This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines what research is, including that it is a formal, systematic process using the scientific method. The document discusses the aims of research as discovering new information, expanding knowledge, and solving problems. Basic research aims to contribute to knowledge, while applied research aims to solve current problems. The document also discusses internal vs. external research teams, how managers should interact with researchers, research ethics, and the scientific investigation process. It provides examples of research areas and defines different types of hypotheses used in research.

1. INTRODUCTION
TO
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Dr. Jerry John
Dr.Jerry@KCM

2. Objectives
Identify
Identify and fully discuss specific situations in which a manager would be better off using an
internal research team, and when an external research team would be more advisable, giving
reasons for the decision
Discuss Discuss what managers should or should not do in order to interact most effectively with
researchers
Explain Explain why managers should know about research
Distinguish Distinguish between applied and basic research, giving examples, and discussing why they fall into
one or the other of the two categories
Describe Describe what research is and how it is defined
Dr.Jerry@KCM

3. Definition -
Research
• AProcess
• Formal, systematic, intensive
process of scientific method
• Careful inquiry or examination
• Systematic,
controlled,
empirical and critical
investigation
• Unusually stubborn and persisting effort
to think straight (“Research without
important ideas is busy work”)
• The process of finding solutions to a
problem after a thorough study and
analysis of the situational factors.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

4. Definition
–Research
• Aims of Research
• Discover new information or
relationships; to expand and to
verify existing knowledge
• Gathers new knowledge; discovery of
general principles
• Provide new knowledge
• Investigation of hypothetical
propositions about the
presumed relations among
natural phenomena. End sought
by science (research) is theory
• Tosolve problems and for decision
making purposes (business
research)
Dr.Jerry@KCM

5. Definition –
Research
Aims of
Research
Gage:
• Increase our power to understand, predict,
control outcomes
• Predict an event by relating it empirically to
antecedents in time
• Control an event by manipulating the
independent variables to which it is
functionally related
Dr.Jerry@KCM

6. Definition
–
Research
• How of research
• Define the problem areas
• Identify specifically the problems
which need to be studied and
resolved
• Gather information, analyze data
and determine the factors
associated with the problem
• Solve the problem by taking the
necessary
corrective measures
Dr.Jerry@KCM

7. Definition – BusinessResearch
Business research as an
“organized, systematic, data-based, critical, objective,
scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific
problem”,
undertaken with the
“purpose of find answers or solutions.”
Dr.Jerry@KCM

8. Definition – BusinessResearch
Quantitative Research
“structured questions usually questionnaires based on
certain scale and analyzed statistically”
Qualitative Research
“open ended questions in a questionnaire, interviews,
observation, or information gathered from various
sources.”
Dr.Jerry@KCM

9. Definition – BusinessResearch
Basic Research, Fundamental or Pure Research
“for the purpose of contributing to existing body of
knowledge”
Applied Research
“to solve a current problem.”
Dr.Jerry@KCM

10. Whataresometypicalexamplesof research
areas?
In Accounting?
In Finance?
In Management
In Marketing?
Dr.Jerry@KCM

11. Managers
&Research
• Identify and effectively solve minor
problems in the work
• setting
• Know how to discriminate good from bad
research
• Appreciate and be constantly aware of
the multiple influences and multiple
effects of factors impinging on a
situation
• Take calculated risk in decision
making, knowing full well the
probabilities associated with the
different possible outcomes
• Prevent possible vested interests from
exercising their influence in a situation.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

12. Managers
&Research
• Relate to hiring researchers and
consultants more
• effectively
• Combine experience with scientific
knowledge while making decisions
Dr.Jerry@KCM

13. Internal vs. External/Consultants Research
Discuss the advantages /disadvantages of using/hiring
internal /external consultants to conduct company’s
research
Dr.Jerry@KCM

14. Ethics and BusinessResearch
Code of conduct and societal norm of behavior
• Data collection
• Data analysis
• Reporting
• Dissemination of information on the Internet
Business Ethics
Journal of Business Ethics
Business Ethics Quartery
Dr.Jerry@KCM

15. SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION
Dr.Jerry@KCM

16. Objectives
• Explain what is meant by scientific
investigation, giving examples of both
scientific and non scientific
investigations
• Explain the eight hallmarks of science
• Briefly explain why research in the
organizational behavior and management
areas cannot be completely scientific
• Describe the building blocks of science
• Discuss the seven steps of the
hypothethico-deductive
• method, using an example of your own
• Describe the processes of induction and
deduction
• Appreciate the advantages of
knowledge about scientific
investigation
Dr.Jerry@KCM

17. Scientific vs.
Nonscientific
Investigation
Scientific Investigations – more
objective rather than
subjective, for effective
problem solving, purposive,
rigorous, state their findings
with accuracy and confidence
Non scientific research –
hunches, experience, and
intuition
Dr.Jerry@KCM

