This document provides guidance for medical students on conducting health research. It outlines the key steps in the research process, including developing learning objectives and a research proposal. The proposal involves selecting a topic, reviewing existing literature, developing objectives and hypotheses, and detailing the methodology, work plan, and dissemination of results. The document also reviews best practices for writing a final research report, which consists of components like an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusions. The overall document serves to introduce medical students to the basics of the health research process.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on health research. It defines research and outlines its aims and classifications. It discusses identifying research problems and the knowledge management cycle. It emphasizes that research should address real community problems and be action-oriented to inform policymakers and ultimately improve public health.
The document outlines the development of health system research (HSR) from 1967 to the present. It discusses how HSR originated from divisions established under WHO to study health services and strengthen health systems. Key developments included the formation of committees and recognition of HSR as a priority area in the 1980s. The objectives of HSR have expanded to include health policy, systems strengthening, and public health systems research.
The presentation discusses about purpose and use of literature review, locating relevant information, use of library & electronic databases, preparation & presentation of literature review, research article reviews, theoretical models and frame work. Identification of gaps in research, formulation of research problem, definition of research objectives. A verbal consent of Prof. Dr. C. B. Bhatt was obtained (at 4.15pm on Dt. 26-11-2016 at Hall A-2, GTU, Chandkheda) to float the presentation online for the benfit of the research scholar society.
Conflict of interest, Confidentiality, InformedconsentAman Ullah
This document discusses several topics related to ethics in research including conflict of interest, informed consent, and confidentiality. It defines conflict of interest as secondary interests that may distort primary research interests. Researchers have a duty to disclose conflicts to prevent harming participants or public trust. Informed consent requires fully informing participants of a study's risks, benefits and alternatives. Consent may be implied in emergencies when patients cannot consent. Confidentiality is a set of rules limiting access to private medical information, though it can be overridden if disclosure protects public health.
Dr.Eddy explains the basics of publishing in English language journals, sharing knowledge he has built over years of experience as a researcher. He writes about important aspects of journal publication. Read Dr.Eddy’s tips on how to publish successfully.
This document provides an overview of research methodology and related topics. It begins with defining what research is and discussing key figures in the development of the scientific method. It then outlines the learning outcomes and topics that will be covered, including research process, types of research, literature reviews, research hypotheses, and biomedical ethics concerning animal research. Various research approaches, objectives, methodology, and criteria for good research are also summarized.
This document discusses the paradigm shift towards quality management systems and risk-based monitoring at clinical research sites. It emphasizes that sites must adapt to industry standards like risk-based principles in order to ensure data quality and validity. A successful site will implement a quality management system through preventative measures like risk assessment and auditing. This helps identify issues, ensure compliance, and mitigate risks to subjects, data and the site's sustainability.
The document discusses research methodology and design. It defines key concepts related to research design including dependent and independent variables, extraneous variables, control, experimental and control groups, and treatments. It also discusses research process, sampling techniques including probability and non-probability sampling, and determining sample size for quantitative and experimental studies using statistical formulas.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on health research. It defines research and outlines its aims and classifications. It discusses identifying research problems and the knowledge management cycle. It emphasizes that research should address real community problems and be action-oriented to inform policymakers and ultimately improve public health.
The document outlines the development of health system research (HSR) from 1967 to the present. It discusses how HSR originated from divisions established under WHO to study health services and strengthen health systems. Key developments included the formation of committees and recognition of HSR as a priority area in the 1980s. The objectives of HSR have expanded to include health policy, systems strengthening, and public health systems research.
The presentation discusses about purpose and use of literature review, locating relevant information, use of library & electronic databases, preparation & presentation of literature review, research article reviews, theoretical models and frame work. Identification of gaps in research, formulation of research problem, definition of research objectives. A verbal consent of Prof. Dr. C. B. Bhatt was obtained (at 4.15pm on Dt. 26-11-2016 at Hall A-2, GTU, Chandkheda) to float the presentation online for the benfit of the research scholar society.
Conflict of interest, Confidentiality, InformedconsentAman Ullah
This document discusses several topics related to ethics in research including conflict of interest, informed consent, and confidentiality. It defines conflict of interest as secondary interests that may distort primary research interests. Researchers have a duty to disclose conflicts to prevent harming participants or public trust. Informed consent requires fully informing participants of a study's risks, benefits and alternatives. Consent may be implied in emergencies when patients cannot consent. Confidentiality is a set of rules limiting access to private medical information, though it can be overridden if disclosure protects public health.
Dr.Eddy explains the basics of publishing in English language journals, sharing knowledge he has built over years of experience as a researcher. He writes about important aspects of journal publication. Read Dr.Eddy’s tips on how to publish successfully.
This document provides an overview of research methodology and related topics. It begins with defining what research is and discussing key figures in the development of the scientific method. It then outlines the learning outcomes and topics that will be covered, including research process, types of research, literature reviews, research hypotheses, and biomedical ethics concerning animal research. Various research approaches, objectives, methodology, and criteria for good research are also summarized.
This document discusses the paradigm shift towards quality management systems and risk-based monitoring at clinical research sites. It emphasizes that sites must adapt to industry standards like risk-based principles in order to ensure data quality and validity. A successful site will implement a quality management system through preventative measures like risk assessment and auditing. This helps identify issues, ensure compliance, and mitigate risks to subjects, data and the site's sustainability.
The document discusses research methodology and design. It defines key concepts related to research design including dependent and independent variables, extraneous variables, control, experimental and control groups, and treatments. It also discusses research process, sampling techniques including probability and non-probability sampling, and determining sample size for quantitative and experimental studies using statistical formulas.
This document discusses assessing risk of bias in studies included in systematic reviews. It defines bias as systematic error that can vary in direction and magnitude. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool is recommended for assessing bias in domains such as selection bias, performance bias, detection bias, attrition bias, and reporting bias. Assessments involve describing the risk of bias and making a judgment of low, high, or unclear risk. Summary assessments of risk of bias are made within and across studies.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in health research methodology. It discusses identifying research topics and prioritizing them based on relevance, feasibility, and other criteria. The document also covers analyzing problems, formulating clear problem statements, conducting literature reviews, and developing research objectives. The overall aim is to guide researchers in designing and planning rigorous, ethical health research studies.
