyle Stores
Marks & Spencer
Pantaloons
Reliance Trends
Shoppers' Stop
Spencer's
Safal
D-Mart
Vishal Megamart
More
Westside
Big Bazaar
Food Bazaar
Reliance Fresh
Hypercity
19. Malls in pune city
• Dorabjee's Royale Heritage Mall Shop No. 25, Ground floor,
Survey No. 25/5, NIBM Ext. Next to Vibgyor School, Dorabjee
Paradise Pune
• Phoenix MarketcityS No. 207, Viman Nagar RoadPune
• SGS Mall,231, Moledina Road, Camp,Pune
• Ishanya Mall Opposite Golf Course, Airport Rd,
Yerawada,Pune
• Fun N Shop Mall,Bhairoba Nala, Pune Solapur Rd, Fatima
Nagar,Pune
• Ozone ,92, Anand Park, I T I Road, Aundh,Pune
20. Malls in pune city
• Pulse Mall ,Pune Nagar Rd, Sankalp Nagri, Ramwadi,Pune
• Inorbit Mall Opp CTR Factory, Wadgaon Sheri ,Pune Nagar Road Pune
• Revolution Mall,Pune
• Abhiruchi Mall
• 59/1c, Sinhagad Road, Bhide Baug, Wadgaon Budruk, Narhe
• Pune
• Pune Central,Survey No 256, Koncord Towers, Next To Bund Garden
Sangamwadi Town Planning, Scheme Joggers Park, Bund Garden Road,
Bund Garden, Sangamvadi,Pune
• Pune Central,Opposite to Agriculture College, University Road, Shivaji
Nagar,Pune
• Bizzbay Mall,Pune
• Modi Mall,Pune
• Seasons Mall,Magarpatta Police Station Rd, Magarpatta City,Pune
21. Malls in pune city
• Brand Factory,Survey No 53, 54 & 55 A, Modi Mal,Shankar Rao
Lahane Marg, Mukund Nagar
• Pune
• Nucleus Mall,Pune
• Elite Premio,Balewadi Rd, Laxmi Nagar, Balewadi Gaon,Pune
• Pune Central,Pune
• Rhysetta,Amanora Town Centre · Anomora Town Centre, 34-
WB-GF,Pune
22. Issues in Department Store Retailing
• Competition
-Discount Stores on Price
-Specialty Stores on Service, Depth of Assortment
• Lower Cost by Reducing Services (?)
-Centralized Cash Wraps
• More Sales (?)
-Customers Wait for Sale
• Focus on Apparel and Soft Home
• Develop Private Labels and Exclusive Brands
23. • Discount Stores
• Discount stores also offer a huge range of products to the
end-users but at a discounted rate.
• The discount stores generally offer a limited range and the
quality in certain cases might be a little inferior as compared
to the department stores.
• Wal-Mart currently operates more than 1300 discount stores
in United States. In India Vishal Mega Mart comes under
discount store.
24. 2--24
Issues in Discount Store Retailing
• Only Big Three Left
Wal-Mart, Kmart, Target
• Wal-Mart’s Dominance
• Differentiate Strategy
Wal-Mart = Low Price and Good value
Target = More Fashionable Apparel
• Competition from Category Specialists
Toys-R-Us, Circuit City, Sports Authority
25. • Merchandise:
Almost same as department store but at a cheaper price.
• Supermarket
• A retail store which generally sells food products and
household items, properly placed and arranged in specific
departments is called a supermarket. A supermarket is an
advanced form of the small grocery stores and caters to the
household needs of the consumer. The various food products
(meat, vegetables, dairy products, juices etc) are all properly
displayed at their respective departments to catch the
attention of the customers and for them to pick any
merchandise depending on their choice and need.
27. • Merchandise:
Bakery products
Cereals
Meat Products, Fish products
Breads
Medicines
Vegetables
Fruits
Soft drinks
Frozen Food
Canned Juices
• Warehouse Stores
• A retail format which sells limited stock in bulk at a discounted rate
is called as warehouse store. Warehouse stores do not bother much
about the interiors of the store and the products are not properly
displayed.
