This document discusses various topics related to research methodology. It begins by defining what research is, including that it is a systematic effort to gain new knowledge. It then discusses different types of research such as descriptive, exploratory, and explanatory research. It also discusses different research methods like quantitative and qualitative approaches. Various steps in the research process are outlined, including defining the problem, literature review, data collection and analysis. Finally, it discusses key principles of research ethics like honesty, objectivity, and protecting confidentiality.
What is Social Research
Social research is the combination of Three Words “Social” means society “Re” means again and again and “Search” means to discover, to find and to investigate. Social research is a procedure to investigate the social problems and issues and also it helps us to find the causes and give solution for problems which are faced by society.
Social Research is a method used by social scientists and researchers to learn about people and societies.
social research works to answer many of the questions we have about human behavior. Through scientific study, social research seeks to understand the how and why of human behavior.
Social research is a systematic and logical pursuit made by human beings to find out knowledge from any “phenomenon or relationship”.
Definitions of Social Research
Webster’s Dictionary: “defines it as a careful and critical investigation in the light of newly discovered facts.
Johoda: “It is a continuous investigation for facts is order to solve a problematic situation”,
Roger Bennet: “Research is the discovering of facts through systematic and scientific process.
Fogg: “It is the systematic process of pre-planned inquiry”.
Objectives of Social Research
To discover new ideas
To collect data about an issue, problem or social phenomena.
To provide principles for problems.
Provide knowledge for the solution of a problem.
To remove social tension, misconception, and myths.
To find new ideas and verify old ideas.
To give logical and rational ideas.
Importance of Social Research
Identifying the causes of social problems: social research logically finds the causes of problems from grass root level.
Solution of problems: by the help of Social Research we an be able to effectively solve a particular problem .
New ideas and techniques: social research provides new ideas and technique to solving the individuals, groups, and communities problems.
To develop theories. Many social scientist haves presented their theories through social research. All social, psychological, and environmental theories had been depended on social research.
Increase knowledge: social research is also consider as source of knowledge increase. It increases the knowledge of human being.
Case study is a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon with its real life context using multiple sources of evidence.”
Understanding the concept of social science researchrahuldon1
Research is a very powerful and thoughtful process. It enables a person, scholar, academician to explore beyond the horizon. This document will throw lights on the basic understanding of social science research and philosophy
This presentation slide was prepared by Niroj Dahal for second contact session for M Phil students at Nepal Open University (http://nou.edu.np/), Faculty of Social Science and Education.
This document contains extensive information about the research types applicable to social science researchers. It also helps to have a clear and in-depth awareness of the various types of research including the broad distinction between Qualitative and Quantitative Research.
What is Social Research
Social research is the combination of Three Words “Social” means society “Re” means again and again and “Search” means to discover, to find and to investigate. Social research is a procedure to investigate the social problems and issues and also it helps us to find the causes and give solution for problems which are faced by society.
Social Research is a method used by social scientists and researchers to learn about people and societies.
social research works to answer many of the questions we have about human behavior. Through scientific study, social research seeks to understand the how and why of human behavior.
Social research is a systematic and logical pursuit made by human beings to find out knowledge from any “phenomenon or relationship”.
Definitions of Social Research
Webster’s Dictionary: “defines it as a careful and critical investigation in the light of newly discovered facts.
Johoda: “It is a continuous investigation for facts is order to solve a problematic situation”,
Roger Bennet: “Research is the discovering of facts through systematic and scientific process.
Fogg: “It is the systematic process of pre-planned inquiry”.
Objectives of Social Research
To discover new ideas
To collect data about an issue, problem or social phenomena.
To provide principles for problems.
Provide knowledge for the solution of a problem.
To remove social tension, misconception, and myths.
To find new ideas and verify old ideas.
To give logical and rational ideas.
Importance of Social Research
Identifying the causes of social problems: social research logically finds the causes of problems from grass root level.
Solution of problems: by the help of Social Research we an be able to effectively solve a particular problem .
New ideas and techniques: social research provides new ideas and technique to solving the individuals, groups, and communities problems.
To develop theories. Many social scientist haves presented their theories through social research. All social, psychological, and environmental theories had been depended on social research.
