This presentation describes research for A to Z in brief, which gives an overall overview of research in medical and natural science.

1. A Brief
Introduction to
Research
(how to start research
promptly)
n.naibkhil@gmail.com

2. Content
• Why should do research/ in the hospital?
• Introduction
• How to plan for research
• How to find a high-quality research topic
• Study Design
• Research Ethics
• Analysis & Interpretation
• Types of Scientific Articles
• Case-report
• Selecting Journal for Publication
• Plagiarism

3. Who can do research?

4. • Academic research
• Non-academic research
Research helps:
• Create new ideas
• New insights into approaches
• Answer various questions" how ” what ”, which ”, when ” why ” about
a phenomenon, behavior, or situation.
• Research creates new knowledge and expands the existing knowledge
base.
• Provides a basis for many government policies.
• Creates knowledge and provides guidelines for solving problems.
• Leads to inventions
• Solve industry and business problems
• Helps find answers to social problems
Why should do research?

5. Why should do research in hospitals?
• Medical Advancements
• Patient Care Improvement
• Disease Prevention and Control
• Clinical Trials
• Public Health Research
• Healthcare Policy and Planning
• Education and Training
• Innovation and Technology Integration
• Health Economics

6. Introduction: What is Research?
• Old French term: recerchier= re+search
• Research is an investigation undertaken in order to discover new facts or to get new
information.
• Research is a systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to answer a
specific question or solve a problem.
• Research is an ORGANIZED And SYSTEMATIC WAY of FINDING ANSWERS To QUESTIONS

7. Introduction:
Types of Research
Based on Usage/Results
1. Fundamental/Basic
2. Applied
Based on Data Types:
1. Quantitative
2. Qualitative
3. Mixed

8. Introduction: Types of
Research in terms of purpose
1. Quantitative Research
2. Qualitative Research
3. Basic Research
4. Applied Research
5. Longitudinal Research
6. Cross-sectional Research
7. Descriptive Research
8. Comparative Research
9. Explorative Research
1. Explanatory Research
2. Casual Research
12. Theory testing Research
13. Theory Building Research.
14. Action Research
15. Correlation Research
16. Case study Research
17. Quasi-experimental research
18. Historical research
19. Ex post facto (after the fact) research

9. Introduction: A scientific
method contains
• Ask a question
• Do background research
• Construct a Hypothesis
• Test your hypothesis by doing an
experiment
• Analyze your data and draw a
conclusion
• Report your results (was your
hypothesis correct?)

10. How to plan for research?
Primary steps:
• Creating a researchable idea
• Literature review
• Developing problem statement
• Creating falsifiable hypotheses
• Choosing variables
Secondary Steps:
• Selecting research
population/location
• Choosing data collection
method/ data collection
• Analyzing data
• Preparing report
• Publishing

11. How To Find A High-
Quality Research Topic
Ways to find research ideas
1. Problems arose/ current situation
and challenges
2. Professional observations/
Collaboration and discussions
3. Review of academic literature
4. Conferences and workshops
5. Personal passions and interests
6. Government Reports and Policies
7. Data Analysis and Trends
Points to be considered while
searching for research ideas and topic
1. Importance and priority of the
idea/topic
2. Originality or novelty
3. Research viability and Feasibility
4. Cost
5. Time
6. And your interest

12. How To Find A High-
Quality Research Topic
Steps
1. Think about a research idea
2. Do literature search
3. Identify your potential research
questions (topics) and shortlist
4. Narrow down, then evaluate your
research topic shortlist
5. Make the decision (and stick with
it!)

13. How To Find A High-
Quality Research Topic
A literature review is:
“the selection of available documents
(both published and unpublished) on
the topic, which contain information,
ideas, data and evidence written from
a particular standpoint to fulfill certain
aims or express certain views on the
nature of the topic and how it is to be
investigated, and the effective
evaluation of these documents in
relation to the research being
proposed” (Hart,1998,p.13).

14. How To Find A High-
Quality Research Topic
A literature review:
Preliminary Literature Review: Leads to
narrow down the broad problem
• Introduce the Subject Study
• Identification of the problem
• Developing a clear-cut, and specifying
statement of the problem.
• The development of the research
proposal
Critical Literature Review: To become an
expert on your topic

15. How To Find A High-
Quality Research Topic
In general, a literature review ensures
that:
•The research effort is positioned relative
to existing knowledge and builds on this
knowledge.
•You can look at a problem from a specific
angle; it shapes your thinking and sparks
useful insights on the topic of your
research.
•You do not run the risk of “reinventing
the wheel”, that is, wasting effort on
trying to rediscover something that is
already known.
•You will be able to introduce relevant
terminology and to define key terms used
in your writing. This is important because
the same term may have different
meanings, depending on the context in
which it is used.
•You obtain useful insights of the
research methods that others have used
to provide an answer to similar research
questions.
•The research effort can be
contextualized in a wider academic
debate. In other words, it allows you to
relate your findings to the findings of
others.
A literature review is helpful in both an
academic (or fundamental) and a
non‐academic (or applied) context.