28. • Mom and Pop Store (also called Kirana Store in India)
• Mom and Pop stores are the small stores run by individuals in
the nearby locality to cater to daily needs of the consumers
staying in the vicinity. They offer selected items and are not at
all organized. The size of the store would not be very big and
depends on the land available to the owner. They wouldn’t
offer high-end products.
30. • Speciality Stores
• As the name suggests, Speciality store would specialize in a
particular product and would not sell anything else apart from
the specific range.Speciality stores sell only selective items of
one particular brand to the consumers and primarily focus on
high customer satisfaction.
• Example -You will find only Reebok merchandise at Reebok
store and nothing else, thus making it a speciality store. You
can never find Adidas shoes at a Reebok outlet.
31. 2--31
Issues in Specialty Store Retailing
Mall-Based Apparel Retailers
Decline in Mall Shopping and Apparel
Sales
-Lack of New Fashions
-Less Interest in Fashion
-Increase Price Consciousness
Lifestyle Formats – Abercrombie and
Fitch and Hot Topics
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Gary He, photographer
32. • Malls
• Many retail stores operating at one place form a mall. A mall
would consist of several retail outlets each selling their own
merchandise but at a common platform.
33. • E Tailers
• Now a days the customers have the option of shopping while
sitting at their homes. They can place their order through
internet, pay with the help of debit or credit cards and the
products are delivered at their homes only. However, there
are chances that the products ordered might not reach in the
same condition as they were ordered. This kind of shopping is
convenient for those who have a hectic schedule and are
reluctant to go to retail outlets. In this kind of shopping; the
transportation charges are borne by the consumer itself.
• Example - EBAY, Rediff Shopping, Amazon
34. 2--34
Category Specialists
• Deep and Narrow Assortments Destination Stores
• Low Price and Service
• Wholesaling to Business Customers and Retailing
to Consumers
• Incredible Growth
Ryan McVay/Getty Images
35. 2--35
Issues in Home Improvement Centers
Home Depot and Lowes act as both:
Retailer and Wholesaler
Consumer Business
36. 2--36
Home Improvement Centers
Displays are warehoused
Customer Service: How to select and
how to use merchandise
Competition focuses on price, effort to
differentiate and services provided
Ryan McVay/Getty Images
37. Issues in Extreme Value Retailing
• Focuses on Lower Income Consumers
• Names mostly imply good value not $1 price points
• Low Cost Location
• Limited Services
• One of the Fastest Growing Retail Segments
Dollar Tree Family Dollar
Dollar General 99 Cents Only Store
38. 2--
38
Non-store Retail Formats
Electronic Retailing
Catalog and Direct Mail
Direct Selling
Television Home Shopping
Vending Machines
Royalty-Free/CORBIS
Ryan McVay/Getty Images
39. 2--
39
Electronic Retailing
• History of frenzied investments and
false predictions of retail dominance
• Primarily used by traditional retailers to
compliment store and catalog offerings
• Exclusive e-tailers target small and
dispersed niche markets
Randy Allbritton/Getty Images
40. 2--
40
What are Amazon and eBay?
• Amazon.com – Merchandise to consumers.
