Peak oil refers to the point at which the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached, after which the rate of production enters terminal decline. Several factors relate to peak oil:
- It will occur in stages as production peaks in different regions.
- The global situation will impact the timing and effects of peak oil.
- Alternative energy sources will need to be developed and implemented to mitigate the effects of declining oil production.
- Climate change poses an even greater threat than peak oil, and both issues would benefit from the same solutions.
Save Water, Save Life and Save the Worldrohitsub bade
Like Leonardo said that water is the driver of nature, it proceeds life forward in the right direction and the worst part is that we never understand its importance. We are like the passenger who is sitting behind in his seat relaxing and never understand the efforts put by the driver to move the vehicle forward. But it’s time for us to understand that life can’t continue without water and we have to save it. It’s our planet, it’s our water and only we are responsible for its conservation.
Oil and Gas are natural resources of enormous economic importance. Together they provide about 60% of all the energy used by society today. They provide fuel for transport and are vital for heating, lighting and cooking. In addition they are used in the manufacture of synthetic fabrics, plastics, fertilizers, detergent as well as for many other purposes. In short, it is hard to imagine how our society could function without oil and gas.
This presentation was prepared by Jacob Jok and Joshua Malidzo. It gives the general conception of the origin of oil formations, extraction and its environmental impacts.
3rd Year students at the University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Petroleum (or crude oil) is a naturally occurring liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, but containing some compounds of oxygen, nitrogen and Sulphur. It is an oily, thick,
flammable, usually dark-colored liquid ,commonly obtained by drilling, used in a natural or refined state as a fuel
and separated by fractional distillation into gasoline, naphtha ,benzene ,kerosene ,paraffin etc.
It is often referred to as the “black gold.This name itself is an indication of its importance to humans. Crude oil is considered to be the “mother of all commodities” as it is used to manufacture various products such as pharmaceuticals, plastics, gasoline, synthetic fabrics, etc. Petroleum or oil has also been the world’s leading source of energy since the 1950s.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the earth’s surface that can be refined into fuel. Petroleum is a fossil fuel, meaning that it has been created by the decomposition of organic matter over millions of years. Petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms–primarily zooplankton and algae–underneath sedimentary rock are subjected to intense heat and pressure.
The word petroleum means “rock oil.” It is derived from the Greek word “petra” (means rock) and the Latin word “oleum” (means oil). When it is drilled from the ground in the liquid form, it is called crude oil. Humans have known about its existence for 4000 years. However, the first time crude oil was pumped from the ground was 2500 years ago in China and the world’s first crude oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania, USA only in the year 1859.
Where is petroleum found?
Today petroleum is found in vast underground reservoirs where there were ancient seas. Petroleum reserves can be located beneath the land, or under the ocean. Their crude oil is extracted with giant drilling machines.
How do you know where to find oil?
Geologists are the masters of locating oil. Often called oil exploration, geologists will look for an area that ticks all the boxes of finding an oil trap aka striking (black) gold.
Oil is often found in the vast underground reservoirs where ancient seas were once located. This can either be beneath land or out in the ocean below the seabed.
During the earlier years of oil mining, the geologists would study the soil, surface rock, and other surface features to determine if oil may be lying below.
Later came satellite imagery, along with more technological advances such as gravity meters, means to test the Earth’s magnetic field, and ‘sniffers’ that detect the smell of hydrocarbons.
The most common way used today is to generate shock waves that pass through the rock layers and reflect back to the surface where they can be interpreted for signs of oil traps. This is done with seismic source devices such as a compressed-air gun, a thumper truck, or explosives .
Where does crude oil come from?
Composition of petroleum
Uses
Extraction of petroleum
Save Water, Save Life and Save the Worldrohitsub bade
Like Leonardo said that water is the driver of nature, it proceeds life forward in the right direction and the worst part is that we never understand its importance. We are like the passenger who is sitting behind in his seat relaxing and never understand the efforts put by the driver to move the vehicle forward. But it’s time for us to understand that life can’t continue without water and we have to save it. It’s our planet, it’s our water and only we are responsible for its conservation.
Oil and Gas are natural resources of enormous economic importance. Together they provide about 60% of all the energy used by society today. They provide fuel for transport and are vital for heating, lighting and cooking. In addition they are used in the manufacture of synthetic fabrics, plastics, fertilizers, detergent as well as for many other purposes. In short, it is hard to imagine how our society could function without oil and gas.