Increase knowledge: social research is also consider as source of knowledge increase. It increases the knowledge of human being.
Case study is a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon with its real life context using multiple sources of evidence.”
Understanding the concept of social science researchrahuldon1
Research is a very powerful and thoughtful process. It enables a person, scholar, academician to explore beyond the horizon. This document will throw lights on the basic understanding of social science research and philosophy
This presentation slide was prepared by Niroj Dahal for second contact session for M Phil students at Nepal Open University (http://nou.edu.np/), Faculty of Social Science and Education.
This document contains extensive information about the research types applicable to social science researchers. It also helps to have a clear and in-depth awareness of the various types of research including the broad distinction between Qualitative and Quantitative Research.
Introduction to Reasearch methods for Financial ecsonomics. The document is important for reasearchers, students and practitioners. It can also be used by lecturers and teachers . I declare the material to be used without any restriction what so ever.
Thank you
The systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources, etc, in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Research is what we do when we have a question or a problem we want to resolve. Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. The first module highlights an overview of all concepts adopted in Research.
Business Research Methodology on SAMSUNG .docxAmanHamza4
A RESEARCH STUDY ON SAMSUNG
Samsung is a South Korean multinational company those starting its business as a small trading company and right now becoming world largest corporation. The company deals with its business in several sectors such as advance technology, finance, petrochemical, semiconductors, plant construction, skyscraper, medicine, fashion, hotels, chemical and others.
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE
To explain the concept of Educational Research
To describe the scope of Educational Research
To Identity fundamental research
Research methodology Notes for B.com,BBA,MBA_Madurai Kamaraj University and f...Manoj Kumar
This PPT is designed to introduce students to the basic concepts of business research methods. This ppt material focuses on the research process in management research. It also focuses on the importance of selection of an appropriate research methods .It is concerned with understanding and application of the variety of research methods, This ppt is structured to cover f: a) nature of research, research design and planning; b) quantitative research design and data collection; d) data interpretation and analysis; and e) writing up research report. The module helps the student to critically examine issues of the selection of an appropriate research method and basic understanding of other research process
This PPt helps you to understand the Re search Methodlogy concepts like Introduction of Research, Research Problem, Literature review
Research types and process, Variables & Hypothesis
Data Collection Methods
Sampling Methods & Process
Scales & Scaling Technique
Data Processing
Analysis & Interpretation
Report Writing
For Unit wise notes use the below links
Unit-I
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodology-unitiresearch-and-its-various-process
Unit-II
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodology-unit-iidata-collection
Unit-iii
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitiiisampling
Unit-IV
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitivmeasurement-and-data-preperationfor-bbabcommba-and-for-other-ug-and-pg-students
Unit-V
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitvreseach-report-for-bcom-bba-mba-and-other-ug-and-pg-courses
Research methodology unit-i-research ∧ its various process_notes for B.co...Manoj Kumar
The Objective of this PPT is give basic introduction about Research Methodology .In This material details about Introduction of Research, Research Problem, Literature review
Research types and process, Variables & Hypothesis
Problems Encountered by Researchers in India
Other concepts will be discussed as separate units with individual PPT for each
For other units notes kindly refer the links below
Unit-II
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodology-unit-iidata-collection
Unit-iii
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitiiisampling
Unit-IV
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitivmeasurement-and-data-preperationfor-bbabcommba-and-for-other-ug-and-pg-students
Unit-V
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitvreseach-report-for-bcom-bba-mba-and-other-ug-and-pg-courses
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. curiosity
curiosity
We are with
DUE TO THIS WHEN THE UNKNOWN
CONFRONTS US, WE WONDER AND OUR
CURIOSITY MAKES US PROBE AND
ATTTAIN TOTAL UNDERSTAINDING TO
3
4. RESEARCH IS A systematized effort to
gain new knowledge.
4
5. IN A TECHNICAL SENSE
RESEARCH COMPRISES
DEFINING AND REDEFINING PROBLEMS
FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS OR SUGGESTED
SOLUTIONS
COLLECTING, ORGANIZING AND EVALUATING DATA
MAKING DEDUCTIONS AND REACHING
CONCLUSIONS AND
AT LAST CAREFULLY TESTING THE CONCLUSIONS TO
DETERMINE WHETHER THEY FIT THE FORMULATING
HYPOTHESIS.