This document discusses the principles of scientific research. It defines research as a detailed study to discover new information or reach a new understanding. It describes the key components of a research proposal, including the purpose, aims, methods, timeline and budget. It outlines the steps of the scientific method as developing a question, formulating a hypothesis, and designing experiments to test the hypothesis. The document also discusses how to write a research thesis, including sections for the abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and references. It emphasizes statistical analysis of results and the roles of the supervisor in advising the researcher.
The document discusses different types of research methods including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. Quantitative research uses objective measurements and statistical analysis, while qualitative research explores underlying reasons and motivations through methods like interviews. Mixed methods research incorporates both quantitative and qualitative data collection. The document also describes observational studies like case studies and longitudinal studies, as well as experimental research methods like randomized controlled trials that manipulate variables and use control groups.
There are some common criteria you should consider when choosing a journal to publish in. Once you have a publication strategy in place, choose journals that meet all of your criteria.
One of the most important research ethical issues that should be taken into consideration is “scientific misconduct” such as fabrication, falsification and plagiarism. Plagiarism can occur at any stage of the research activities such as reporting, communicating, authoring, and peer review. The purpose of this workshop is to engage researchers in their responsibility to conduct an ethical research.
This document discusses research misconduct and outlines its harms, definitions, taxonomy, and common principles of research integrity. It notes that research misconduct undermines public trust, corrupts the scientific record, and leads to false conclusions. The document defines research misconduct according to the US Commission on Research Integrity and British Consensus Panel. It ranks misconduct in four levels of seriousness, from fabrication/falsification/plagiarism to lesser issues. Finally, it presents a "misconduct triangle" of opportunity, rationalization, and incentive, and lists common principles of research integrity.
This document discusses selecting and formulating a research problem. It outlines criteria for selecting a problem such as the researcher's interest and competence, the problem's importance and feasibility. Sources of research problems are also discussed. The document provides guidance on grilling a potential problem by asking questions. Dos and don'ts of problem selection are presented. Steps in formulating the problem are outlined, including stating it generally, understanding its nature, surveying literature, and developing objectives. Main steps of conducting research are also summarized.
The document summarizes a class presentation on research methodology. It discusses the importance of adhering to ethical standards in research to promote knowledge, avoid errors, and build public trust and support. Maintaining high ethical standards ensures research integrity, protects privacy and intellectual property, and promotes collaboration. The presentation outlines four key ethical principles - respecting individuals, competence, integrity, and responsibility. It also references codes of research ethics from universities and national organizations.
This document discusses scientific misconduct and responsible research practices. It defines scientific misconduct as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in research. This includes making up data, manipulating research materials to misrepresent results, and using other's ideas without credit. Responsible research involves following approved protocols, protecting participants, accurately recording and sharing results, and publishing ethically. Maintaining integrity is important to ensure reliable research and public trust.
This document provides an overview of research ethics and principles. It discusses the history of research ethics including the Nuremberg Code established in 1948 requiring voluntary consent. The Belmont Report issued in 1978 summarizes ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The report established informed consent requiring information, comprehension, and voluntariness. The document also discusses ethical guidelines in Nigeria and tips for conducting ethical research.
This document defines allocation concealment and discusses its importance in clinical trials. Allocation concealment refers to preventing investigators from knowing the next treatment assignment so they cannot influence which participants are assigned to different study arms. Inadequate allocation concealment can introduce bias and invalidate trial results. The document provides examples of how allocation concealment can be deciphered or biased and recommends methods like sequentially numbered sealed envelopes and centralized randomization to properly conceal allocations.
1. Research is a systematic investigation to increase knowledge. It is needed locally to account for ethnic, cultural, economic factors.
2. Research methodology involves designing and conducting research, while EBM uses existing research evidence along with clinical expertise and patient preferences.
3. The main types of research are quantitative (descriptive, analytical) and qualitative. Descriptive studies observe phenomena while analytical studies assess relationships.
What are Research Ethics?
Why are Research Ethics
Important?
General Ethical Principles
Ethical Decision Making in
Research
Ethical Standards for Human
Research.
This document discusses research methods and positivism. It defines research and outlines key aspects of the scientific method including its purposes and steps. Positivism relies on empiricism and determinism and views science as the only valid approach. However, positivism and the scientific method have also received criticism for being reductionist and dehumanizing by failing to account for things like individuality and choice. Critics argue they present a restricted and conservative view of human behavior.
This document discusses research misconduct and issues of reproducibility. It defines research misconduct as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. While science aims to be self-correcting, many published findings are not reproducible or trustworthy. Several factors make results less likely to be true, such as small studies, small effect sizes, and conflicts of interest. Efforts are underway to improve reproducibility through replicating studies, publishing negative results, and establishing standards for transparent and ethical research.
This document discusses research ethics and plagiarism. It presents four cases involving ethical issues in research: 1) Authorship disputes between a professor and PhD student on a grant-funded study. 2) A doctor considering manipulating data from an interim analysis of a clinical trial. 3) A doctor unsure about participating in an international drug trial. 4) Issues with the informed consent process for a drug safety study. It also provides background on regulations put in place after tragic human experiments and discusses principles of ethical research from the Nuremberg Code.
Systematic (non-random) error that results in an incorrect estimate of the association between exposure and risk of disease.
Can occur in all stages of a study
Not affected by study sample size
Difficult to adjust for afterwards, but can be reduced by adequate study design.
•Can never be totally avoided, but we must be aware of it and interpret our results accordingly
This document provides guidance on conducting health research and summarizing research findings. It outlines the key steps in the research process, including selecting a topic, reviewing existing literature, developing a proposal, collecting and analyzing data, and writing a final report. The final report should include an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, conclusions, and recommendations sections. Engaging medical students in research helps improve important skills and can promote future research involvement.
This document provides guidelines for writing a research report, including formatting and content requirements for each section. The main body should be divided into chapters with titles and headings. It should include: an introduction with background and significance; a literature review; methodology; findings; discussion; and a conclusion with implications, limitations and recommendations. References and appendices follow the main content. Each section has specific requirements - for example, the introduction describes the research problem and objectives, while the methodology explains the design, sample, and data analysis. Following these guidelines will help to clearly organize and present the different components of a research study.
