This document discusses selecting and formulating a research problem. It outlines criteria for selecting a problem such as the researcher's interest and competence, the problem's importance and feasibility. Sources of research problems are also discussed. The document provides guidance on grilling a potential problem by asking questions. Dos and don'ts of problem selection are presented. Steps in formulating the problem are outlined, including stating it generally, understanding its nature, surveying literature, and developing objectives. Main steps of conducting research are also summarized.
In this lecture you will learn about the importance of research questions, how they related to research problems, the properties of good research questions, and the differences between quantitative and qualitative research questions.
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE
To explain the concept of Educational Research
To describe the scope of Educational Research
To Identity fundamental research
In this lecture you will learn about the importance of research questions, how they related to research problems, the properties of good research questions, and the differences between quantitative and qualitative research questions.
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE
To explain the concept of Educational Research
To describe the scope of Educational Research
To Identity fundamental research
Essay Examples | How To Write A Research ProposalEssayUK
This presentation explains how to write a research proposal, including the purpose of the proposal, what to include, the structure and common problems that are encountered by students as they research or write their proposal.
What is research
Meaning of Research
Types of research
Management problem v/s. research problem
Research Process
Research applications in business decisions
Features of good research study.....
Moringa-Moringa Aleifera the miracle herb
The moringa tree otherwise called the ”miracle tree” is truly nature’ miracle.This tree actually purifies water (this is used in Haiti and some parts of Africa).For centuries, the natives of Northern India and many parts of Africa have known about the many benefits of Moringa Oleifera, and now this little-known tree is making headlines in the Western World. Moringa translates to mean “miracle”. Packed with over 90 nutrients and 46 antioxidants, this plant is being hailed as the “nutritional dynamite of the century.”
Essay Examples | How To Write A Research ProposalEssayUK
This presentation explains how to write a research proposal, including the purpose of the proposal, what to include, the structure and common problems that are encountered by students as they research or write their proposal.
What is research
Meaning of Research
Types of research
Management problem v/s. research problem
Research Process
Research applications in business decisions
Features of good research study.....
Moringa-Moringa Aleifera the miracle herb
The moringa tree otherwise called the ”miracle tree” is truly nature’ miracle.This tree actually purifies water (this is used in Haiti and some parts of Africa).For centuries, the natives of Northern India and many parts of Africa have known about the many benefits of Moringa Oleifera, and now this little-known tree is making headlines in the Western World. Moringa translates to mean “miracle”. Packed with over 90 nutrients and 46 antioxidants, this plant is being hailed as the “nutritional dynamite of the century.”
DRYING PROCESS OF BERRY FRUIT BY VACUUM DRYING EQUIPMENT (SIMULATION PROCE...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
The dry berries are worthy products since it contains all the vitamins spectrum, for that reason, drying process for the food is producing valuable output. Drying process for the food is not interested in vitamins amount only, it’s about the maintenance level for minor, and macro substances (Ceylan, 2007). Drying process is removing all the interior water of the fruit and has several advantages like producing low weight product, not expensive from packing side, long life storing, and no need for cooling application during storing or transportation (Chen X. D., 2007).
There are different kind of berries, such as strawberry, black currant, raspberry, and cranberry. The objective of this project is simulating the drying process for berry fruits by using vacuum dryer.
Several industries had reported that using vacuum dryer in food manufacturing is applicable but its high cost (Giri, 2007; Clary, 2007). The hardest step in drying process is maintaining the dryer power, as well as the temperature to gain product with the required properties (Lombra, 2010). Some researchers had used integrated hot-air and vacuum dryer together, but they figured out it’s the same results as well as using vacuum dryer (Beaudry, 2004).
This drying equipment is consisting from 70 L volume of a steel cylindrical chamber. The inside pressure is 2 mbar, which is provided by the vacuum pump.
The results were satisfying the industry demand but it’s still following the material kind and the dryer power and …etc.
In conclusion, drying process is not complicated but it needs several different simulations to get the optimistic temperature for avoiding any waste of energy and time.
changing in the cake dimensions with the temperature, in order to get the highest process performance. For that, this simulation process was part from the optimization process but as we know, optimization is not stopping at any step.
