This document provides a basic overview of the fundamental rock properties. It delivers a detailed analysis of the basic reservoir rock properties like porosity, permeability, Fluid saturation , wettability, etc.
Reservoir Porosity; Porosity Definition; Types Porosity; Origins of Porosity in Clastics and Carbonates; Primary (Original) Porosity; Secondary (Induced) Porosity; Pore Space Porosity Classification; Absolute (or Total) Porosity; Effective Porosity; Porosity Calculated; Porosity Values; Porosity in Sandstone; Sandstones Porosity Types; Factors That Affect Porosity in Sandstones ; Grain Packing in Sandstone; Progressive Destruction of Bedding Through Bioturbation; Dual Porosity in Sandstone; Dissolution Porosity in Sandstone; Porosity in Carbonate; Carbonates Porosity Types; Idealized Carbonate Porosity Types; Comparison of Total and Effective Porosities; Reservoir Average Porosity; MEASUREMENT OF POROSITY
The reservoir (rock porosity and permeability)salahudintanoli
Reservoir rock is the one of the important component in petroleum system i.e without it petroleum system is impossible. This presentation contain all necessary information regarding reservoir rock.
This document provides a basic overview of the fundamental rock properties. It delivers a detailed analysis of the basic reservoir rock properties like porosity, permeability, Fluid saturation , wettability, etc.
Reservoir Porosity; Porosity Definition; Types Porosity; Origins of Porosity in Clastics and Carbonates; Primary (Original) Porosity; Secondary (Induced) Porosity; Pore Space Porosity Classification; Absolute (or Total) Porosity; Effective Porosity; Porosity Calculated; Porosity Values; Porosity in Sandstone; Sandstones Porosity Types; Factors That Affect Porosity in Sandstones ; Grain Packing in Sandstone; Progressive Destruction of Bedding Through Bioturbation; Dual Porosity in Sandstone; Dissolution Porosity in Sandstone; Porosity in Carbonate; Carbonates Porosity Types; Idealized Carbonate Porosity Types; Comparison of Total and Effective Porosities; Reservoir Average Porosity; MEASUREMENT OF POROSITY
The reservoir (rock porosity and permeability)salahudintanoli
Reservoir rock is the one of the important component in petroleum system i.e without it petroleum system is impossible. This presentation contain all necessary information regarding reservoir rock.
WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
THE GOAL of topic research of MUD LOGGING as bellow:
Primary objective is delineating hydrocarbon (shows & gas), necessary service also that to introduce high qualitatively and quantitatively obtains data from drilling as reference guide, and makes observations of drilled rocks, drilling fluids and drilling parameters in order to formulate and display concepts of the optional, the mud logging unit is the information data base on the rig site to serve both exploration and drilling program.
It includes the definition, properties, classification of groundwater with appropriate examples and figures in details. It also deals about the formation of groundwater. The properties of aquifers (all of 7) are described here in details with figures and mathematical terms.
Process of Transport and Generation of Sedimentary StructuresAkshayRaut51
sedimentary structures ,sedimentary rocks ,weathering and erosion ,sediment transport mechanism ,hjulstrom curve ,types of flow of sediments ,reynold number ,froude number ,laminations ,bedding plane ,cross bedding ,herringbone structure ,ripple marks ,graded bedding ,sole marks ,mud cracks ,ball and pillow structures ,stylolites ,concretion ,nodules
About Carbonate Diagenesis: Meteoritic diagenesis is a transformation that occurs at or near the Earth’s surface in strata influenced or penetrated by water of recent atmospheric origin. The meteoritic environment is generally divided into unsaturated (vadose) and saturated (phreatic) zones separated by a water table (see top diagram, opposite page). The interfaces between meteoritic surface fluids and layers filled with other pore fluids (seawater or groundwater) are “mixing zones” that may have special diagenetic properties.
Many, perhaps even most, shallow marine carbonate deposits are subject to meteoric diagenesis, either by the buildup of sediments above sea level or by a subsidence of sea level that exposes the platform carbonates. In addition, meteoric water can circulate far below the land surface and alter carbonate deposits that are far older than the exposure interval. Meteoric processes typically occur over periods of hundreds to millions of years.
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Heap Sort (SS).ppt FOR ENGINEERING GRADUATES, BCA, MCA, MTECH, BSC STUDENTS
Reservoir Rock Properties
1.