This document discusses assessing risk of bias in studies included in systematic reviews. It defines bias as systematic error that can vary in direction and magnitude. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool is recommended for assessing bias in domains such as selection bias, performance bias, detection bias, attrition bias, and reporting bias. Assessments involve describing the risk of bias and making a judgment of low, high, or unclear risk. Summary assessments of risk of bias are made within and across studies.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in health research methodology. It discusses identifying research topics and prioritizing them based on relevance, feasibility, and other criteria. The document also covers analyzing problems, formulating clear problem statements, conducting literature reviews, and developing research objectives. The overall aim is to guide researchers in designing and planning rigorous, ethical health research studies.
This document discusses the principles of scientific research. It defines research as a detailed study to discover new information or reach a new understanding. It describes the key components of a research proposal, including the purpose, aims, methods, timeline and budget. It outlines the steps of the scientific method as developing a question, formulating a hypothesis, and designing experiments to test the hypothesis. The document also discusses how to write a research thesis, including sections for the abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and references. It emphasizes statistical analysis of results and the roles of the supervisor in advising the researcher.
The document discusses different types of research methods including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. Quantitative research uses objective measurements and statistical analysis, while qualitative research explores underlying reasons and motivations through methods like interviews. Mixed methods research incorporates both quantitative and qualitative data collection. The document also describes observational studies like case studies and longitudinal studies, as well as experimental research methods like randomized controlled trials that manipulate variables and use control groups.
There are some common criteria you should consider when choosing a journal to publish in. Once you have a publication strategy in place, choose journals that meet all of your criteria.
One of the most important research ethical issues that should be taken into consideration is “scientific misconduct” such as fabrication, falsification and plagiarism. Plagiarism can occur at any stage of the research activities such as reporting, communicating, authoring, and peer review. The purpose of this workshop is to engage researchers in their responsibility to conduct an ethical research.
This document discusses research misconduct and outlines its harms, definitions, taxonomy, and common principles of research integrity. It notes that research misconduct undermines public trust, corrupts the scientific record, and leads to false conclusions. The document defines research misconduct according to the US Commission on Research Integrity and British Consensus Panel. It ranks misconduct in four levels of seriousness, from fabrication/falsification/plagiarism to lesser issues. Finally, it presents a "misconduct triangle" of opportunity, rationalization, and incentive, and lists common principles of research integrity.
This document discusses selecting and formulating a research problem. It outlines criteria for selecting a problem such as the researcher's interest and competence, the problem's importance and feasibility. Sources of research problems are also discussed. The document provides guidance on grilling a potential problem by asking questions. Dos and don'ts of problem selection are presented. Steps in formulating the problem are outlined, including stating it generally, understanding its nature, surveying literature, and developing objectives. Main steps of conducting research are also summarized.
The document summarizes a class presentation on research methodology. It discusses the importance of adhering to ethical standards in research to promote knowledge, avoid errors, and build public trust and support. Maintaining high ethical standards ensures research integrity, protects privacy and intellectual property, and promotes collaboration. The presentation outlines four key ethical principles - respecting individuals, competence, integrity, and responsibility. It also references codes of research ethics from universities and national organizations.
This document discusses scientific misconduct and responsible research practices. It defines scientific misconduct as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in research. This includes making up data, manipulating research materials to misrepresent results, and using other's ideas without credit. Responsible research involves following approved protocols, protecting participants, accurately recording and sharing results, and publishing ethically. Maintaining integrity is important to ensure reliable research and public trust.
This document provides an overview of research ethics and principles. It discusses the history of research ethics including the Nuremberg Code established in 1948 requiring voluntary consent. The Belmont Report issued in 1978 summarizes ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The report established informed consent requiring information, comprehension, and voluntariness. The document also discusses ethical guidelines in Nigeria and tips for conducting ethical research.
This document defines allocation concealment and discusses its importance in clinical trials. Allocation concealment refers to preventing investigators from knowing the next treatment assignment so they cannot influence which participants are assigned to different study arms. Inadequate allocation concealment can introduce bias and invalidate trial results. The document provides examples of how allocation concealment can be deciphered or biased and recommends methods like sequentially numbered sealed envelopes and centralized randomization to properly conceal allocations.
1. Research is a systematic investigation to increase knowledge. It is needed locally to account for ethnic, cultural, economic factors.
2. Research methodology involves designing and conducting research, while EBM uses existing research evidence along with clinical expertise and patient preferences.
3. The main types of research are quantitative (descriptive, analytical) and qualitative. Descriptive studies observe phenomena while analytical studies assess relationships.
What are Research Ethics?
Why are Research Ethics
Important?
General Ethical Principles
Ethical Decision Making in
Research
Ethical Standards for Human
Research.
This document discusses research methods and positivism. It defines research and outlines key aspects of the scientific method including its purposes and steps. Positivism relies on empiricism and determinism and views science as the only valid approach. However, positivism and the scientific method have also received criticism for being reductionist and dehumanizing by failing to account for things like individuality and choice. Critics argue they present a restricted and conservative view of human behavior.
This document discusses research misconduct and issues of reproducibility. It defines research misconduct as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. While science aims to be self-correcting, many published findings are not reproducible or trustworthy. Several factors make results less likely to be true, such as small studies, small effect sizes, and conflicts of interest. Efforts are underway to improve reproducibility through replicating studies, publishing negative results, and establishing standards for transparent and ethical research.
This document discusses research ethics and plagiarism. It presents four cases involving ethical issues in research: 1) Authorship disputes between a professor and PhD student on a grant-funded study. 2) A doctor considering manipulating data from an interim analysis of a clinical trial. 3) A doctor unsure about participating in an international drug trial. 4) Issues with the informed consent process for a drug safety study. It also provides background on regulations put in place after tragic human experiments and discusses principles of ethical research from the Nuremberg Code.
Systematic (non-random) error that results in an incorrect estimate of the association between exposure and risk of disease.
Can occur in all stages of a study
Not affected by study sample size
Difficult to adjust for afterwards, but can be reduced by adequate study design.
•Can never be totally avoided, but we must be aware of it and interpret our results accordingly
This document provides guidance on conducting health research and summarizing research findings. It outlines the key steps in the research process, including selecting a topic, reviewing existing literature, developing a proposal, collecting and analyzing data, and writing a final report. The final report should include an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, conclusions, and recommendations sections. Engaging medical students in research helps improve important skills and can promote future research involvement.