The nature of qualitative research formulating research questio.docxdennisa15
The nature of qualitative research: formulating research questions and developing a literature review
Dr Jo Cartwright
Outline for today
Research aims and objectives
Literature reviews
Exercises
Analyse good and bad examples of aims and objectives
Handout – developing your own aims and objectives
Analyse good and bad examples of student literature reviews
Literature review analysis of 5-10 journal articles of your choice
Thinking about your research area
Will be conducting a dissertation next year
Seems a long way off but it is worth giving yourself a good deal of time to think about what you want to conduct your research on
Also can use this module as a ‘testing ground’ to develop your initial ideas and receive feedback
Importance of research questions
Guide your literature search
Guide your decisions about the kind of research design to employ
Guide your decisions about what data to collect and from whom
Guide your analysis of the data
Guide your writing up of the data
Stop you from going off on tangents
Possible sources of research questions
Opposing theoretical perspectives
Contrasting perspectives on women’s choice or structural barriers explaining their lack of progression into SM jobs.
The existing literature
Gaps in the gender equality literature on barriers of SPL for homosexual couples in the workplace
Different organisational structures
Barriers for SPL take-up in flexible vs traditional organisational structures
New methods or theories in new settings
Barriers for SPL take up in the gig economy
New social and technical developments
The role of Brexit on recruitment and retention in xxx industry, or organisational responses to the ageing workforce in xxx industry.
Personal experience
Aesthetic labour in retail
SM = SENIOR MANAGEMENT; SPL = SHARED PARENTAL LEAVE
6
Formulating research questions
Most students want to conduct research into areas that are of personal interest to them
Start out with a general research area or objective
This should then be narrowed down to develop a tighter focus out of which research questions can be developed
Very open ended research is risky and leads to too much data and confusion when writing up
No or poor research questions = poor research
Framework for crafting research questions
Identifying a research question flow - chart
I don’t have a research question, where do I start? Narrow down a research area of interest
1) Narrow down an area of interest (i.e. Growth theory, monetary policy, fiscal policy etc.)
2) Within that area of interest try to answer a research question that:
Has either not been addressed before;
Or has been addressed but that you could extend in a significant way (i.e. new data-set, different econometric/theoretical approach etc.);
Or pioneer a new research area of economics (not recommended)
Note: before you identify a research question it is crucial that you narrow down a research area of interest!
Literature review ( when I don’t have a research q.
The nature of qualitative research formulating research questio.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The nature of qualitative research: formulating research questions and developing a literature review
Dr Jo Cartwright
Outline for today
Research aims and objectives
Literature reviews
Exercises
Analyse good and bad examples of aims and objectives
Handout – developing your own aims and objectives
Analyse good and bad examples of student literature reviews
Literature review analysis of 5-10 journal articles of your choice
Thinking about your research area
Will be conducting a dissertation next year
Seems a long way off but it is worth giving yourself a good deal of time to think about what you want to conduct your research on
Also can use this module as a ‘testing ground’ to develop your initial ideas and receive feedback
Importance of research questions
Guide your literature search
Guide your decisions about the kind of research design to employ
Guide your decisions about what data to collect and from whom
Guide your analysis of the data
Guide your writing up of the data
Stop you from going off on tangents
Possible sources of research questions
Opposing theoretical perspectives
Contrasting perspectives on women’s choice or structural barriers explaining their lack of progression into SM jobs.
The existing literature
Gaps in the gender equality literature on barriers of SPL for homosexual couples in the workplace
Different organisational structures
Barriers for SPL take-up in flexible vs traditional organisational structures
New methods or theories in new settings
Barriers for SPL take up in the gig economy
New social and technical developments
The role of Brexit on recruitment and retention in xxx industry, or organisational responses to the ageing workforce in xxx industry.
Personal experience
Aesthetic labour in retail
SM = SENIOR MANAGEMENT; SPL = SHARED PARENTAL LEAVE
6
Formulating research questions
Most students want to conduct research into areas that are of personal interest to them
Start out with a general research area or objective
This should then be narrowed down to develop a tighter focus out of which research questions can be developed
Very open ended research is risky and leads to too much data and confusion when writing up
No or poor research questions = poor research
Framework for crafting research questions
Identifying a research question flow - chart
I don’t have a research question, where do I start? Narrow down a research area of interest
1) Narrow down an area of interest (i.e. Growth theory, monetary policy, fiscal policy etc.)