2. Introduction
Porosity
Permeability
Saturation
Wettability
Surface and Interfacial tension
Capillary pressure
Rock Compressibility
Reservoir rock properties
3. Oil created by the source rock won’t be useful unless it
winds up being stored in an easily accessible container, a
rock that has room to “suck it up”
A reservoir rock is a place that oil migrates to and is held
underground.
Reservoir rocks are dominantly sedimentary (sandstones,
carbonates); however, highly fractured igneous and
metamorphic rocks have been known to produce
hydrocarbons, but on a much smaller scale.
Reservoir rock properties
5. A good reservoir rock must have porosity
in which petroleum can exist.
Another characteristics of reservoir
rock is that it must be permeable.
Other properties include:
Fluid Saturation, Saturation, Wettability, Surface and Interfacial tension, Capillary pressure
Rock Compressibility, Overburden pressure etc.
Reservoir rock properties
7. Even though a reservoir rock looks solid to the naked
eye, a microscopic examination reveals the existence
of tiny openings in the rock, called pores. These spaces
or voids are the one in which reservoir fluids are present.
Porosity(φ) : Porosity is the capability of a rock to hold
fluids in pore. It is the ratio of the pore volume in a rock
to the bulk volume of that rock. Expressed in per cent.
Mathematical form is:
φ = Vp/Vb
Reservoir rock properties
8. Porosity is a measure of the void space in
rock, hence, measures how much HC in rock
Porosity φ = Vp/Vb = (Vb-Vm)/Vb; Vb = Vp + Vm
◦ theoretically, φ varies from 0% - 47.6%
◦ In practice, φ varies between 3% and 37%
Porosity is a function of particle size distribution:
◦ Framework materials (sandstone) – high φ
◦ Interstitial materials (shaly-sand) – low φ
Rock matrix
Water
Oil and/or gas
Reservoir rock properties
9. Porosity can be classified into;
1. Original porosity
2. Induced porosity
Original porosity (primary) is formed during the deposition
of rock materials, e.g. porosity between granular in sandstone,
porosity among crystal and oolitic in limestone
Induced porosity (secondary) is developed by some geological
process on the deposited rock material.
E.g; Fractures, or vugs cavity usual occur in limestone
(chemical reaction b/w CaCO3 and MgCl2)
Reservoir rock properties
12. cubic packing of
spheres resulting
in a least-compact
arrangement with
a porosity of
47.64%
Rhombohedral
packing of
spheres resulting
in a most-
compact
arrangement with
a porosity of 26%
Spherical size variation
influences type & volume
of solid porosity
Effect of cement material
Porosity
36%
Porosity
20%
Reservoir rock properties
14. Permeability is a property of the porous medium that
measures the ability of the formation to transmit fluids. It’s
the a measure of the ease with which the rock will permit
the passage of fluids.
Unlike porosity, permeability cannot be defined apart from
fluid flow. For a rock to be Permeable, it must contain
inter-connected pores
Reservoir permeability is usually quoted in millidarcies,
(md).
Reservoir rock properties
15. Absolute permeability - the permeability of a porous
medium with only one fluid present (single-phase flow).
When two or more fluids are present permeability of the
rock to a flowing fluid is called effective permeability
(ko, kg, kw).
Relative permeability is the ratio of absolute and effective
permeabilities kro=ko/k, krg=kg/k, krw=kw/k.
Reservoir rock properties
16. Darcy’s law helps us to measure the degree of permeability.
Darcy’s “K” was determined to be a combination of
◦ k, permeability of the sand pack (porous medium,
e.g. reservoir rock)
◦ K is a constant of proportionality
◦ , viscosity of the liquid
◦ dp, Pressure gradient
K constant may be written as;
dL
dp
KAQ
μ
k
K
Reservoir rock properties
17. The unit of permeability in the empirical equation is the Darcy
and the dimension is (L2). It is usually too large to be convenient
in hydrocarbon reservoirs. The millidarcy (10-3 Darcy) is
therefore used.
Generally the permeability is termed as :
Poor if; k<1,
Fair if; 1<k<10,
Moderate if; 10<k<50,
Good if; 50<k<250,
Very good if; k>250.
Reservoir rock properties
18. Permeability is a very important rock property because it controls the
directional movement and flowrate of the reservoir fluid in the
formation.