5
6. RESEARCH IS AN ORIGINAL
TO THE EXISTING STOCK OF KNOWLEDGE
MAKING IT MORE ADVANCES.
HUNT
IT IS THE OF TRUTH WITH THE
HELP OF STUDY, OBSERVATION, COMPARISON
AND EXPERIMENT.
6
7. THE MAIN AIM OF RESEARCH IS TO FIND OUT THE TRUTH WHICH IS
HIDDEN AND WHICH HAS NOT BEEN DISCOVERED AS YET.
BUT WE MAY POINT THE FOLLOWING AS MAIN FOCUS
OF RESEARCH:
TO GAIN FAMILIARITY WITH A PHENOMENON OR TO ACHIEVE NEW
INSIGHTS INTO IT. (EXPLORATORY OR FORMULATIVE RESEARCH
STUDIES)
TO DESCRIBE ACCURATELY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A PARTICULAR
INDIVIDUAL, SITUATION OR A GROUP. (DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
STUDIES)
TO DETERMINE THE FREQUENCYWITHWHICH SOMETHING OCCURS
OR WITH WHICH IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH SOMETHING ELSE.
(DIAGNOSTICRESEARCHSTUDIES)
TO TEST A HYPOTHESIS OF A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
VARIABLES.(EXPLANATORYRESEARCHSTUDIES).
7
8. As a concept, ‘research ethics’ refers to a complex set of values,
standards and institutional schemes that help to constitute and
regulate scientific activity. Ultimately, research ethics is a
codification of ethics of science in practice.
In other words, it is based on general ethics of science, just as
general ethics is based on commonsense morality.
There are several reasons why it is important to follow the ethical
norms in research.
1. Norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth,
and avoidance of error.
2. research often involves a great deal of cooperation and
coordination among many different people in different disciplines
and institutions, ethical standards promote the values that are
essential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability,
mutual respect, and fairness.
8
9. Many of the ethical norms help to ensure that researchers
can be held accountable to the public.
Ethical norms in research also help to build public
support for research. People more likely to fund research
project if they can trust the quality and integrity of
research.
Many of the norms of research promote a variety of other
important moral and social values, such as social
responsibility, human rights, compliance with the law, and
health and safety.
Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm students,
and the public.
9
10. The following is a rough and general summary of some
ethical principals such as:
Honesty
Strive for honesty in all scientific communications.
Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and
publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent
data. Do not deceive colleagues, granting agencies, or the
public.
Objectivity
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis,
data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant
writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research
where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or
minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or
financial interests that may affect research.
10
11. Integrity
Keep your promises and agreements; act with
sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.
Carefulness
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and
critically examine your own work and the work of your
peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as
data collection, research design, and correspondence
with agencies or journals.
Openness
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to
criticism and new ideas.
11
12. Confidentiality
Protect confidential communications, such as papers
or grants submitted for publication, personnel records,
trade or military secrets, and patient records.
Responsible Publication
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship,
not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful
and duplicative publication.
12
13. Responsible Mentoring
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote
their welfare and allow them to make their own
decisions.
Respect for colleagues
Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
Social Responsibility
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate
social harms through research, public education, and
advocacy.
Non-Discrimination
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on
the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are
not related to their scientific competence and
integrity.
13
14. Competence
Maintain and improve your own professional
competence and expertise through lifelong education
and learning; take steps to promote competence in
science as a whole.
Legality
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and
governmental policies.
Human Subjects Protection
When conducting research on human subjects,
minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits;
respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy.
14
15. There are various methods to classify the research.
Like;
On the basis of basic nature of research (Pure and
applied research) or on the basis of data dealt
(Qualitative and Quantitative research)
Main purposes of social research are:
•To explore
•To describe
•To explain
In this way, we may illustrate three types of research
15
16. Research
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
answer
question of
who, what,
when and
how
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH
attempts to gain
better
understanding of
different
dimension of
research
EXPLANATORY
RESEARCH
explains
causes of
problems
16
17. Descriptive research provide answer to questions of who,
what, where and how associated with a particular research
problem.
A descriptive study cannot conclusively establish answer to
why.