2) Within that area of interest try to answer a research question that:
Has either not been addressed before;
Or has been addressed but that you could extend in a significant way (i.e. new data-set, different econometric/theoretical approach etc.);
Or pioneer a new research area of economics (not recommended)
Note: before you identify a research question it is crucial that you narrow down a research area of interest!
Literature review ( when I don’t have a research q.
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE Meaning, definition, purpose and components of research design.
Difference between the terms research method and research methodology.
Adjusting primitives for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Graph algorithms, like PageRank Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) is an adjacency-list based graph representation that is
Multiply with different modes (map)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector multiply.
2. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector multiply.
Sum with different storage types (reduce)
1. Performance of vector element sum using float vs bfloat16 as the storage type.
Sum with different modes (reduce)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector element sum.
2. Performance of memcpy vs in-place based CUDA based vector element sum.
3. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (memcpy).
4. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Sum with in-place strategies of CUDA mode (reduce)
1. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Techniques to optimize the pagerank algorithm usually fall in two categories. One is to try reducing the work per iteration, and the other is to try reducing the number of iterations. These goals are often at odds with one another. Skipping computation on vertices which have already converged has the potential to save iteration time. Skipping in-identical vertices, with the same in-links, helps reduce duplicate computations and thus could help reduce iteration time. Road networks often have chains which can be short-circuited before pagerank computation to improve performance. Final ranks of chain nodes can be easily calculated. This could reduce both the iteration time, and the number of iterations. If a graph has no dangling nodes, pagerank of each strongly connected component can be computed in topological order. This could help reduce the iteration time, no. of iterations, and also enable multi-iteration concurrency in pagerank computation. The combination of all of the above methods is the STICD algorithm. [sticd] For dynamic graphs, unchanged components whose ranks are unaffected can be skipped altogether.
Levelwise PageRank with Loop-Based Dead End Handling Strategy : SHORT REPORT ...Subhajit Sahu
Abstract — Levelwise PageRank is an alternative method of PageRank computation which decomposes the input graph into a directed acyclic block-graph of strongly connected components, and processes them in topological order, one level at a time. This enables calculation for ranks in a distributed fashion without per-iteration communication, unlike the standard method where all vertices are processed in each iteration. It however comes with a precondition of the absence of dead ends in the input graph. Here, the native non-distributed performance of Levelwise PageRank was compared against Monolithic PageRank on a CPU as well as a GPU. To ensure a fair comparison, Monolithic PageRank was also performed on a graph where vertices were split by components. Results indicate that Levelwise PageRank is about as fast as Monolithic PageRank on the CPU, but quite a bit slower on the GPU. Slowdown on the GPU is likely caused by a large submission of small workloads, and expected to be non-issue when the computation is performed on massive graphs.
Enhanced Enterprise Intelligence with your personal AI Data Copilot.pdfGetInData
Recently we have observed the rise of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) that are community-driven or developed by the AI market leaders, such as Meta (Llama3), Databricks (DBRX) and Snowflake (Arctic). On the other hand, there is a growth in interest in specialized, carefully fine-tuned yet relatively small models that can efficiently assist programmers in day-to-day tasks. Finally, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architectures have gained a lot of traction as the preferred approach for LLMs context and prompt augmentation for building conversational SQL data copilots, code copilots and chatbots.
In this presentation, we will show how we built upon these three concepts a robust Data Copilot that can help to democratize access to company data assets and boost performance of everyone working with data platforms.
Why do we need yet another (open-source ) Copilot?
How can we build one?
Architecture and evaluation
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
https://www.meetup.com/unstructured-data-meetup-new-york/
This meetup is for people working in unstructured data. Speakers will come present about related topics such as vector databases, LLMs, and managing data at scale. The intended audience of this group includes roles like machine learning engineers, data scientists, data engineers, software engineers, and PMs.This meetup was formerly Milvus Meetup, and is sponsored by Zilliz maintainers of Milvus.