This presentation was prepared by Jacob Jok and Joshua Malidzo. It gives the general conception of the origin of oil formations, extraction and its environmental impacts.
3rd Year students at the University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Petroleum (or crude oil) is a naturally occurring liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, but containing some compounds of oxygen, nitrogen and Sulphur. It is an oily, thick,
flammable, usually dark-colored liquid ,commonly obtained by drilling, used in a natural or refined state as a fuel
and separated by fractional distillation into gasoline, naphtha ,benzene ,kerosene ,paraffin etc.
It is often referred to as the “black gold.This name itself is an indication of its importance to humans. Crude oil is considered to be the “mother of all commodities” as it is used to manufacture various products such as pharmaceuticals, plastics, gasoline, synthetic fabrics, etc. Petroleum or oil has also been the world’s leading source of energy since the 1950s.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the earth’s surface that can be refined into fuel. Petroleum is a fossil fuel, meaning that it has been created by the decomposition of organic matter over millions of years. Petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms–primarily zooplankton and algae–underneath sedimentary rock are subjected to intense heat and pressure.
The word petroleum means “rock oil.” It is derived from the Greek word “petra” (means rock) and the Latin word “oleum” (means oil). When it is drilled from the ground in the liquid form, it is called crude oil. Humans have known about its existence for 4000 years. However, the first time crude oil was pumped from the ground was 2500 years ago in China and the world’s first crude oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania, USA only in the year 1859.
Where is petroleum found?
Today petroleum is found in vast underground reservoirs where there were ancient seas. Petroleum reserves can be located beneath the land, or under the ocean. Their crude oil is extracted with giant drilling machines.
How do you know where to find oil?
Geologists are the masters of locating oil. Often called oil exploration, geologists will look for an area that ticks all the boxes of finding an oil trap aka striking (black) gold.
Oil is often found in the vast underground reservoirs where ancient seas were once located. This can either be beneath land or out in the ocean below the seabed.
During the earlier years of oil mining, the geologists would study the soil, surface rock, and other surface features to determine if oil may be lying below.
Later came satellite imagery, along with more technological advances such as gravity meters, means to test the Earth’s magnetic field, and ‘sniffers’ that detect the smell of hydrocarbons.
The most common way used today is to generate shock waves that pass through the rock layers and reflect back to the surface where they can be interpreted for signs of oil traps. This is done with seismic source devices such as a compressed-air gun, a thumper truck, or explosives .
Where does crude oil come from?
Composition of petroleum
Uses
Extraction of petroleum
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
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Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesHolger Mueller
Holger Mueller of Constellation Research shares his key takeaways from SAP's Sapphire confernece, held in Orlando, June 3rd till 5th 2024, in the Orange Convention Center.
An introduction to the cryptocurrency investment platform Binance Savings.Any kyc Account
Learn how to use Binance Savings to expand your bitcoin holdings. Discover how to maximize your earnings on one of the most reliable cryptocurrency exchange platforms, as well as how to earn interest on your cryptocurrency holdings and the various savings choices available.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
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(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
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1. Peak Oil: The World Greatest
Challenge
NASA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Moscow_traffic_congestion.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Oil_well.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_platform.jpg
3. General Observations
• Prediction is hard, especially about the future!