The factors affecting the magnitude of Permeability are:
Shape and size of grain sizes,
cementation
overburden pressure
fracturing and Dissolution
Reservoir rock properties
19. Saturation is defined as that fraction, or percent, of the pore volume
occupied by a particular fluid (oil, gas, or water). This property is
expressed mathematically by the following relationship:
Applying the above mathematical concept of saturation to each reservoir
fluid gives
Reservoir rock properties
20. Where
So = Oil saturation
Sg = Gas saturation
Sw = Water saturation
The saturation of each individual phase range from 0-100%.
By definition, the sum of saturation is 100% therefore,
Sg+So+Sw=1.0
Reservoir rock properties
21. The major saturation types of interest in a Reservoir
are;
Critical Oil saturation, Soc
Movable oil saturation, Som
Residual Oil Saturation, Sor
Connate water Saturation, Swc
Reservoir rock properties
22. This is the tendency of a fluid to spread on or adhere to a solid
surface in the presence of other immiscible fluid. The angles made
by the fluid with the surface with which it is in contact is known as
the “contact angle”.
Depending on the type of fluid in contact with a solid surface, a
reservoir could be; water-wet or oil-wet. Because of the attractive
force, the wetting phase tends to occupy the smaller pores of the
rock and the nonwetting phase occupies the more channels.
Reservoir rock properties
23. Knowledge of the wettability of reservoir rocks is essential
in determining the appropriate drive mechanism for a
particular reservoir. It is an important control on the
amount of recovery.
Hydrocarbon wet system retard hydrocarbon mobility while
water wet systems promotes hydrocarbon mobility.
Reservoir rock properties
24. Petroleum reservoirs commonly have 2 – 3 fluids (multiphase
systems)
It is necessary to consider the effect of the forces at the
interface when two immiscible fluids are in contact.
When these two fluids are liquid and gas, the term surface
tension is used to describe the forces acting at the interface.
When the interface is between two liquids, the acting forces are
called interfacial tension.
When 2 or more fluids are present, there are at least 3 sets of
forces acting on the fluids and affecting HC recovery
Reservoir rock properties
25. Immiscible fluids: when you bring them into contact they do not mix
Two fluids are separated by an interface
The molecules are attracted more to their own kind
Oil
Rock
water
Reservoir rock properties
26. When two immiscible fluids are in contact, a discontinuity in
pressure exits between the two fluids, which depends upon
the curvature of the interface separating the fluids. We call
this pressure difference the capillary pressure, Pc.
Similarly, it can be defined as the pressure differential
between two immiscible fluid phases occupying the same
pores caused by interfacial tension between the two phases
that must be overcome to initiate flow.
Reservoir rock properties
27. Reservoir rocks are subjected to the internal stress exerted by fluids
contained in the pores, and to external stress which is in part exerted
by the overlying rocks.
The weight of the overburden simply applies a compressive force to
the reservoir rock. Compressibility typically decreases with increasing
porosity and effective overburden pressure.
Porosity is a function of compaction. It is generally reduced by
increase in compaction. Compaction is a function of depth of burial.
Reservoir rock properties
28. Rock compressibility is the fractional change in Volume per unit change in
pressure
Expressed as
Three types of compressibility
Rock- matrix (grain) compressibility, Cs
Rock-bulk compressibility, Cb
Pore-volume compressibility, Cp
Formation Compressibility is important to Reservoir engineers. It plays a role
in depletion of fluid from pore spaces, internal rock stress changes which
results in change in Vp, Vm, Vb
P
v
V
c
p
p
1
=
Reservoir rock properties
29. Knowledge of reservoir rock properties is very essential to
evaluating Reservoir Performance and understanding reservoir
behavior.
The aforementioned rock properties are essential for reservoir
engineering calculations as they directly affect both the
quantity and the distribution of hydrocarbons and, when
combined with fluid properties, control the flow of the existing
phases (i.e., gas, oil and water) within the reservoir.
Reservoir rock properties
A reservoir normally contains either water or hydrocarbon or a mixture.In most oil-bearing formations, it is believed that the rock was completely saturated with water prior to the invasion and trapping of petroleum. The oil will not displace all the water, which originally occupied these pores
For a water wet reservoir, a water drive mech. would be very effective while for an Oil wet reservoir chemical (e.g. surfactants) injection to weaken the attractive forces btw the Oil and the reservoir rock thus making the reservoir more water wet