Adjusting OpenMP PageRank : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
For massive graphs that fit in RAM, but not in GPU memory, it is possible to take
advantage of a shared memory system with multiple CPUs, each with multiple cores, to
accelerate pagerank computation. If the NUMA architecture of the system is properly taken
into account with good vertex partitioning, the speedup can be significant. To take steps in
this direction, experiments are conducted to implement pagerank in OpenMP using two
different approaches, uniform and hybrid. The uniform approach runs all primitives required
for pagerank in OpenMP mode (with multiple threads). On the other hand, the hybrid
approach runs certain primitives in sequential mode (i.e., sumAt, multiply).
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Round table discussion of vector databases, unstructured data, ai, big data, real-time, robots and Milvus.
A lively discussion with NJ Gen AI Meetup Lead, Prasad and Procure.FYI's Co-Found
1. Research Methodology
PART 2
Selecting & Formulating Research Problem
M S Sridhar
Head, Library & Documentation
ISRO Satellite Centre
Bangalore 560017
E-mail: sridhar@isac.gov.in & sridharmirle@yahoomail.com
2. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 2
Selecting & formulating research problem
Synopsis
1. Introduction to Research &
Research methodology
2. Selection and formulation of
research problem
3. Research design and plan
4. Experimental designs
5. Sampling and sampling strategy
or plan
6. Measurement and scaling
techniques
7. Data collection methods and
techniques
8. Testing of hypotheses
9. Statistical techniques for
processing & analysis of data
10. Analysis, interpretation and
drawing inferences
11. Report writing
• Selecting research
problems
- sources
- criteria
• Grilling the problem
• Dos & don’ts
• Still can’t clearly
formulate?
• Steps in formulating
research problem
• Main steps in
conducting research
3. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 3
Selecting Research Problem*
Criteria
I INTERNAL
1. Researcher’s interest
2. Researcher’s competence
3. Researcher’s own resources, i.e., finance, time,
etc.
II EXTERNAL
1. Researchability, i.e., amenability (problems
having solutions)
2. Importance and Urgency, i.e., relative importance
& significance of problem (utility of findings)
3. Novelty or originality
4. Feasibility
- Availability of data
- Suitable methodology
- Co-operation of organisations & individuals
- Available time
5. Facilities/ infrastructure
6. Usefulness and social relevance
7. Research personnel
Sources
1. Reading
2. Academic
experience
3. Daily experience
4. Exposure to field
situations
5. Consultations
6. Brainstorming
7. Research
8. Intuition
* Here ‘problem’ is
not ‘trouble’.
4. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 4
Grilling the problem
Questions to be asked when
an idea is born
1. Is the idea viable ?
2. Is it practicable ?
3. The time factor ?
4. Has it been done before ?
5. What result is expected ?
6. What do colleagues think ?
7. Will a statistician be needed ?
8. What will you personally do ?
(individual’s role in the study)
More questions while
formulating problem
The originating
question - What one
wants to know
The rationale - Why
The specifying the
question - Possible
answers to the
originating question
5. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 5
Selection of Research Problem – Dos & Don’ts
1. Research problems cannot be borrowed; researcher has
to find his own problem
2. Guide can only help to choose a subject / topic
3. Right question must be addressed; Having a topic to read
about is different from having a problem to solve. This
leads to aimless and endless gathering of data and no
way of knowing when we have enough. Further, this leads
to a struggle to decide what to include in report
4. Have unbiased & unattached approach; No mother
complex; Be objective
5. Be uncommitted (i.e., hanging loose) before selection
6. Have more than one problem to ponder, i.e., keep
alternatives
7. Never settle initially itself on a particular approach
8. Interact with experts & practitioners
9. Avoid superficial & obvious problems
6. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 6
Selection of Research Problem – Dos & Don’ts contd…
10. Avoid overdone subjects & controversial subjects
11. Avoid too narrow or too vague problems (Avoid the risk of
settling on a broad topic with 4 or 5 words)
12. Have a preliminary study (quick & dirty study) and / or a brief
feasibility study (examine methodology, etc.)