This document provides guidelines for writing a research report, including formatting and content requirements for each section. The main body should be divided into chapters with titles and headings. It should include: an introduction with background and significance; a literature review; methodology; findings; discussion; and a conclusion with implications, limitations and recommendations. References and appendices follow the main content. Each section has specific requirements - for example, the introduction describes the research problem and objectives, while the methodology explains the design, sample, and data analysis. Following these guidelines will help to clearly organize and present the different components of a research study.
Research Chapter 3.pptx and research proposalhamdiabdrhman
This document provides an overview of key components to include when developing a research proposal. It discusses that a research proposal should convince readers of the research plan by addressing what will be done, why it is important, how it will be conducted, where, for whom, and the anticipated benefits. The proposal should also state the problem being investigated, its significance, objectives, methodology, timeline, budget, and references. It emphasizes that the proposal serves as a communication tool, research plan, and agreement between parties. The document outlines typical sections for a proposal, including cover page, abstract, background, problem statement, objectives, significance, methodology, timeline, and budget.
This document provides an overview of research methods and the research proposal process. It discusses key components of a research proposal including selecting a topic, developing research questions and objectives, reviewing relevant literature, and describing the proposed methodology. The methodology section outlines important aspects such as research design, sampling approach, data collection methods, and data analysis. Developing a strong research proposal is important as it provides a plan for conducting research and allows supervisors to evaluate the study.
This document provides an overview of research methods and the research proposal process. It discusses key components of a research proposal including selecting a topic, developing research questions and objectives, reviewing relevant literature, and describing the proposed methodology. The methodology section should address the research design, population, sampling technique, data collection instruments, and data analysis plan. Developing a strong proposal is important to obtain approval for the study and guide the research process.
BRM_Data Analysis, Interpretation and Reporting Part III.pptAbdifatahAhmedHurre
This document provides information on data analysis, interpretation and reporting for business research methods. It discusses various topics related to writing research reports including data management software, hypothesis testing, descriptive and inferential analysis, interpretation, and scientific writing. It describes the key components of a technical research report such as the introduction, literature review, methods, findings and discussions. It also discusses different types of research reports, the writing process, and common problems to avoid when preparing reports such as being too long or short, unclear problem definition, and not properly citing literature.
This document discusses planning and conducting research. It defines research and lists its key characteristics such as being systematic, empirical, replicable, precise, objective, generalizable, and parsimonious. The document outlines the steps in planning research, including selecting a research problem, developing a proposal, obtaining ethical approval, administering the research, writing a report, and disseminating findings. It provides details on identifying and prioritizing a research problem, and notes that a good problem is relevant, significant, original, addresses knowledge gaps, is clear and feasible to study. Selecting a problem depends on the researcher's attributes as well.
The document provides an overview of research methodology and report writing. It discusses the typical steps in a research process, including defining the problem, reviewing literature, creating a research design, collecting and analyzing data, and writing the report. It describes the objectives and types of research reports. The structure of a research report is also outlined, including an introduction describing the study, methodology, literature review, analysis/interpretation, findings/recommendations, and conclusion. Guidelines are provided for organizing materials, drafting the report, and including elements like footnotes, bibliography, and appendices.
The document provides an overview of research methodology and report writing. It discusses the typical steps in a research process, including defining the problem, reviewing literature, creating a research design, collecting and analyzing data, and writing the report. It describes the objectives and types of research reports. The structure of a research report is also outlined, including an introduction describing the study, methodology, literature review, analysis/interpretation, findings/recommendations, and conclusion. Guidelines are provided for organizing materials, drafting the report, and including elements like footnotes, bibliography, and appendices.
This document provides guidelines for research proposals and dissertations/theses at The Copperbelt University. It covers topics such as defining research, the differences between dissertations and theses, requirements for research proposals and their defense. It also provides detailed guidelines on the format and structure of research reports, including sections like the title page, abstract, literature review, methodology, findings, and references. Requirements for font, spacing, pagination and other formatting elements are also included.
This document provides an overview of how to write a good research proposal. It discusses the key components of a research proposal including the title, keywords, abstract, problem statement, research questions, and literature review. The abstract should summarize the introduction, methodology, expected findings and significance. An effective problem statement explains the current knowledge gaps and how the proposed research aims to address an important problem. Well-defined research questions focus the study and provide clear purpose. Overall, the document outlines the essential structure and elements to include when writing a research proposal.
This document outlines the process for conducting scientific research and preparing a research proposal. It discusses the importance of scientific ethics and reviews the typical steps in the research process, including asking a question, performing background research, forming a hypothesis, experimentation and data collection, data analysis, and reporting conclusions. The document also provides guidance on the components of an effective research proposal, such as the introduction, literature review, project description, research approach, deliverables, layout, project plan, limitations, and references. The overall message is that scientific research requires a systematic, well-planned approach.
designing proposal for research projects budget and funding schemesabhisrivastava11
This document provides information about writing a research proposal for funding. It begins with the aim and objectives of making participants proficient in writing research proposals. It then discusses key elements like the title, introduction, literature review, methodology, expected outcomes, facilities, budget, funding agencies and eligibility. The document provides guidance on writing each section of the proposal, including defining problems, objectives, hypotheses and significance. It also outlines the budget, time schedule and reviewers' expectations for funding approval.
This document provides an overview of protocol writing for clinical research. It defines a research protocol as outlining the study plan to safely answer research questions while protecting participants. The summary outlines key components of a protocol including objectives, methodology, and management plans. A protocol allows researchers to plan, review steps, and guide the investigation. Developing a protocol requires considering factors like the research question, importance, methods, and resources needed before writing each required component.
This document outlines the key components of a research design, which provides the overall plan for conducting research. It discusses 13 components that make up an effective research design: 1) introduction, 2) statement of the problem, 3) reference to previous studies, 4) objectives of the study, 5) definition of concepts, 6) hypothesis, 7) designing the experiment, 8) limitations of the study, 9) methodology and sampling, 10) processing, analysis and interpretation of data, 11) report writing and publication, 12) budget, and 13) chapter scheme. Having a well-designed research plan is important as it guides the researcher and helps ensure the study is conducted systematically and economically.
The document provides information on writing a research report. It defines a research report and outlines its typical structure and components. A research report communicates the purpose, scope, objectives, methodology, findings, limitations and recommendations of a research project. It should be accurate, concise, comprehensive, reliable and presented in a clear, logical manner. The main sections typically include an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, findings, discussion/conclusion and references. Guidelines note reports should be objective, minimize technical language, and use the active voice.
