This document defines key concepts for research methodology, including operational definition, research objectives, assumptions, type I and type II errors, and level of significance. It explains that an operational definition specifies how a variable will be measured, research objectives should be SMART and describe what the study aims to achieve, assumptions are statements taken as true without proof, and type I and II errors as well as level of significance relate to rejecting or accepting null hypotheses.

1. RESEARCH -4
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
ASSUMPTIONS

2. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
IS DEFINED AS A VARIABLE IN
TERMS OF THE OPERATION A
RESEARCHER USED TO MEASURE
OR MANIPULATES.

4. SIGNIFICANCE OF OPERATIONAL
DEFINITION
 FUNDEMENTAL ATTRIBUTES OF ACONCEPTS/
VARIABLES UNDER STUDY
 MEASUREMENT OF THE CONCEPTS AND ITS
CHARACTERISTICS IN WHOLE.

5.  TOOL TO ENERGIZE THE RESEARCHER TO
FOCUS ON OBSERVATION OR MEASUREMENT
OF VARIABLE OF INTEREST

6. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
 IS AN ACTIVE STATEMENT WHICH DESCRIBES
WHAT IS TO BE ACHIVED BY THE STUDY AND
HOW THE STUDY IS GOING TO ANSWER THE
SPECIFIC RESEARCH QUESTION.

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES
 SMART
 S- specific
 M-measurable
 A-attainable
 R-relevant
 T-time bound

8. CONT:
 It is a concrete statement describing what the
research trying to achieve
 It should be feasible, logical , observable, and
measurable.
 Obtaining answer to research question or testing
the hypothesis.

9. TYPES OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
 General objectives: main objectives of the research
study. Focused on broad outcomes a researcher
has to achieve at the end of the study.

10.  Specific objectives: its prepared on the basis of
general objectives and is usually short term goal
oriented.
 Specific objectives merge together to make a
general objectives.

12. WRITING RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
 Should be clear, concise and written in declarative
format.
 Should be written in present tense.
 Use appropriative action verb makes the objectives
realistic and achievable.

13. CONT:
 Well written objective should be specific to a
variable.
 Should be omit the words that are repetitively used
in objective statement. ie,of ,an,is among etc
 Written in measurable format.

15. ASSUMPTIONS
 Are those principles which are accepted to be true
but without empirical evidence or proof.
 Defined as the statement that are taken granted or
are considered true without any empirical
evidences or any scientific testing.

16. TYPES OF ASSUMPTIONS
 Universal assumption: There are belief that
assumed to be true by a large part of society or
universe.
 Assumptions based on theories: Based on some
theory finding we have assume that it is true.

17.  Methodological assumption: methodological
assumption to conduct thestudy.
 Eg : self structured knowlwdge questionnaire can
assess the knowlwdge regarding universal precautions
among staff nurses.
o Warranted assumption: it states along with the
proof or evidences to support.
o Eg : exercise can reduce the weight.

18.  Unwarranted assumptions: do not have
supportive evidences or proof

19. TYPE I ERROR AND TYPE II ERROR
 Type I error:
 The rejection of a null hypothesis that is actually true,
i.e, saying an intervention is effective when it is
acutually not.

20.  Type II error
 The acceptance of null hypothesis that is actually false,
i.e, saying an intervention is ineffective when it actually
is.

21. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE( )
Is usually a set by researcher in view of the serious
consequences that might arise on account of
making a mistake in accepting a false research
hypothesis.
p

22. It is set at .05 or .01 , it means that researcher is
willing to risk being wrong to the extend of 5% or
1%
Researcher tells that there is 5 chances in 100 or 1
chance in 100 of making a mistake in accepting
research hypothesis when it is actually false.