Provides website development and
fulfillment services to other retailers
• eBay – Acts as a mall or other shopping
center providing a “place” for buyers and
sellers to meet
Don Farrall/Getty Images
41. 2--
41
Issues in Catalog Retailing
• Low Start Up Cost
• Evolution of Multi-Channel Offering
• Hard to compete with large well established firms
• Increasing Mail Costs
• Clutter from other Catalogs
• General merchandise catalogs like JC Penney
• Specialty Catalogs like JC Whitney, Victoria
Secret
42. 2--
42
Issues in Direct Selling
• Providing information and demonstrations
is costly
• Party plan system: merchandise is
demonstrated in a party atmosphere
• Multi-level network: Master distributors sell
to distributors who sell merchandise
• Pyramid schemes: Firm sells to other
distributors and little if any merchandise
goes to end users
43. 2--
43
Issues in Television Home Shopping
• Consumers watch cable stations, infomercials or
direct response ads
• Few consumers watch regularly
• Most purchases made by small proportion of
viewers
• Customers can’t examine merchandise
• Customers must wait for merchandise to come
on
• Sells mostly jewelry, apparel, cosmetics,
kitchenware, exercise equipment
Royalty-Free/CORBIS
44. 2--
44
Issues in Vending Machine Retailing
• Sales growth has been
declining due to higher
prices and healthier eating
habits
• New technology may help
sales growth
• Vending machines are
beginning to accept credit
• Trend of placing machines in
captive consumer locations
Ryan McVay/Getty Images
48. 2--48
Services vs. Merchandise Retailers
Intangibility
-Problems in Evaluating Service Quality
-Performance of Service Provider
Simultaneous Production and Delivery
-Importance of Service Provider
Perishability
-No Inventory, Must Fill Capacity
Inconsistency of the Offering
-Importance of HR Management
49. 2--49
Type of Service Service Retail Firms
Airlines American, Delta, British Airways, Singapore Airways
Automobile maint/repair Jiffy Lube, Midas, AAMCO
Automobile rental Hertz, Avis, Budget, Alamo
Banks Citibank, NCNB, Bank of America
Child care centers Kindercare, Gymboree
Credit cards American Express, VISA, Mastercard
Education University of Florida, Babson College
Entertainment parks Disney, Universal Studios, Six Flags
Express package delivery Federal Express, UPS, US Postal Service
Financial services Merrill Lynch, Dean Witter
Fitness Jazzercise, Bally’s, Gold’s Gym
Health Care Humana, HCA
Home maintenance Chemlawn, MiniMaid, Roto-Rooter
Examples of Service Retailers
50. 2--50
Examples of Service Retailers
Type of Service Service Retail Firms
Hotels and motels Hyatt, Sheraton, Marriott, Days Inn
Income tax preparation H & R Block
Insurance Allstate, State Farm
Internet access/Elec info. American On-Line, CompuServe
Movie theaters AMC, Loews/Sony, Universal
Real estate Century 21, Coldwell Banker
Restaurants TGI Friday’s, Wendy’s, Pizza Hut
Truck rentals U-Haul, Ryder
Weight loss Weight Watchers, Jenny Craig
Video rental Blockbuster, Hollywood Video
Vision centers Lenscrafter, Pearle
54. 2--54
Franchising
30 – 40% of US Retail Sales
Franchisee Pays Fixed Fee Plus %
of Sales
Franchisee Implements Program
Why is This Ownership Format
Efficient?
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Jill Braaten, photographer
56. 2--56
Franchising Trends for the New Millenium
Sustained growth
Enduring plus un-imagined applications
International expansion
Increasing tensions
Greater emphasis on financial returns
57. 2--57
Which Types of Retailers Will Be the
First to Pursue Global Markets?
Discount Stores
Category Specialists
Department Stores
Supermarkets
Services Retailers
59. 2--59
Why Is the Retail Industry
Becoming More Concentrated?
Traditionally retailers have been local businesses.
• Why are bigger firms emerging?
• Why are least concentrated sectors food retailers and services
retailers?
60. Retail Mechanism - How does retail
work ?
• etailing is defined as the process of selling merchandise to the consumers for their end
use in small quantities. The retailer sells products to the end-users either in single units
or in small quantities as per their need and capability.
• Retailer .................................. Consumer (End - User) Retailing How does retail work ?
• Let us now understand the various ways a consumer can purchase goods from the
retailer.
• Counter service As the name suggests, counter service refers to the process of
procuring the merchandise from the counter. The buyer does not have an easy access to
the merchandise of the store and he can’t pick up things on his own. In such a
mechanism the buyer has to walk up to the counter and ask for his requirements.
• Example
• Jewellery Store
• Can you go to a jewellery store and pick up things on your own ? No
• You need to ask the sales person to show you the sample designs for you to finalize
something as per your taste and pocket.