This document discusses sedative-hypnotic drugs. It defines sedatives as drugs that decrease excitement and cause drowsiness without sleep, while hypnotics induce and maintain sleep. Different stages of sleep are described, along with the effects of sedative-hypnotics on sleep architecture. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are provided as examples of sedative-hypnotic drugs and their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and adverse effects are summarized. Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics such as zolpidem and zopiclone are also mentioned.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia seen in clinical practice. It is characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin and oxygen-carrying capacity due to low iron levels. Oral iron supplements are usually the first line treatment, with ferrous sulfate being a commonly used and inexpensive option. Parenteral iron is considered when oral iron is not tolerated or absorbed. The document provides details on causes of iron deficiency anemia, distribution and absorption of iron in the body, classification of anemias, oral and parenteral iron preparations and their administration, and indications and adverse effects of iron therapy.
The document discusses cardiac glycosides and their use in treating congestive cardiac failure (CCF). It describes the mechanism of action of digoxin, noting that it increases myocardial contractility and reduces heart rate. Adverse effects and management of digoxin toxicity are also summarized. The document outlines the therapeutic uses of digoxin in CCF and arrhythmias like atrial fibrillation.
Anticholinergic drugs act as competitive antagonists at muscarinic receptors. They block the effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) and thus reduce parasympathetic nervous system activity. Key points:
- Atropine and scopolamine are examples of naturally occurring anticholinergic drugs. Synthetic muscarinic antagonists include benztropine, hyoscyamine, and oxybutynin.
- They have therapeutic effects in the eyes (mydriasis, cycloplegia), gastrointestinal tract (reducing motility), respiratory tract (reducing secretions), and central nervous system (treating extrapyramidal side effects).
- Potential adverse effects include dry
Parasympathomimetic or cholinergic drugs act on cholinergic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system to produce effects similar to parasympathetic stimulation. They have two types of activities: muscarinic and nicotinic. Examples include direct-acting drugs like acetylcholine and indirect-acting anticholinesterases. Anticholinesterases inhibit the enzyme cholinesterase, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine at receptor sites. They are used to treat conditions like glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer's disease, and organophosphate poisoning.
Teriparatide (brand name Forteo) is a form of parathyroid hormone that stimulates new bone formation. It is the only osteoporosis drug approved to build new bone.
The document discusses how teriparatide works by activating osteoblasts through intermittent exposure to parathyroid hormone. This leads to increased bone mineral density, especially in the spine and hip. Clinical trials showed teriparatide reduced the risk of vertebral fractures by 65% and nonvertebral fractures by 53% compared to placebo.
Teriparatide is recommended for patients with severe osteoporosis who have failed or cannot tolerate bisphosphonate therapy. It may also be used off-label to
Mechanism of action of drugs can occur through various pathways including biochemical, physiological, physical, chemical, enzymatic, and receptor-mediated actions. Drugs can act through membrane-bound receptors by binding with varying affinity and efficacy, and can cause effects as agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, or inverse agonists. Factors like dosage, drug potency, efficacy, interactions, tolerance, and individual patient characteristics influence a drug's effects.
This ppt discusses pharmacological actions, toxic effects and clinical applications of corticosteroids. It also mentions precations to be taken while using steroids
This document provides information on anti-anemic drugs, focusing on iron and vitamins B12 and folate. It defines different types of anemia based on red blood cell size and describes the manifestations and causes of megaloblastic anemia from deficiencies in B12 or folate. It outlines the dietary sources, absorption, transport, storage and excretion of iron as well as indications, preparations, dosages and adverse effects of oral and parenteral iron therapy for iron deficiency anemia. The roles and therapeutic uses of vitamins B12, folate and erythropoietin in various clinical conditions are also summarized.
The document discusses various anticoagulants and their mechanisms of action, including heparin, low molecular weight heparins, warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors. It also covers fibrinolytic agents and their role in dissolving blood clots. The key mechanisms discussed are how heparin activates antithrombin III to inactivate thrombin and factor Xa, how warfarin inhibits vitamin K to decrease production of coagulation factors, and how fibrinolytic agents activate plasminogen to break down fibrin clots. Monitoring and clinical uses of these drug classes are also summarized.
There are four types of malaria parasites that infect humans. Plasmodium falciparum causes the most serious form of malaria. The parasites are transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Several anti-malarial drugs are discussed, including chloroquine, quinine, primaquine, artemisinin derivatives, mefloquine, and combinations of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine. Treatment regimens vary depending on the parasite species and drug resistance patterns. Malaria prevention includes suppressive prophylaxis with drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, or doxycycline.
This document provides information about anti-tuberculosis therapy. It begins by listing the learning objectives, which include describing primary and secondary anti-tuberculosis drugs, the phases of TB treatment, mechanisms of action and side effects of drugs, defining multi-drug resistant TB, and the role of vaccines in prevention. It then discusses specifics of TB as a global health problem, treatment regimens, first and second-line drugs, mechanisms of action of isoniazid and rifampin, and side effects of isoniazid. The document aims to educate about best practices for treating TB through use of combination drug therapy.
This document discusses beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins. It provides details on their chemistry, mechanisms of action, mechanisms of bacterial resistance, classifications, kinetics, uses, and adverse effects. Penicillins are the original beta-lactam antibiotics and were discovered from the fungus Penicillium. Cephalosporins are structurally similar but were derived from the fungus Cephalosporium. Both classes inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis but bacteria can develop resistance through various mechanisms.
This document discusses the principles of antimicrobial therapy including:
- Classifying antimicrobials and their mechanisms of action such as inhibiting cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis
- Key concepts like bactericidal vs bacteriostatic activity, minimum inhibitory concentrations, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic principles
- Factors that influence antimicrobial selection including the infection site, patient characteristics, safety, and antimicrobial spectrum and properties
- Strategies for antimicrobial use including prophylaxis, empirical vs directed therapy, and preventing resistance
- Adverse effects and toxicities of different antimicrobial classes
This document discusses the principles of antimicrobial therapy. It begins by outlining objectives related to classifying antimicrobials, understanding pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles, microbiology, and factors that influence antimicrobial selection. It then covers specific topics like the mechanisms of different antibiotic classes, natural and acquired resistance, strategies to prevent resistance, management of superinfections, and uses of antimicrobial combinations. The document emphasizes selecting the appropriate antimicrobial based on the infection site, patient factors, safety, and cost considerations. It also addresses empirical therapy and reasons therapy may fail.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"AlexandraDiaz101
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
2. Research methodology…..
Learning objectives:
At the end of this session, students will be able to:
1. Define what a 'Health Research' is.
2. Recognize benefits of engaging medical
students in health research.