16. How To Find A High-
Quality Research Topic
The main output of literature review
are:
1.To highlights the themes
2.Sinificant findings
3.Framework and instruments
4.To find research gap
Evidence Gap (Contradictory Evidence Gap): Results from
studies allow for conclusions in their own right, but are
contradictory when examined from a more abstract point of
view {Jacobs, 2011: Muller-Bloch & Kranz, 2014: Miles,
2017}
Knowledge Gap (Knowledge Void Gap): Desired research
findings do not exist {Jacobs, 2011: Muller-Bloch & Kranz,
2014: Miles, 2017}
Practical-knowledge Gap (action-knowledge conflict Gap):
Professional behavior or practices deviate from research
findings or are not covered by research {Jacobs, 2011:
Muller-Bloch & Kranz, 2014: Miles, 2017}
Methodological Gap (Method and research design Gap): A
variation of research methods is necessary to generate new
insights or to avoid distorted findings {Jacobs, 2011: Muller-
Bloch & Kranz, 2014: Miles, 2017}
Empirical Gap (Evaluation Void Gap): Research findings or
propositions need to be evaluated or empirically verified
{Jacobs, 2011: Muller-Bloch & Kranz, 2014: Miles, 2017}
Theoretical Gap (Theory Application Void Gap): Theory
should be applied to certain research issues to generate
new insights. There is a lack of theory thus a gap exists
{Jacobs, 2011: Muller-Bloch & Kranz, 2014: Miles, 2017}
Population Gap: Research regarding the population that is
not adequately represented or under-researched in the
evidence base or prior research (e.g. gender, race/ethnicity,
age and etic) {Robinson, et al., 2011)}

17. How To Find A High-
Quality Research Topic
From research articles:
1. “Further research is needed” is the
last part of the research article
2. Put a context-based spin on an
existing topic
3. Uncensored brainstorming
• Re-word your list of topics or issues
into a list of questions.

18. How To Find A High-
Quality Research Topic
Tools for your Literature Review:
• Using reliable databases
• PubMed:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
• Scopus: Not free
• Web of Science: Not free
Search Engines
• Google Scholar:
https://scholar.google.com/

19. How To Find A High-
Quality Research Topic
Using AI for Literature Review:
https://typeset.io/
https://consensus.app/
https://elicit.com/?workflow=table-
of-papers
https://www.semanticscholar.
org/
https://search.carrot2.org/#/search/we
b
https://www.humata.ai/

20. How To Find A High-
Quality Research Topic
Top 11 Search Engines
• Google
• Bing
• Yahoo!
• Yandex
• DuckDuckGo
• Baidu
• Ask.com
• Naver
• Ecosia
• AOL
• Internet Archive

23. Study Design
• Developing hypothesis/
objectives/ research questions.
• Specifying variables: Dependent
and independent
• Study population & Sample size:
Especially for observational
studies
• Sampling Methods
• Specifying tools and instruments
• Specifying statistical tests

24. Research Ethics
• Research ethics may be referred to as
doing what is morally and legally right in
research.
• Research ethics is concerned with the
responsibility of the researchers to be
honest and respectful to all individuals who
are involved in research study and research
should not inflict harm on researchers as
well as research subjects.
Declaration of Ethical Principles
1. Nuremberg Code- 1947
2. WHO: Ethical standards and procedures
for research with human beings
https://www.who.int/activities/ensuring-
ethical-standards-and-procedures-for-
research-with-human-beings
3. WMA (World Medical Association)
Declaration of Helsinki-1964, revised
regularly (Last updated 2013)- a concise
summary of research ethics
https://www.wma.net/policies-
post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-
ethical-principles-for-medical-
research-involving-human-subjects/
4. National Role and Regulations

25. Research Ethics
General Guidelines
• Ethical Approval: Every proposal
for medical research on human
subjects must be reviewed and
approved by an independent
ethics committee before it can
proceed.
• Scientifically Valid Basis:
Medical Research involving
human subjects must be
justifiable on scientific ground
• Avoidance of Unnecessary Harm: If the risk
is entirely unknown, then the researcher
should not proceed with the project until
some reliable data are available.
• Informed Consent: The voluntary consent
of the human subject is absolutely
essential.
• Confidentiality: Research subjects have a
right to privacy concerning their personal
health information
• Freedom to Withdraw: The subject should
be at liberty to bring the experiment to an
end if he has reached the physical or
mental state where continuation of the
experiment seems impossible.
• Qualified Researchers

26. Analysis & Interpretation
• Data is known to be crude
information and not knowledge
by itself.
• The sequence from data to
knowledge is:
• From data to information
• From information to facts,
• Finally, from facts to knowledge

27. Analysis & Interpretation
• Analysis and interpretation
provide answers to the research
questions postulated in the study.
• Analysis means the ordering,
manipulating, and summarizing
of data to obtain answers to
research questions. Its purpose is
to reduce data to intelligible and
interpretable form so that the
relations of research problems
can be studied and tested.
• Interpretation gives the analysis
result, makes inferences pertinent
to the research relations and
studies, and draws conclusions
about these relations.
• STATISTICS is simply a tool in
research, is a language which,
through its special symbols and
grammar, takes the numerical
facts of life and translates them
meaningfully.