• Chemist Shop
• Chemist shop does not allow the buyers to simply walk into the store and pick up
medicines. One needs to walk up to the counter, show his prescription from the doctor
to get the medicines from the retailer.
61. Retail Mechanism - How does retail
work ?
• Delivery Service The mechanism of shipping goods to the customer’s doorsteps is called
as delivery service. The end-user does not have to walk up to the store to procure his
merchandise; instead the goods are directly delivered to his house through various
means of transportation. Delivery service is a boon for the individuals who have an
extremely busy life style and do not have enough time to walk up to the store.
• Online Shopping
• Internet has helped end-users to shop from their homes only. Online shopping sites like
Amazon, eBay etc provide a wide range of options to the consumers who can order the
desired merchandise through internet. Once the payment is done through debit or
credit cards, the goods are delivered at the address the customer requests for. The
transportation charges however are borne by the consumer himself.
• Order through telephone
• Now a days several restaurants and eating joints provide an option of ordering food
while sitting at home. The food outlets upload their complete menu in the website
providing a wide range of options to the end-users. One can easily place his order over
the phone and the food is delivered at his doorstep within no time.
• Pizza Hut, Dominos (Promise to deliver hot and crisp pizza within 30 minutes of placing
the order)
62. Retail Mechanism - How does retail
work ?
• Door To Door Sales: Door to door sales is a process where the sales
person travels from one house to the other and prompts the customers to
buy the product. He gives the demo of his product and strives hard to
convince the individual to buy the merchandise. Examples
• Eureka Forbes operates on this mechanism where experienced sales
professional visits the doorsteps of the potential customers, gives them
presentations and influences them to purchase the product.
• Telephone companies also sometimes rely on this mechanism to sell their
connections.
• Self Service: In self service the individuals have the liberty to pick up
merchandise on their own and help themselves.
• Second Hand Retail: In second hand retail shops the retailer sells second
hand goods to the end-users. Such shops generally run for charity where
people donate their used merchandise to be resold to the poor and needy
free of cost.
63. Retail Pricing - Different Types of
Pricing Models
• The sale of goods from fixed points (malls, department stores,
supermarkets and so on) to the consumer in small quantities for his own
consumption is called as retail. According to the concept of retailing, a
retailer doesn’t sell products in bulk; instead sells the merchandise in
small units to the end-users.
• Retail Pricing
• Cost Plus Pricing Mechanism
• Every organization runs to earn profits and so is the retail industry.
• Cost plus pricing works on the following principle:
• Cost Price of the product + Profit (Decided by the retailer) = Final price of
the merchandise.
• According to cost plus pricing strategy the retailer adds some extra
amount to the actual cost price of the product to earn his share of profits.
The final price of the merchandise includes the profit as decided by the
retailer.
64. Retail Pricing - Different Types of
Pricing Models
• Cost Plus Pricing
• Cost plus pricing strategy takes into account the profit of the retailer.
• Cost plus pricing is an easy way to calculate the price of the merchandise.
• The increase in the retailer price of the merchandise is directly proportional to the increase in the
cost price.
• The customers however do not have a say in cost plus pricing.
• Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price (Also called List Price or Recommended retail price)
• According to manufacturer suggested retail pricing strategy the retailer sets the final price of the
merchandise as suggested by the manufacturer.
• MSRP
• The retailer sells his merchandise at a price suggested by the manufacturer.
• Condition 1
• The retailer sells the product at the same price as suggested by the manufacturer.
• Condition 2
• The retailer sells the merchandise at a price less than what was suggested by the manufacturer -
Such a condition arises when the retailer offers “Sale” on his merchandise.
• Condition 3
• Retailers initially quote an unreasonably high price and then reduce the price on the customer’s
request to make him realize that a favour has been done to him. A condition of Bargain - where the
customer negotiates with the retailer to reduce the price of the merchandise.
65. Retail Pricing - Different Types of
Pricing Models
• Competitive Pricing
• The cut throat competition in the current retail scenario has prompted the retailers to guarantee
excellent customer service to the buyers for them to prefer them over their competitors.