3. List the major characteristics of research.
4. Describe steps of conducting a health
research.
5. Prepare and present a brief summary of a
health research proposal.
6. Describe the main components of a
research report.
12/26/18 PATKI 2
3. Introduction: Scientific research
- important role in our efforts to maintain health
and combating diseases.
-Research helps us create new knowledge
- tools for the use of existing knowledge.
-provides evidence for policies and decisions on
health and development.
12/26/18 PATKI 3
4. Benefits of Engaging Medical Students in Health
Research:
-Targeting medical students early in their careers
is a long-term strategy for promoting health
research in general.
-Most of the research to date, on the
effectiveness of such a strategy, has shown that
research experience, as a medical student, is
strongly associated with postgraduate research
involvement.
12/26/18 PATKI 4
6. •searching and critically appraising the
medical literature.
•independent continued learning.
•writing research papers.
12/26/18 PATKI 6
7. Research is the systematic collection, analysis and
interpretation of data to answer a certain question or
solve a problem.
Characteristics of research:
1. It demands a clear statement of the problem.
2. It requires clear objectives and a plan
3. It builds on existing data, using both positive and
negative findings.
4. New data should be systematically collected and
analyzed to answer the original research
12/26/18 PATKI 7
What is research?
8. Basic vs Applied Research
• Basic – to determine or establish fundamental
facts and relationships within a discipline or
field of study. Develop theories .
• Applied – undertaken specifically for the
purpose of obtaining information to help
resolve a particular problem-Basic has little
application to real world policy and
management but could be
done to guide applied research
12/26/18 PATKI 8
9. Steps of conducting a health research:
A. Prioritizing and selecting a research topic- research
questions.
B. Review of literature and other existing information
C. Development of a research proposal
D. Implementation of study:
i. Data collection
ii. Data processing and analysis
iii. Interpretation of results
iv. Final report writing
v. Presenting the results: Scientific
publication, presentation at meetings,
seminars, workshops or conferences, and
presentation for administrators and policy-
makers
12/26/18 PATKI 9
10. A. Prioritizing and selecting a research topic
Criteria for selecting a research topic:
1. Relevance: The topic you choose should be a priority
problem.
2. Avoidance of duplication: it is important that you find out
whether the suggested topic has been investigated before,
If the topic has been researched, the results should be
reviewed to explore whether major questions that deserve
further investigation remain unanswered. If not, another
topic should be chosen.
12/26/18 PATKI 10
11. B. Literature review
Why is it important to review already available
information when preparing for a research?
•It prevents you from duplicating work that has been
done before.
•It helps you to find out what others have learned and
reported on the problem you want to study. This may
assist you in refining your statement of the problem.
•It helps you to become more familiar with the various
research methods that might be used in your study.
•It should provide you with convincing arguments for
why your particular research project is needed.
12/26/18 PATKI 11
12. C. Development of a research proposal
Contents
I. Title of the research
II. Introduction: Background information and
Statement of the research problem
(Scientific justification for the study)
III. Research objectives
IV. Research hypothesis
V. Methodology
VI. Work plan
VII. Plan for utilization and dissemination of
research results
VIII. References
IX. Annexes
12/26/18 PATKI 12
13. I. Title of the research
•A good title should be short, accurate, and
concise.
•It should make the central objectives of the
study clear to the reader.
•It is important to specify what population will be
investigated, and where it will be conducted.
12/26/18 PATKI 13
14. II. Introduction (Background information and
Statement of the research problem)
This section should convince the reader of the
relevance of the study (magnitude, severity of the
problem). It should provide enough background
data for an outsider to understand the different
aspects of the problem, or the different factors
influencing the problem and the context in which it
occurs. Your review of available literature and
reports should further illustrate why the problem is
important, not only in your own working area but
probably also beyond.
12/26/18 PATKI 14
15. III. Research objectives
Research objectives are the goal to be achieved by a
research.
- Why should research objectives be developed? The
formulation of objectives will help you to:
1. Focus the study (narrowing it down to essentials)
2. Avoid the collection of data which are not strictly
necessary for understanding and solving the problem you
have identified
3. Organize the study in clearly defined parts or phases
- Properly formulated, specific objectives will facilitate the
development of your research methodology and will help
to orient the collection, analysis, interpretation and
utilization of data.
- How should you state your objectives?
12/26/18 PATKI 15
16. IV. Research hypothesis
A hypothesis can be defined as a prediction or
explanation of the relationship between one or more
independent variables (PREDISPOSING/RISK FACTORS)
and one dependent variable
(OUTCOME/CONDITION/DISEASE)). A hypothesis, in
other words, translates the problem statement into a
precise, clear prediction of expected outcomes. It must
be emphasized that hypotheses are not meant to be
haphazard guesses, but should reflect the depth of
knowledge, imagination and experience of the
investigator. Therefore, in the process of formulating
hypotheses, all variables relevant to the study should be
identified.
12/26/18 PATKI 16
17. V. Methodology
This section summarizes the most important points of
the research design including:
• Variables: It is necessary to identify the variables that
will be involved in the research project being designed.
Four types of variable are important in research:
Independent (predisposing/risk factors), Dependent
(outcome/condition/disease), Confounding, and
Background variables. It is also necessary to specify
whether these variables are Numerical
(continuous/discrete), or Categorical (ordinal/nominal).
Operational definition of different study variables should be
clearly phrased.
12/26/18 PATKI 17
18. VI. Work plan
- A work plan is a schedule that summarizes, in a
clear fashion, various components of a research
project and how they fit together.
- It should include:
1. The various tasks to be performed
2. When the tasks will be performed
3. Who will perform the tasks
12/26/18 PATKI 18
19. VII. Plan for utilization and dissemination of research
results
- The proposal should indicate what reports or other
means of disseminating research findings are
planned.
- Any or all of the following are appropriate for
disseminating the results of the study:
⇒ Progress reports
⇒ Final report
⇒ Publications
⇒ Seminars, workshops, and conferences
⇒ Discussion with policymakers and program
managers
12/26/18 PATKI 19
20. VIII. References
The references in your text can be numbered
in the sequence in which they appear in the
report and then listed in this order in the list
of references (Vancouver system).