28. Types of Scientific articles
Research Articles or Original Research Papers: These articles present the results of original research
studies. They typically include sections such as an abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion,
conclusion, and references. Research articles contribute new knowledge to the scientific community.
Review Articles: Review articles provide comprehensive overviews of existing research on a specific
topic. They summarize, analyze, and synthesize information from multiple sources to offer a broader
understanding of a subject. Review articles may be narrative reviews, systematic reviews, or meta-
analyses.
Meta-analyses: A type of review article that statistically analyzes the results of multiple studies on a
specific topic to draw overall conclusions. Meta-analyses use quantitative methods to combine and
analyze data from different studies.
Systematic review: A systematic review is a type of research study that involves a thorough and
structured examination of existing literature on a specific research question. The goal of a systematic
review is to synthesize the available evidence to provide a comprehensive and unbiased summary of
the current state of knowledge on a particular topic.

29. Types of Scientific articles
Perspective or Opinion Articles: These articles express the author's viewpoint on a particular scientific
issue or topic. They may provide insights, critiques, or suggestions for future research. While they are
based on evidence, they often involve a degree of personal interpretation.
Case Reports: These articles provide detailed descriptions of individual cases, often in medicine or
clinical fields. Case reports present specific patient cases, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment,
and outcomes.
Case series: A case series is a type of research study design that involves the detailed analysis and
presentation of a series of cases that share common characteristics or outcomes.
Editorials: Editorials are typically written by the editorial board of a journal or invited experts. They
express opinions or commentaries on current issues, research trends, or developments in a particular
field.

30. Types of Scientific articles
Letters to the Editor: Short letters written by researchers or readers that comment on or provide
additional information regarding previously published articles. These letters are a form of
communication between the scientific community and the journal.
Short Communications: These are brief research articles that present concise and focused findings.
They are shorter than regular research articles but still follow a structured format, including an
abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion.
Hypothesis Papers: These articles propose new hypotheses or theoretical frameworks. They are
speculative in nature and aim to stimulate discussion and further research.
Methods Papers: Articles that focus on describing new experimental methods, techniques, or
approaches. They provide detailed instructions to allow other researchers to replicate or adapt the
methods.
Retraction or Correction Articles: Occasionally, journals publish articles to correct errors, retract
misinformation, or update previous publications.

31. • A case report typically describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an
individual patient.
• Contains: a title, an abstract, keywords, an introduction and objective with a literature review, details
of the case report, a discussion that should include an explanation of the literature reviewed, a
conclusion, and references.
Case-report
Rare Disease
Unusual
Presentation
Novel Treatment
Complications
Diagnostic
Challenges
Successful Management
Strategies
Adverse Drug Reaction Uncommon Presentation
in Common Condition Pediatric Cases Geriatric Cases
Psychiatric Cases Surgical Cases
Multidisciplinary
Approaches

32. Selecting Journal for Publication
• The list of journals you have published in can directly and indirectly
affect your career advancement, professional reputation, and funding
opportunities.
• Indexed and peer-reviewed journals
• Align with the journal’s aim and scope, and types of paper publishing
• Editorial board member
• Journal Sponsorship
• Impact factor
• Peer review period
• Publication delay

33. Selecting Journal for Publication
• Fake journals
• Predatory Journals
• Cloned/ Pseudo journals
• Only two impact factors are to
be considered
1. cite score by Elsevier (SCOPUS):
https://www.scimagojr.com/journal
rank.php
2. Journal citation report by
clarivate analysis (Web of Science)

34. Plagiarism
• To use the words or ideas of
another person as if they were your
own words or ideas.
• To commit literary theft: present as
new and original an idea or product
derived from an existing source.

35. Plagiarism
What does plagiarism look like?
• Copying someone’s work.
• Citing a source improperly.
• Failure to cite a source.
• Creation of false sources.
• Turning in another person’s
work as your own.
How to avoid plagiarism?
1. Summarize
• Reference the original source
• Your summery should be
shorter.
• Use your own words, usually
with a very limited use of
quotations.

36. Plagiarism
How to avoid plagiarism?
2. Paraphrase
• Reference the original source
• Shorter or longer.
• Use your own words.
How to avoid plagiarism?
3. Quote
• Reference the original source
• The text produced is the exact
length of the original text
quoted (unless ellipses are
used)
• Use quotation marks
• Use page No.

37. Plagiarism
Plagiarism checker software
Turnitin
URKUND
EVE
i-Thenciate
Cross Check
Wcopy Find
Word-CHECK

38. How To Find A High-
Quality Research Topic
Using AI in writing research
paper:

39. Citation tools

40. Thank
you