• The price of the merchandise is more or less similar to the competitor’s but the retailers add on
certain attractive benefits for the customers. (Longer payment term, gifts etc.)
• The retailers ensure that the customers leave their store with a smile to have an edge over the
competitors.
• He tries his level best to offer better services to the customers for a better business in future.
• Pricing Below Competition
• According to pricing below competition policy
• The price of the merchandise is kept lesser than what is being offered by the competitors.
• Prestige Pricing (Pricing above competition)
• According to prestige pricing mechanism, the price of the merchandise is set slightly above the
competitors.
• The retailer can charge higher price than the competitors only under the following circumstances:
• Exclusive Brands at the store.
Brand image of the store
Prime location of the retail store
Excellent customer service
Merchandise not available at any other store
Latest Trends
66. Retail Pricing - Different Types of
Pricing Models
• Psychological Pricing
• Certain price of a product at which the consumer willingly purchases it is
called psychological price.
• The consumer perceives such prices to be correct.
• A retailer sets a psychological price which he feels would meet the
expectations of the buyers and they would easily buy the merchandise.
• Multiple Pricing
• According to multiple pricing, the retailer sells multiple products (more
than one) for a single price.
• The retailers combine few products to be sold for a single fixed price.
• 3 Shirts for $100/- or 3 Perfumes for $20/- and so on.
• Discount Pricing
• According to discount pricing, the retailer sells his merchandise at a
discounted price during off seasons or to clear out his st
67. Retail Merchandising
• Merchandising
• Retail Merchandising refers to the various activities which contribute to
the sale of products to the consumers for their end use. Every retail store
has its own line of merchandise to offer to the customers. The display of
the merchandise plays an important role in attracting the customers into
the store and prompting them to purchase as well.
• Merchandising helps in the attractive display of the products at the store
in order to increase their sale and generate revenues for the retail store.
• Merchandising helps in the sensible presentation of the products available
for sale to entice the customers and make them a brand loyalist.
• Promotional Merchandising
• The ways the products are displayed and stocked on the shelves play an
important role in influencing the buying behavior of the individuals.
• A merchandiser maximizes the sale of the products by:
68. • Attractive packaging
• The packaging of the merchandise goes a long way in improving the brand value of the product. A
product kept in a nice box would definitely catch the attention of the customers.
• Impressive presentation of the Product
• The display of the products at the retail store must entice the customers. The merchandiser in
coordination with the store manager must ensure that the products are according to the season as
well as latest trends.
• The merchandiser must:
• Source something which is unique and not available at any other retail store.
• Never compromise on quality of the merchandise. Compromising on quality costs later.
• Source merchandise as per the season and climate.
• By mid of August and early September, the summer merchandise is generally on a close out and
stores begin stocking merchandise for the winter season. Warm clothing, full sleeves apparels,
jackets, pullovers start replacing cut sleeves, capris, ankle length dresses, shorts and so on.
Colourful clothes dominate the shelves as compared to the subtle colours in summers.
• The type of product sourced also depends on the climatic conditions of the place.
• A Reebok store in Central India or Southern India would stock summer merchandise between April
to September whereas a retail store under the same brand somewhere in a cold area would source
woollen merchandise along with summer clothing as per the demand of the season.
69. • Unique Pricing (Discounts)
• Attractive prices, discounts, rebates also bring customers to the store.
• Promotional schemes, gifts
• Coupons and attractive gifts make shopping a pleasurable experience for the
customers.
• Merchandising Tips
• The merchandiser must source products according to the latest trends and
season.
• The merchandise should be as per the age, sex and taste of the target market.
• Merchandise for children should be in line with cartoon characters (like Barbie,
Pokemon etc) to excite them.
• Creative Portico Pvt Ltd sources bed sheets, curtains specially inspired from
characters (Disney, Harry Porter, Hannah Montana) - a hit amongst kids.