• Peak oil will happen in stages T1-T4
• The global situation will set the stage
• Australia is lucky with large reserves of natural gas,
although not where we want it. Potential for
mitigation
• Climate Change is a lot scarier than Peak Oil and
they have a common solution set
ASPO-Australia
4. What Is Peak Oil?
• The date an area’s oil production reaches its
maximum
• Means that about half the oil has been produced
– Does not mean “running out of oil”
– Does mean a continuous decline in production
• When oil half gone, the flow of oil begins to fall
– Not like a gas tank
– Oil in the ground is not in a pool but in tiny
droplets
– Droplets move slowly through the earth due to
pressure
– At halfway point pressure drops – flow decreases
5. Peak Oil Discoverer: Dr. King Hubbert
1903-1989
• Shell Oil Geologist/ Petroleum Scientist
• 1949 – projected short historical oil period
– Triggered by 1930 U.S. discovery peak
• 1956 – predicted 1970 as U.S. Peak Oil year
– Came as predicted
• 1969 – predicted World Peak Oil year 2000
– 1970-80 demand decline delayed it
6. Dr. Colin Campbell – King Hubbert 2006
• Geologist/ Petroleum Scientist
• Worked for most major oil companies
• Founder, Association for Study of Peak Oil
– Wrote “The Coming Oil Crisis” in 1997
• Estimates World Peak for regular oil in 2010
• Published two other books
– “Essence of Oil and Gas Depletion”
– “Oil Crisis”
7. Matthew Simmons
• Oil Investment Banker
– Backed many oil and gas drilling
projects
• Advisor to President Bush
• Challenges Saudi Reserve Estimates
– Thinks Saudi oil may soon peak
• Author, “Twilight in the Desert: The
Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World
Economy”
• Given 100s of talks to government and
business
8. Talk outline
Origin – How do oil and gas form?
Practical: Non-Renewable Energy
Exploration and Production –
How do we find oil and gas and how is it produced?
Practical: Prospector Game
Politics – Why are oil and gas important?
9. Origin (1): Chemistry
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Petroleum.JPG en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Octane_molecule_3D_model.png
Hydrocarbon
• Oil and gas are made of a mixture of
different hydrocarbons.
• As the name suggests these are large
molecules made up of hydrogen atoms
Crude Oil attached to a backbone of carbon.
10. Origin (2): Plankton
cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=93510
Plant plankton Animal plankton
would fit on a pinhead!
10,000 of these bugs
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Copepod.
• Most oil and gas starts life as microscopic plants and animals
that live in the ocean.
12. Origin (4): On the sea bed
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Plankton.jpg
When the plankton dies it rains
down on sea bed to form an
organic mush
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nerr0328.jpg
If there are any animals on the
Sea bed sea bed these will feed on the
organic particles
14. Origin (6): Cooking
As Black Shale is buried, it is heated.
Organic matter is first changed by the
Kerogen increase in temperature into kerogen,
which is a solid form of hydrocarbon
Around 90°C, it is changed into a liquid
Oil state, which we call oil
Gas
Around 150°C, it is changed into a gas
www.oilandgasgeology.com/oil_gas_window.jpg A rock that has produced oil and gas in
this way is known as a Source Rock
15. Origin (7): Migration
www.diveco.co.nz/img/gallery/2006/diver_bubbles.jpg
• Hot oil and gas is less dense than
the source rock in which it occurs
• Oil and gas migrate upwards up
through the rock in much the same
way that the air bubbles of an
underwater diver rise to the surface
Rising oil
• The rising oil and gas eventually gets
trapped in pockets in the rock called
reservoirs
16. Exploration and Production:
Oil Traps
• Some rocks are permeable
Impermeable and allow oil and gas to freely
pass through them
• Other rocks are impermeable
and block the upward passage
of oil and gas
• Where oil and gas rises up
into a dome (or anticline)
capped by impermeable rocks
Dome Trap it can’t escape. This is one
Permeable type of an Oil Trap.
17. Exploration and Production:
Reservoir Rocks
• The permeable strata in an oil trap
is known as the Reservoir Rock
• Reservoir rocks have lots of
interconnected holes called pores.
These absorb the oil and gas like a
sponge
This is a highly magnified picture of
As oil migrates it fills up the pores
a sandy reservoir rock (water-filled
(oil-filled pores shown in black)
Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5innl pores are shown in blue)
18. How long will current reserves
Reserve Adds: last?
35
15 years
• Exploration 30
• Reserves Growth 10 years
Production (bn bbl)
25
• Nonconventionals 21 years
31 years
20
15
1000 bn bbl
10
10% Decline
5% Decline
5
3% Decline
25 bn bbl 0
1.5% Up, 5% down
A 40 year supply?
p.a. 10 20 30 40 50 60
Years
19. Exploration Potential – Discovery Trend
100
• Decreasing trend in volumes
Discovered Volumes (bnbbl)
90 Discovered
80 Produced found from the early 60’s (peak)
70 to the early ’90’s.
60 • Slight increasing trend over
50 the last decade.
40
30
• Production exceeds
20 discoveries for last ca. 20 years
10 • Are these numbers
0 consistent?
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Discovered Volumes (bnbbl)
25
Kashagan
• Reversal in discovery decline largely due to 20 Deepwater
the deepwater exploration theme – will this Other
15
continue?