18. Scientific
Research
• Purposiveness
• definite aim or purpose
• Rigor
• good theoretical base and a carefully
thought-out methodology, carefulness,
scrupulousness and the degree of
exactitude in research investigations
• Testability
• Testing logically developed hypotheses /
the data support the educated
conjectures or hypotheses that are
developed.
• Replicability
• Can be repeated with the same results
Dr.Jerry@KCM

19. Scientific
Research
• Precision
• Closeness of findings to “reality”
based on a sample
• Confidence
• Probability that our estimations are
correct
• Objectivity
• Based on the facts of findings derived
from actual data
• /not subjective emotional values
• Generalizability
• Scope of applicability of the
research findings in one
organizational setting to other
organizational settung
Dr.Jerry@KCM

20. The hypothetical-deductivemethod
IDENTIFY A BROAD
PROBLEM AREA
DEFINE THE
PROBLEM
STATEMENT
DEVELOP
HYPOTHESES
DETERMINE
MEASURES
DATA COLLECTION DATA ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF
DATA
Dr.Jerry@KCM

21. Review of
the
hypothetical-
deductive
method
• Deductive reasoning
• - general to specific
• Inductive reasoning
• - specific to general conclusion
Dr.Jerry@KCM

22. Other types of
research
• Purpose is to explore and to
describe, for problem solving
purposes
• Usually qualitative rather
than quantitative, analysis
of documented case studies,
interviews, observation
Case studies
• Immediate application type of
research to solve
Action research
current problems
Dr.Jerry@KCM

23. Research Hypothesis
Dr.Jerry@KCM

24. • Hypothesis is considered as an intelligent
guess or prediction, that gives directional to
the researcher to answer the research
question.
• Hypothesis or Hypotheses are defined as
the formal statement of the tentative or
expected prediction or explanation of
the relationship between two or more
variables in a specified population.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

25. • A hypothesis is a formal tentative statement
of the expected relationship between two
or more variables under study.
• A hypothesis helps to translate the
research problem and objective into a
clear explanation or prediction of the
expected results or outcomes of the study.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

26. Hypothesis is derived
from the research
problems, literature
review and conceptual
framework.
Hypothesis in a research
project logically follow
literature review and
conceptual framework.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

27. Hypothesis makes the
following
contributions in
research study
Dr.Jerry@KCM

28. It provides clarity to the
research problem and
research objectives
It describes, explains or
predicts the expected
results or outcome of the
research.
It indicates the type of
research design.
It directs the research study
process.
It identifies the population of
the research study that is to
be investigated or examined.
It facilitates data collection,
data analysis and data
interpretation
Dr.Jerry@KCM

29. Type of Hypothesis
Dr.Jerry@KCM

30. Hypothesis
Research
Hypothesis
Null
Hypothesis
Testable
Hypothesis
Dr.Jerry@KCM

31. Research
Hypothesis
Associative
Hypothesis
Causal
Hypothesis
Non – Directional
Hypothesis
Directional
Hypothesis
Complex
Hypothesis
Simple Hypothesis
Dr.Jerry@KCM

32. Null
Hypothesis
Simple
Hypothesis
Complex
Hypothesis
Casual
Hypothesis
Associative
Null
Hypothesis
Dr.Jerry@KCM

33. Testable
Hypothesis
Dr.Jerry@KCM

34. Research Hypothesis
Dr.Jerry@KCM

35. Simple
Hypothesis
• Simple hypothesis predicts that, there
exist a relationship between the
independent variable and dependent
variable.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

36. • Example- two hourly positions- changing
of a fully bedridden patient will prevent
bedsore.
• – In the above example 2 hourly position
changing is independent variable and
bedsore prevention is dependent variable.
The statement shows that there exists a
relationship between 2 hourly positioning
and bedsore prevention.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

37. Complex
Hypothesis
Complex hypothesis
predicts that there
exists relationship
between two or
more independent
and dependent
variable.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

38. • Example – for a fully bed ridden patent 2 hourly
position changing, 2 hourly back care and a high
protein diet will build up body resistance, will
promote blood circulation and will prevent
bedsore.
• In the above example, three independent
variable are:- A) 2 hourly position changing, B) 2
hourly back care, C) high protein diet.
• And three dependent variable are:- a)
promotion of blood circulation, B) building up of
body resistance,
• C) prevention of bed sore.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

39. Directional
Hypothesis
Directional Hypothesis
predicts the direction of
the relationship between
the independent and
dependent variable.
Example- High quality of
nursing education will
lead to high quality of
nursing practice skills.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

40. Non
dire
ctional
Hyp
othesis
• Non -directional Hypothesis predicts
the relationship between the
independent variable and the
dependent variable but does not
specific the directional of the
relationship.
• Example- teacher student
relationship influence student’s
learning.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

41. Causal
Hypothesis
• Causal Hypothesis predicts a cause and
effects relationship or interaction
between the independent variable
and dependent variable. This
hypothesis predicts the effect of the
independent variable on the
dependent variable.
• In this the independent variable is the
experimental or treatment variable.
The dependent variable is the
outcome variable
• Example – early postoperative
ambulation will lead to prompt
recovery.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