Please refer to the 'Reference' section of the
final report described below.
12/26/18 PATKI 20
21. IX. Annexes
These may include:
- Interview schedule/ questionnaires
(and/or other data collection tools).
- Informed consent form
- Institutional/Ethical approval for the study
12/26/18 PATKI 21
22. D. Final Report Writing
Main components of a research report:
I. Title or cover page
II. Abstract
III. Introduction
IV. Objectives
V. Methodology
VI. Research results (findings)
VII. Discussion
VIII. Conclusions
IX. Recommendations
X. References
XI. Annexes or appendices (data collection
tools, tables)
12/26/18 PATKI 22
23. I. TITLE OR COVER PAGE
Cover page includes: research title, names of the
authors with their titles and positions, and the
institution that is publishing the report.
The research title could consist of a challenging
statement or question, followed by an informative
subtitle covering the content of the study and
indicating the area where the study was
implemented.
12/26/18 PATKI 23
24. II. ABSTRACT (SUMMARY)
The abstract/summary should be written only after the
final draft of the report has been completed.
It should contain:
- a very brief description of the problem (WHAT)
- the main objectives (WHY)
- the place of study (WHERE)
- the type of study and methods used (HOW)
- major findings and conclusions
- the major recommendations
12/26/18 PATKI 24
25. III. INTRODUCTION
It should certainly contain some relevant
background data related to the problem, then the
statement of the problem should follow. It should
contain a paragraph on what you hoped to
achieve with the results of the study.
Note: Be selective, remembering that this section
serves to justify your study, not to display your
ability to read literature.
12/26/18 PATKI 25
26. IV. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The general and specific objectives should be
included as stated in the proposal.
If necessary, you can adjust them slightly for
style and sequence. However, you should not
change their basic nature.
If you have not been able to meet some of the
objectives, this should be stated in the
methodology section and in the discussion of the
findings.
12/26/18 PATKI 26
27. V. METHODOLOGY
The methodology you followed for the collection of
your data should be described in detail.
The methodology section should include a description
of:
⇒ the study type
⇒ major study variables on which data was collected
⇒ the study population, sampling method and the size
of the sample
⇒ data-collection techniques used
⇒ how the data was collected and by whom
⇒ procedures used for data analysis, including
statistical tests (if applicable)
12/26/18 PATKI 27
28. VI. RESEARCH RESULTS (FINDINGS)
- The systematic presentation of your findings in
relation to the research objectives is the crucial
part of your report.
- A description of the findings may be
complemented by a limited number of tables or
graphs that summarize the findings.
12/26/18 PATKI 28
29. VII. DISCUSSION
- The findings can now be discussed by objective
or by cluster of related variables.
- The discussion may include findings from other
related studies that support or contradict your
own.
- It is important to present and discuss the
limitations of the study.
- Some general conclusions may be included as
well.
12/26/18 PATKI 29
30. VIII. CONCLUSIONS
- The conclusions should follow logically from the
discussion of the findings.
- As the discussion will follow the sequence in
which the findings have been presented (which in
turn depends on your objectives) the conclusions
should logically follow the same order.
12/26/18 PATKI 30
31. IX. RECOMMENDATIONS
- The recommendations should follow logically from
the discussion of the findings.
- Recommendations may be summarized according to
the groups towards which they are directed, for
example:
⇒ policy-makers
⇒ health and health-related managers at different
levels
⇒ health and health-related staff who could
implement the activities
⇒ potential clients
⇒ the community at large
12/26/18 PATKI 31
32. X. REFERENCES
-References should be written in 'Vancouver style'.
-Citing References
1. Number references consecutively throughout the body
of the text in the order in which they are first mentioned.
2. DO NOT include references in your abstract. Identify
references in text, tables and legends by numerals in
parenthesis e.g. (1), (2,3) or (3-6).
3. Some journals require references to be indicated in
superscript which makes typing more difficult.
4. DO NOT use abstracts as your source of information,
you must consult the full text of the article before using it
as a cited reference.
12/26/18 PATKI 32
33. XI. ANNEXES OR APPENDICES
- The annexes should contain any additional
information needed to enable professionals to
follow your research procedures and data
analysis.
- Examples of information that can be presented
in annexes are:
⇒ Tables referred to in the text but not included
in order to keep the report short.
⇒ Interview schedule/ questionnaires (and/or
other data collection tools).
12/26/18 PATKI 33
36. Perception of medical students for
utility of mobile technology use in
medical education
The lessons learned from this study are-majority of the
students use Smartphone mainly for communication, learning,
and entertainment purpose. With increasing use of portable
devices by students, it is logical to expect the next step to
incorporate these devices in the learning environment and
should, therefore, be appropriately considered for curriculum.
12/26/18 PATKI 36
37. Ebola virus: Awareness about the
disease and personal protective
measures among junior doctors of a
tertiary hospital in Bangalore
The knowledge of junior doctors was sub-optimal and
despite the stress on universal work precautions, not
all felt the need to follow them for this disease which
has such a high case fatality rate.
12/26/18 PATKI 37
38. Association of body mass index
with perceived stress in male
students
Therefore, it is suggested that students reported a higher
level of perceived stress may be due to academic and peer
pressure. This emphasizes the need for measure to be
taken to control obesity in young undergraduates to control
the stress and anxiety.
12/26/18 PATKI 38
39. Waist circumference is an
important predictor of pulmonary
functions in medical students
There is a significant deteriorating effect of
smoking on lung function on lung age. WC
appears to be a better predictor of pulmonary
function and lung age than BMI in normal weight
young adults.
12/26/18 PATKI 39
Int jour of clin and expt physiology , 2015, vol2,
issue 4.
40. Prolonged use of mosquito coil,
mats, and liquidators: A review of
its health implications
Mosquito coils are burnt indoors and outdoors in India to control mosquitoes. Human beings
get exposed to a chemically complex mosquito coil smoke containing small particles (<1 μm),
metal fumes, and vapors that may reach the alveolar region of the lung. Coils consist of an
insecticide/repellant, organic fillers, binders, and additives such as synergists, dyes, and
fungicide. Thus, the smoke contains pollutants of health concern. The concentrations of
pollutants resulting from burning mosquito coils may exceed health-based air quality
standards and have ill effect on health. Hence, in this review, we have discussed the health
implications due to burning of mosquito coil, mats, and heating of mosquito refill
liquidators.