13. Problems should suit your interest, competence & ability
14. Identify gaps through literature survey
15. Check availability of required data and co-operation of people
concerned
16. Problem should be novel, significant and useful to practitioners;
utility of the expected findings should be judged
17. Spend lot of time in writing and note taking to understand
18. Make preliminary outlines, disagree with what is read, draw
diagrams to connect disparate facts, summarise sources, record
random thoughts, discard later if necessary, start writing at the
very beginning as you go to encourage critical thinking, to
understand sources better and draft more effectively
7. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 7
Still can’t clearly formulate?
Begin early thinking to save time and later panic.
Ask for help: Discuss with others, but then not restrict or
limit your research; Examine whether a smaller part of
bigger part be selected
Look for problems as you read: Gap, error,
misunderstanding, contradictions, inconsistencies,
incomplete explanations; Do more than just pointing out
Look for the problem that your claim solves; work
backward to formulate a better, more interesting
problem than the one that is started
Tip: Most common way research problem is discovered
is by disagreeing with sources; There are standard
contradictions (Booth, 2003)
8. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 8
Steps in Formulating Research Problem
1. Stating problem in a general way (& developing a title)
2. Understanding the nature of problem (& building a
conceptual model)
3. Surveying available literature & past studies
4. Developing ideas through discussion - experience
survey (setting investigative questions)
5. Rephrasing the problem
Objectives and/ or hypotheses
Title
Terms & concepts
Assumptions & postulates
contd…
9. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 9
Steps in Formulating Research Problem contd…
Significance & value
Suitability in terms of ability, time, money, data, etc.
Scope & limitations
- Time & space co-ordinates
- Unit of analysis
- Environmental conditions
6. Methodology (third part, see synopsis)
Note: Formulation has all the benefits of a good research
plan or design and hence can be considered as part of it
10. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 10
Main Steps for Conducting Research
(i) Selection and formulation of research problem and
working hypothesis
(ii) Literature survey
(iii) Overall design or planning the strategy of the study
(iv) Sampling and sampling strategy or plan
(v) Measurement and scaling techniques
(vi) Pilot study
(vii) Data collection
(viii) Processing and analysis of data
(ix) Testing of hypotheses
(x) Interpretation, generalisation and realisation of
objectives
(xi) Preparation, writing, presentation and dissemination
of research results
11. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 11
Research is not a simple linear activity
• Researchers never move in a straight line from finding a topic to
stating a thesis to filling in note cards to drafting and revision
• Real research loops back and forth, moving forward a step or two,
going back and moving ahead again, anticipating stages not yet
begun
• However carefully you plan, research follows a crooked path,
taking unexpected turns, even looping back on itself; Work
through step-by-step; When you can manage the parts, you can
manage the whole
• Research is not like going a well marked path to a familiar
destination; it is more like struggling through overgrown woods,
searching for something you won’t know until you find it
• No one can solve the world’s great problems in a tiny project, but
choosing smaller questions, knowing answers can lead to great
solutions. A good researchers takes us one step further in
understanding great problem by making us better understanding
the problem
12. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 12
Research is a complex process
• it also involves many implicit mysterious creative
processes
Turning a vague interest into a problem worth
posing and solving
Building an argument that motivates readers to
accept your claim
Anticipating the reservations of thoughtful but
critical readers and then responding appropriately
Creating an introduction and conclusion that answer
the toughest of questions, So what?
Reading your own writing as others may, and
thereby learn when and how to revise it
13. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 13
Additional notes for planning the project (Booth, 2003)
Four steps to move from topic to question
1. From an interest to a broad topic
Some problems are already ‘in the air’,
widely debated and deeply researched
Answer to the question should also be
significant to others; others should think
that it is worth solving.
Skim texts, talk to others, visit library,
internet, scan headings for topics; get
references
2. From a broad topic to a focused one
Narrow down by adding special kind of
words and phrases like conflict,
development, etc.
Using nouns derived from verbs, the topic
becomes a step closer to a claim that
readers might find significant. For example
“the history of commercial aviation”
presupposes “commercial aviation has a
history” contd…
Four steps to plan
1. Finding a topic specific
enough to master a
reasonable amount of
information on it
2. Asking questions about
the topic until
something catches
interest
3. Determining what kind
of evidence is
expected in support of
answer
4. Determining whether
sources with such
data exist
Note: steps are neither
linear nor mutually
exclusive
14. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 14
Four steps to move from topic to question contd.