42. Associative
Hypothesis
• Associative Hypothesis predicts an
associative relationship between the
independent variable and the
dependent variable.
• When there is a change in any
one of the variables, changes
also occurs in the other
variable.
• The associative relationship between
the independent and dependent
variables may have either.
• Positive association
• Negative association
Dr.Jerry@KCM

43. Null
Hypothesis
Dr.Jerry@KCM

44. •Null Hypothesis is also called statistical
hypothesis because this type of
hypothesis is used for statistical testing
and statically interpretation. The null
hypothesis predicts that, there is no
relationship between the independent
variable and dependent variable.
•Example- Nasogastric tube feeding does
not alter body temperature.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

45. Simple null
hypothesis
• Example – bed rest will not relives
sever asthmatic dyspnea. In the
above example, the independent
variable that is, bed rest does not have
any causal relationship with the
dependent variable that is, severe
asthmatic dyspnea.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

46. Complex
null
Hypothesis
• Example- smoking, drug abuse,
alcoholism, tobacco use etc. have no
relationship in the occurrence of
malaria, mumps or chicken pox.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

47. Causal null
Hypothesis
• Example- high intake of fluid does not
cause tissue oedema. In the above
example, the independent variable,
that is, high fluid intake does not have
any causal relationship with the
dependent variable such as, tissue
oedema.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

48. Associative null Hypothesis
•Example-
Increased does
in antibiotics will
not reduce body
temperature
Dr.Jerry@KCM

49. Testable
Hypothesis
• The testable hypothesis predicts
relationship between the independent
variable and the dependent variable
and theses variable are testable or
measurable.
• Example – Increase in patient’s body
temperature causes increase in
patient’s pulse rate.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

50. • Research variables are
defined as qualities,
properties, characteristics,
behaviors, attributes etc.
of people- individuals or
group, objects, situations,
activities etC.
• That changes or vary.
Variable are manipulable
and measurable.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

51. Type of
Research
Variables
Dr.Jerry@KCM

52. Variable
Independent
variable
Dependent
variable
Extraneous
variable
Environmental
variable
Demographic
variableDr.Jerry@KCM

53. Independent
variable
• Independent variable is the quality or
property that can be manipulated by
the researcher to cause an effect on
the dependent variable. It is also
called experimental variable or
treatment variable.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

54. Dependent
variable
• Dependent variable is the quality or
property or behavior or outcome that
the researcher predicts and that
occurs in response to the
manipulation, experimentation or
treatment of the independent
variable. It is also called outcomes
variable.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

55. • Example- O2 administration to a highly nervous patient by
a face mask instead of a nasal canula will cause less
anxiety to the patient.
• – In this above example, the independent variable that is
methods of O2, administration by face mask cause an
effect on the dependent variable, that is patient’s state
of anxiety. In this the independent variable that is
methods of O2 administration is manipulated.Because
• O2, instead of face mask, may also be administration by a
nasal canula and this may cause an influence on the
dependent variable or there may be a different outcome
such as, patient’s state of anxiety may be increased.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

56. Extraneous
variable
• Extraneous variables exist in all type
of research studies but the researcher
does not include them for the
research purpose.
• These are the variable which confuse
or mix up the relationship between the
variable and also interfere with the
rational or causal relationship
between the independent and the
dependent variables.
• The researcher makes an attempt to
identify those extraneous variables
before the research study is initiated
and thereby control the influence of
extraneous variables on the research
study through a specific research
design or through statistical
manipulation.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

57. • Example- a clam and quite
environment at bedtime at
night will allow sound sleep
to a patient in a general
ward.
– in the above example, the
independent variable- clam
and quite environment will
have an effect on the
dependent variable- sleep of
patient at night.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

58. Environmental
variable
Environmental variable are the variables which
compose a research setting where the research study
is conducted. These variables are climate, family
background, social background, institution setup,
community setup, education setup etc. these variable
are also some type of extraneous variable.
In a descriptive or correlation research study where
the study is conduct in a natural setting and where it is
necessary to study the subjects’ behavior in a natural
setting, the researcher makes no attempt to control or
alter the environmental variables.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

59. Demographic
variables
• Demographic variable are
the qualities or property or
characteristics of the subject
under the research study
and which are collected to
describe sample. These
variable are also called the
sample characteristics.
• Example – subject who are
under research study- age,
gender, height, weight, build,
movement, vision, hearing,
speech, religion, marital
status etc. are the
demographic variables.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

60. Assumption
• Assumption are the statement of the
basic principal or facts that are
established and are universally
accepted as true on the basis of
logic or reasoning without
verification or proof, though they
may not have been scientifically
tested.
• Assumption is picked up by the
research from various sources.
These source are previous research
studies, theories, clinical fields etc.
Dr.Jerry@KCM

61. Limitation
Limitation are the restrictions within a research study, which
reduce the credibility or generalizability of the research findings.
The limitations of the research study are also called the weak
points of study.
It is necessary to recognize the limitations of the research study
which might influence the research result.
Dr.Jerry@KCM