• Is Kashagan unique or are there other 10
supergiants?
• Are the peak years of ’99 and ’00 5
anomalous?
0
Data based on those of IHS Energy 1990 1995 2000
20. Nonconventional Oil
Resource Type and Distribution
Canada
36%
(Extra)-
Heavy Oil
Oil Shale
Others
9%
USA Bitumen
32%
MidEast
1%
Africa
Venezuela 3%
19%
7 trillion bbl Oil-in-Place
Data from IEA 2004 (WEO)
21. Distribution, Maturity of Conventional Oil
N.America FSU
Europe 330 bnbl
360 bnbl 80 bnbl
AsiaPacific
Africa 130 bnbl
190 bnbl
MidEast
810 bnbl
World
S.America
200 bnbl
Produced
Reserves • Most regions of the world are either at
or past the mid-point of depletion
2100 bnbl • MidEast (and FSU and Africa) have
produced <50% of their known resource 2
22. Oil – “Black Gold”
• Provides 40% of our primary energy
– 95% of all transportation fuel is from oil
– Huge part of life – not just gas in the car
• Fossil fuels are the basis of Industrial Agriculture
– Oil is feedstock for herbicides and pesticides
– With natural gas fertilizers, there are 10 calories of fossil
fuel inputs for each food calorie output
• Raw material for many plastics
• Basis of 300,000 manufactured products
• Cheap oil makes globalization possible
– In U.S. average food product travels 1500 miles
23. Why Is Peak Oil So Important?
• Core assumptions
– Our economy “runs on oil” – oil “fuels our economy”
– We measure our material welfare (income) by the economy
– To paraphrase – our income is based on oil consumption
• Economy grows when oil consumption increases
• Economy shrinks when oil consumption decreases
• Implies major societal change when demand exceeds supply
– Oil prices will rise rapidly but shortages will still occur
– Could have long-term recessions
24. The Money Implications of Peaking
Inflation Adjusted Monthly Crude Oil Prices 1946-Present
• $40-$90+ oil lasted from early 1970s – mid-1980s
• Oil shortfall was approximately 3%
• North Sea, Alaska & Mexico discoveries increased supply
• There are no new regions to explore now
25. World Population – Billions in 2000 Years
• Invention of the steam engine – 1698 (Thomas Savery)
• First oil well – 1859
• Earliest major fossil fuel was coal
26. World Population – Billions 1900-2000
• First half 1.5 Billion to 2.3 Billion – 150% increase
• Second half 2.5 billion to 6 Billion – 240% increase
• Spurt in growth correlates with switch from coal to oil
27. World Oil Usage – Billion Barrels/Year
• Production vs. Population
28. All Energy per Capita Projected Decline
• Slide/cliff – Declining fossil fuels meet growing population
• From 10.4 boe/c/yr to 3.3 boe/c/yr is 4.5% decline
– 3 % source decline, 1.5% population growth
• Remember population – and fuel – in 2030 =~4x 1930
29. Government View 2005 – DOE Report
• As peaking is approached…the economic, social, and political
costs will be unprecedented.
• …peaking will be extremely complex, involve literally trillions of
dollars and require many years of intense effort.
• Peaking…will cause protracted economic hardship in the
United States and the world.
• …the problem of the peaking of world conventional oil
production is unlike any yet faced by modern industrial society.
30. Alternative transport fuels?
• Renewables • Natural gas
• Biofuels • Coal
• Conventional oil • Nuclear
• Unconventional • Hydrogen
oil
31. Conclusions
• Transport over 40% of final energy
use in Australia
• Transport heavily dependent on
liquid fuels (oil)
• The age of cheap oil is almost over
• Short-term urgency in planning for
post-oil age
• More mitigation options in cities than
in rural areas
32. What to do?
• Commonwealth to become involved
• “Do nothing” not an option
• No magic bullet
• ASPO Australia advocates
– community engagement,
individualised marketing, fuel tax
escalator, tradeable fuel allocation
system
• Leadership required
• Buy time!
33. Presented by:
BEED II
• Mabalay Jona
• Miguel Jobelle Keith
• Valdoz Kim Adalen
• Gacutan Katrina
• Jovero Jonalyn
• Paulo MilJoice
• Aripal Philana