• Youngsters prefer funky clothes (colourful T Shirts, faded denims) as compared
to professionals who would go for subtle colour
70. • The target market of Zodiac Clothing Company Limited mainly comprises
of office goers and professionals. The merchandise (shirts, trousers, neck
ties, belts) is as per the taste of the professionals. Beach house shirts
would have no takers in such a store.
• The merchandiser ideally works on the “invariant right” principle. Since
most of us are right handed, it is a common tendency that customers
entering into retail store would first go towards the right side of the store.
The merchandiser should display the unique and expensive collections on
the right side of the store to entice the customers.
• The set up of the store should be such that once a customer enters into a
store, he has to walk through each and every department.
• The shelves should be stocked with the latest trends. The merchandise
should be well organized on the racks according to their size and pattern.
• It is the key responsibility of the merchandiser to create an attractive
display to pull the customers into the store. Once the customer steps into
the store, he would definitely buy something or the other.
71. Cross Merchandising
• Retailing refers to the concept of selling merchandise in small quantities to
the consumers for their end use. According to retailing, the individual can
walk up to any nearby retail store and purchase products as per his need
and pocket in small units for his own consumption.
• The display of merchandise at the store plays an important role in
attracting the customers into the store. The display of the products at the
retail store goes a long way in influencing the buying behaviour of the
consumers. The presentation of the products is essential to create that
first impression in the minds of the consumers.
• Cross Merchandising
• Cross merchandising refers to the display of opposite and unrelated
products together to earn additional revenues for the store. Products
from different categories are kept together at one place for the customers
to find a relation among them and pick up all.
• According to cross merchandising:
72. • Unrelated products are displayed together.
• The retailer makes profits by linking products which are not related in any
sense and belong to different categories.
• Cross Merchandising helps the customers to know about the various
options which would complement their product.
• Cross Merchandising makes shopping a pleasurable experience as it saves
customer’s precious time.
• Examples of Cross Merchandising
• Mobile covers displayed next to mobile phones.
• Recharge coupons with new sim cards
• Batteries with electronic appliances
• Neck ties or cuff links displayed with men’ shirt
• Fashion jewellery, rings, anklets, hand bags with female dresses
• Shoe laces, shoe shiners, shoe racks with shoes
• Audio CDs with CD Players
73. • enny went to a nearby retail store to purchase a shirt for herself. She
picked up a nice blue formal shirt displayed on the mannequin. The
retailer was smart enough to add matching trouser, scarf and a handbag to
the mannequin (Cross Merchandising). Not only did Jenny purchase the
shirt but also the trouser as well as the office bag as she felt the products
would complement her shirt.
• The customer at the first instance can’t really decide what all he needs
apart from the products he has already purchased. Through cross
merchandising, the retailer smartly tries his level best to convince the
customers to buy additional products apart from his existing list.
• Mike went to a nearby departmental store to purchase cigarettes. He
spotted chewing gums displayed along with the cigarettes. He
immediately decided to purchase the chewing gums along with his
cigarettes which he might need after smoking. Thus cross merchandising
(display of cigarettes along with chewing gum) made Mike realize the
connection between the products and eventually pick both of them.
74. • Important tips for Cross Merchandising
• The opposite products should be sensibly displayed for the customers to
be able to relate them.
• The merchandise should be neatly arranged without giving a cluttered
look to the store.
• The merchandise must complement each other to create the desired
impact.
• The retailer must make sure the products have some logical connection
with each other. Displaying neck ties with Laptops would make no sense
and fail to excite the customers. The customer would purchase either of
the two (Either the Laptop or the neck tie) depending on his need but
would never purchase both. However if laptop bags are kept with laptops,
there are chances that the customer might pick up both the products.
• Use hangers, pegs, mannequins or suitable fixtures to intelligently display
the unrelated goods and prompt the customer to pick all of them.
75. 1-75
Types of Jobs in Retailing
Most entry level jobs are in
store management or buying, but there’s…
-accounting and finance
-real estate
-human resource management
-supply chain management
-advertising
-public affairs
-information systems
-loss prevention
-visual merchandising