Outline : Variable. Types of variable Research Hypothesis. Types of research hypothesis.

1. VARIABLES,
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
Presented by : Ankita Kunwar
Bph 1st batch

2. VARIABLES
• A variable is defined as anything that has a quantity or
quality that varies.
i.e qualities, properties, characteristics, behaviors,
attributes etc.
• Variable are manipulable and measurable.
Type of Research Variables
1. Independent variable
2. Dependent variable

3. 1. Independent variable
• The independent variable is the variable whose
change isn’t affected by any other variable in the
experiment.
• Either the researcher has to change the independent
variable herself ( Or) it changes on its own;
• It is manipulated by the researcher to cause an effect
on the dependent variable.
• For Example: age , time.
There’s nothing you or anything else can do to
speed up or slow down time or increase or
decrease age. They’re independent of everything
else.

4. 2.Dependent variable
• The dependent variable is what is being
studied and measured in the experiment.
• It’s what changes as a result of the changes to
the independent variable by the researcher.
• For Example:
– how tall you are at different ages. The dependent
variable (height) depends on the independent
variable (age).

5. Experiment :
• You want to see which type of fertilizer helps
plants grow fastest, so you add a different
brand of fertilizer to each plant and see how
tall they grow.
• Independent Variable: Type of fertilizer given
to the plant
• Dependent Variable: Plant height

6. Hypothesis
• A Hypothesis is considered as an intelligent
guess or prediction, that gives directional to
the researcher to answer the research
question.

7. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
1. Simple Hypothesis
2. Complex Hypothesis
3. Empirical Hypothesis
4. Null Hypothesis
5. Alternative Hypothesis
6. Causal Hypothesis
7. Associative Hypothesis

8. 1. Simple Hypothesis
• Simple hypothesis is that one in which the
researcher examines the existing relationship
between two variables,
– one is called independent variable or cause
and other is dependent variable or effect.
• For example,
Smoking leads to Cancer.

9. 2.Complex Hypothesis
• A complex hypothesis is the one in which the
researcher examines the relationship between
two or more independent variables and two or
more dependent variables.
• For example,
Smoking and other drugs leads to cancer,
tension chest infections etc.

10. 3.Empirical Hypothesis
• Empirical means it is based on evidence.
• An empirical hypothesis, comes to life when a
theory is being put to the test by a researcher, using
observation and experiment.
• For example,
Roses watered with liquid Vitamin B grow faster than
roses watered with liquid Vitamin E. (Here, trial and
error is leading to a series of findings.)

11. 4.Null hypothesis (H0)
• A null hypothesis is the one where the
researcher states the existence of no
relationship between the independent &
dependent variables.
• It is the hypothesis that the researcher is
trying to disprove.
• For example,
FP acceptance rate is same for educated and
uneducated women.

12. 5.Alternative Hypothesis(H1)
• An alternative hypothesis simply is the
inverse, or opposite, of the null hypothesis.
• It is the hypothesis that the researcher is
trying to prove.
• For example,
FP acceptance rate is different for educated
and uneducated women.

13. • Causal Hypothesis predicts a cause and effects
relationship between the independent variable
and dependent variable .
here, Independent variable is thought to
cause or determine the presence of dependent
variable.
• For example
Early postoperative ambulation will lead to
prompt recovery.
6.Causal Hypothesis

14. 7. Associative hypothesis
• An Associative Hypothesis reflects the
relationship between variables that occurs in
natural setting without manipulation.
Here, if there is a change in any one of
the variables, changes also occurs in the other
variable.
• For example,
The lower the blood sugar level, the lesser is
the risk of infection among diabetic patients.

15. THANK YOU
REFERENCES
John w for research methodology
Reseach methodology methods and techniques
Dr kapoor ,ms pooja saigal
blog.prepscholar.com