3. From a focused topic to questions
‘Rushing from a topic to a data dump’ is Beginners mistake
Identify the parts and how they are interrelated and how is the topic part of the
larger system
Trace its own history and its role in a larger history:
Identify its characteristics and the categories that include it
Determine its value
Evaluate questions
When you run out of questions, start evaluating them.
Avoid those for which readymade answers are found in reference works.
Combine smaller questions into larger, more significant ones
Settle on a questions or two
A question narrows the search for data to what is required to answer it. On the
other hand, if we have only a topic, we will never know when to stop hunting for
data.
4. From a merely interesting question to its wider significance
Start by asking so what? Why should readers be interested in it?
Make sentence specific statement
Add a question (indirect) about the topic
Motivate your question; It gives a claim on your readers interest
15. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 15
1. Anderson, Janathan, et. al. Thesis and assignment writing. New Delhi:
Wiley, 1970.
2. Best, Joel. Damned lies and statistics. California: University of
California Press, 2001.
3. Best, Joel. More damned lies and statistics; how numbers confuse
public issues. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004
4. Body, Harper W Jr. et.al. Marketing research: text and cases. Delhi: All
India Traveler Bookseller, 1985.
5. Booth, Wayne C, et. al. The craft of research. 2 ed. Chicago: The
University of Chicago Press, 2003.
6. Chicago guide to preparing electronic manuscripts: For authors and
publishers. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987.
7. Cohen, Louis and Manion, Lawrence. Research methods in education.
London: Routledge, 1980.
8. Goode, William J and Hatt, Paul K. Methods on social research.
London; Mc Graw Hill, 1981.
9. Gopal, M.H. An introduction to research procedures in social sciences.
Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1970.
10. Koosis, Donald J. Business statistics. New York: John Wiley,1972.
11. Kothari, C.R. Research methodology: methods and techniques. 2 ed.,
New Delhi: Vishwaprakashan, 1990.
ReferencesReferences
16. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 16
12. Miller, Jane E. The Chicago guide to writing about numbers.
Chicago: the University of Chicago Press, 2004.
13. Rodger, Leslie W. Statistics for marketing. London: Mc-Graw Hill,
1984.
14. Salvatoe, Dominick. Theory and problems of statistics and
econometrics (Schaum’s outline series). New York: McGraw-Hill,
1982.
15. Spiegel, Murray R. Schauim’s outline of theory and problems of
statistics in SI units. Singapore: Mc Graw Hill , 1981.
16. Simpson, I. S. How to interpret statistical data: a guide for librarians
and information scientists. London: Library Association, 1990.
17. Slater, Margaret ed. Research method in library and information
studies. London: Library Association, 1990.
18. Turabian, Kate L. A manual for writers of term papers, theses, and
dissertations. 6 ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1996.
19. Young, Pauline V. Scientific social surveys and research. New Delhi:
Prentice-Hall of India Ltd., 1984.
20. Walizer, Michael H and Wienir, Paul L. Research methods and
analysis: searching for relationships. New York: Harper & Row, 1978.
21. Williams, Joseph M. Style: towards clarity and grace. Chicago: The
University of Chicago Press, 1995.
ReferencesReferences contd.contd.
17. M S Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 2 17
About the Author
Dr. M. S. Sridhar is a post graduate in Mathematics and Business
Management and a Doctorate in Library and Information Science. He
is in the profession for last 36 years. Since 1978, he is heading the Library
and Documentation Division of ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore. Earlier
he has worked in the libraries of National Aeronautical Laboratory
(Bangalore), Indian Institute of Management (Bangalore) and University
of Mysore. Dr. Sridhar has published 4 books, 81 research articles, 22
conferences papers, written 19 course materials for BLIS and MLIS, made
over 25 seminar presentations and contributed 5 chapters to books. E-mail:
sridharmirle@yahoo.com, mirlesridhar@gmail.com, sridhar@isac.gov.in ;
Phone: 91-80-25084451; Fax: 91-80-25084476.