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1. Management Research Methodology :Philosophical
undations of research
Mahananda Chalise, PhD
Professor

2. Don’t Perceive ………?
Research

3. What Research Is
Philosophy + Logic
Logic leads knowledge ( data +
Information).
Philosophy leads to wisdom (processed
knowledge).
Knowledge is “how to do”.
Wisdom is “when to do”

4. Paradigm:
Shifting
Pure method to Hybrid one
Mixed methods research design has
been a current practice for many
reasons in academia.
New paradigm should profusely be used
in the field of research at universities
and research centers

5. Research: Scientific Observation &
Analyses
Specific method or logic of inquiry
Reliability
Validity
Objectivity

6. Scientific Research Characteristics
1. Originates with a question or problem.
2. Requires clear articulation of a goal.
3. Follows a specific plan or procedure.
4. Often divides main problem into sub-problems.
5. Guided by specific problem, question, or
hypothesis.
6. Accepts certain critical assumptions.
7. Requires collection and interpretation of data.

7. The Philosophical Position….
Positivism Phenomenology
Ontology: what is the
nature of reality?
Epistemology:
What is valid
knowledge?
Axiology:
Role of values
RESEARCH
STRATEGY
Reality is objective and
singular, apart from the
researcher
Researcher is independent
from that being researched
Value free and un-biased
• Cross-sectional studies
• Experimental studies
• Longitudinal studies
• Surveys
Reality is subjective
and multiple as seen
by the participants
Researcher interacts
with that being researched
Value-laden and biased
• Action Research
• Case Studies
• Ethnography
• Grounded Theory

9. Features of research paradigms
Positivistic paradigm Phenomenological paradigm
Tends to produce quantitative data Tends to produce qualitative data
Uses large samples Uses small samples
Concerned with hypothesis testing Concerned with generating theories
Data is highly specific and precise Data is rich and subjective
The location is artificial The location is natural
Reliability is high Reliability is low
Validity is low Validity is high
Generalises from sample to
population
Generalises from one setting to
another

11. The Positivistic approach
Adapted from Maylor and Blackmon (2005)
Define your research topic
Define your research question(s)
i.e. hypothesis
Literature review
Collect data
Analyse data
Interpret results
Report your findings
Design data collection
Design data analysis
Pilot study
Deductive

12. The Phenomenological approach
Adapted from Maylor and Blackmon (2005)
Define your research topic
Define your research question(s)
Literature review
Collect data
Literature review
Analyse data
Interpret data
Report your findings
Research question answered?
Design data collection
Inductive

13. The research continuum…
pure
research
evaluation
research
BASIC APPLIED
theory
development
current
problems
why it works what works
produces concepts provides data
laboratory field

14. Basic vs. Applied Research
Basic
Pure, fundamental
research
Discovery of new
knowledge;
theoretical in nature
Takes many years
for the results of
basic research to
find some practical
utility
Applied
Central purpose to
solve an immediate
problem
Improved products or
processes
Infers beyond the
group or situation
studied
Interpretation of
results relies upon
Basic research

15. Deduction and Induction
Deduction
Induction

17. Sources of Research Problems
Observation.
Literature reviews.
Professional conferences.
Experts.

18. Methodology Comparison
Quantitative
Explanation, prediction
Test theories
Known variables
Large sample
Standardized instruments
Deductive
Qualitative
Explanation, description
Build theories
Unknown variables
Small sample
Observations, interviews
Inductive

19. 19
Concept Map of Potential Research
Issues

20. 20
Cycles of Research
Question Development

21. Generating research ideas
Useful Techniques
Rational thinking Creative thinking
Searching the literature Scanning the media
Brainstorming Relevance Trees
Exploring past projects Discussion
Keeping an ideas notebook

22. Techniques for generating research ideas
Rational thinking:
• Examining your own
strengths and
interests
• Looking at past
project titles
• Discussion
• Searching the
literature
(articles, reports,
books)
Creative thinking:
• Keeping a notebook
of ideas
• Exploring personal
preferences using
past projects
• Relevance trees
(mind mapping)
• Brainstorming

23. Structure of Research
begin with broad questions
narrow down, focus in
operationalize
OBSERVE
analyze data
reach conclusions
generalize back to questions
The "hourglass" notion of research

24. Key Issues of Management Research
Genesis of Management Research
Theoretical Perspectives
Methodological Issues in Management
Research
Social Issues in Management Research
(SIM after 1990)
Ethical Issues

25. The research ‘onion’

26. Concluding…
Researching must be more fun
THANK YOU

27. 27

28. References
Lester, F. (2015). On the Theoretical, Conceptual and Philosophical
Foundations for Research in Mathematics Education. ZDM, 37(6), 457-
467.
Camp, W.G. (2017). Formulating and Evaluating Theoretical Frameworks
for Career and Technical Education Research. Journal of Vocational
Educational Research, 26(1), 27-39.
Maxwell, J. (2004). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach
(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Munhall, P. & Chenail, R. (2008). Qualitative Research Proposals and
Reports: A Guide (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett
Luse, A., Mennecke, B., & Townsend, A. (2017). Selecting a Research
Topic: A Framework for Doctoral Students. International Journal of
Doctoral Studies, 7, 143-152.