12/26/18 PATKI 40
41. Assessment of learning style preferences of
medical undergraduate students: A cross-
sectional study
visual, auditory, read/write, kinesthetic
questionnaire, version 7.3 developed by Neil
Fleming. The students were then scored to
assess the predominant learning modality
used
12/26/18 PATKI 41
Int jour of medicine and public health
42. Morning Blood Pressure vs Evening
blood pressure in students
Evaluated for Hypertension
Nice project to initiate
12/26/18 PATKI 42
43. http://www.gjmedph.org/uploads/o5-
vo2no4.pdf
• An assessment of communication skills of the
students of institute of medicine Bangalore .
• This base line study of MD/MS residents shows that
over all MD/MS residents are deficient in almost all
the components of interpersonal communication
skills. A communication skills training course in
postgraduate medical education could improve the
existing communication skills of the doctors in
12/26/18 PATKI 43
Engaging medical students in &apos;Health Research&apos; will assist them to:understand the role of research in quality medical practice.use modern communication and information technology to access and manage medical information.apply the principles of evidence-based medicine in clinical decision making.solve health problems.contribute to the published research output of their faculty. identify future careers, establish important contacts, and secure better residency positions.
3.Urgency of data needed (timeliness): Are data urgently needed for decision-making or developing interventions at various levels (from community to policy)?
4.Political acceptability of study: Is the topic acceptable to high level policymakers? Or has the topic been the interest and support of the local/national authorities?
5.Feasibility of study: Look at the project you are proposing and consider the complexity of the problem and the resources you will require carrying out your study. Thought should be given first to manpower, time, equipment and money that are locally available.
6.Applicability of results: Is it likely that the recommendations from the study will be applied?
7.Ethical acceptability: We should always consider the possibility that we may inflict harm on others while carrying out research. Therefore, review the study you are proposing and consider important ethical issues such as:
How acceptable is the research to those who will be studied?
Can informed consent be obtained from the research subjects?
Confidentiality of data collected.
The sources of information may include the following:
Text-books in libraries.
Index Medicus, which identify journal articles by subject, author and title.
Computer-based literature searches such as MEDLINE.
Bibliographies, such as those found at the end of books, articles and theses, or prepared as separate documents.
Statistics collected at national, provincial and/or departmental levels.
Opinions and beliefs of key informants (e.g. health managers and community leaders).
A logical sequence for presenting the statement would be:Magnitude, frequency, and distribution: Affected geographical areas and population groups affected by the problem. Probable causes of the problem: What is the current knowledge of the problem and its causes? Is there agreement? Is there controversy? Possible solutions: In what ways have solutions to the problem been attempted? What has been proposed? What are the results?Unanswered questions: What remains to be answered? What areas have not been possible to understand, determine, verify, or test?
Research objectives must be: S-M-A-R-T
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Relevant
Time-bound
-Formulation of General and specific research objectives
The &apos;general objective&apos; of a study states what researchers expect to achieve by the study in general terms.
It is advisable to break down a general objective into smaller, logically connected parts. These are normally referred to as &apos;specific objectives&apos;.
Specific objectives should systematically address the various aspects of the problem, and the key factors that are assumed to influence or cause the problem. They should specify what you will do in your study, where and for what purpose.
Example: Health education involving active participation by mothers will produce more positive changes in child feeding than health education based on lectures.Independent variable (predisposing factor): types of health education.Dependent variable (outcome): changes in child feeding.
Study design: Descriptive (e.g. cross-sectional surveys), Analytic (e.g. cohort and case-control), Experimental strategies (e.g. clinical and preventive trials).
Study population, Selection Criteria, Sample Selection and Size, Sampling method.
Study Setting.
Data Collection Procedures, data collection tools (e.g. questionnaire or interview schedule, clinical examination, laboratory tests, screening procedures, records, etc.).
Plan of Data Processing and Analysis: This should include the plan for processing and coding data, either by manual sorting, machine sorting, or computer programme, and choice of statistical methods to be applied to each hypothesis.
Ethical Considerations: e.g. Ethical approval, Informed consent form.
Pre-Testing the methodology (Pilot Study): It may be possible to pre-test:
-The reactions of respondents to the research procedures and to questions related to sensitive issues.
-The appropriateness of study type and research tools selected for the purpose of the study.
-The appropriateness of format and wording of questionnaires and interview schedules and the accuracy of the translations.
-The time needed to carry out interviews, observations or measurements.
-The feasibility of the designed sampling procedures.
-The feasibility of the designed procedures for data processing and analysis.
Methodological limitations: If you have deviated from the original study design presented in your research proposal, you should explain to what extent you did so and why. The consequences of this deviation for meeting certain objectives of your study should be indicated under the heading ‘limitations of the study’.
- Remember that action-oriented groups are the most important in this section.- In making recommendations, use not only the findings of your study, but also supportive information from other sources.
5. When citing authors in the text, acknowledge only the first author where there are three or more authors, e.g. Williams et al.(1994) stated that .....(1). Where there are two authors cite both, e.g. Jones and Smith (1997) reported that ....(2). Note that a reference at the end of a sentence is included before the period. 6. The list of references must begin on a new page and they are cited by number and sequenced by order of citation. Include all authors in the list of references.
How to format various reference sources?
Journals
Harrison KL, Forster TH. Instruction to authors. Aust J Med Sci 1996; 17: 45-47.
Author(s) of a book
Murray-Smith S. Right Words: A guide to English usage in Australia. 2nd ed. Melbourne: Penguin Books; 1990.
Author(s) of a chapter in a book
Bogduk N. Spinal pain: backache and neck pain. In: Gandevia SC, Burke D, Anthony M, editors. Science and practice in clinical neurology. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press; 1993; 39-57.
Internet referencing:
1.Document/Individual Work
Tyner R. Sink or Swim: Internet search tools and techniques (version 3) [WWW document]. Okanagan University College, 7 July 1998. http://oksw01.okanagan.bc.ca/libr/connect96/search.htm [accessed 19 July 1998].
2.Journals Zorn P, Emanoil M, Marshall L, Panek M. Advanced searching: Tricks of the trade. Online [WWW]. 1996 May; 9 pages. http://www.onlineinc.com/onlinemag/MayOL/zorn5.html [accessed 19 July 1998].