Descriptive research is used to obtain information
concerning the current status of the phenomena and to
describe “what exists” with respect to variables or
conditions in a situation.
In such a study subject is being observed in a completely
natural and unchanged natural environment.
It yield rich data that lead to important recommendations.
Descriptive research is often used as a pre-cursor to more
quantitatively research designs.
17
18. An exploratory research is conducted about a
research problem when there are few or no earlier
studies to refer to.
The focus is on gaining insights and familiarity for
later investigation or undertaken when problems
are in a preliminary stage of investigation.
It is a useful for gaining background information
on a particular topic.
Exploratory research is flexible and can address
research questions of all types (what, why, how).
18
19. Explanatory research may be thought as understanding a
phenomenon in terms of conditional statements in form, if ‘X’
then ‘Y’.
It is mainly concerned with causes or ‘why’ factor about some
phenomenon.
The hypothesis in an explanatory research that expresses
relationship between two or more variables, i.e. not only
hypothesized that X is related to Y but rather that X has some
particular effect on Y.
In other words, we say that Y is the consequence of X.
Explanatory research focuses on ascertaining the ‘why’ aspect of
correlation.
This kind of research helps researchers understand why the
world works the way it does through the process of proving a
causal link between variables and eliminating other possibilities.
19
20. Research
FUNDAMENTAL
RESEARCH
concern with
understanding
of social world
with
developing
hypothesis and
theories
APPLIED
RESEARCH
concern with
solving specific
problem
20
21. PURE RESEARCH is
also called basic
research, is concerned
with quest for knowledge
and knowing more about
the phenomenon
without concern for its
practical use and also
with developing and
testing hypothesis and
theories.
APPLIED RESEARCH is
concerned with search
for ways of using
scientific knowledge to
solve practical problems.
It focuses on analyzing
and solving social and
real-life problems.
21
22. Research
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
One variable
(independent)
is manipulated
and its effect
upon another
variable
(dependent) is
measured
EVALUATION
RESEARCH
study of
effectiveness of
an action
program
22
23. It is a research in which some of the variables
being studied are manipulated or which seek to
control condition within which persons are
observed.
Here ‘control’ means holding one factor
constant while other are free to vary in the
experiment. One variable (independent) is
manipulated and its effect upon another
variable (dependent) is measured, while other
variable which may confound such a
relationship are eliminated or controlled.
23
24. Research
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Aims at discovering
underlying motives and
desires
Word Association Test,
Sentence Completion Test Or
Other Projective Technique
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Concern with
measurement of
quantities
24
25. QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH employs
quantitative
measurement and use of
statistical analysis. This
kind of research is based
on the methodological
principles of positivism
and follows the
standards of strict
sampling and research
design.
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH presents
non-quantitative type of
analysis. It describes
reality as experienced by
the groups,
communities, individuals
etc.
25
26. Research
LONGITUDINAL
RESEARCH
Study of problem over a
period of time or cross-sectional
study
COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH
Study of similarities or
differences between
different units
26
27. LONGITUDINAL
RESEARCH involves the
study of the problem or
the same body of
phenomena over a period
of time. For example
prevalence of AIDS
among males and
females in India in 1979,
1989, and 1999
COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH the
similarities and
differences between
different units or cultural
or social groups are
studied.
27
28. There are some other types of research
too like:-
Field setting research or laboratory research
or simulation research
Clinical or diagnostic research
Historical research
Conclusion-oriented research
28
29. Research methodology is a way to systematically
solve the research problem.
It may be understood as a science of studying how
research is done scientifically.
In it we study the various steps that are generally
adopted by a researcher in studying his research
problem along with the logic behind them.
29
30. When we talk of research methodology we not only
talk of the research methods but also consider the
logic behind the methods we use in the context of our
research study and explain why we are using a
particular method and why we are not using others so
that research results are capable of being evaluated
either by researcher himself or by other.
30
31. Methodological and philosophical orientations govern
the choice of methods. It helps us to identify
appropriate methods and techniques of data
collection.
Ex.
Positivistic orientation : observational method
Phenomenological model : interviews
Post-modern model : multidimensional
methods
Action research : multiple methods and
multiple investigators.
31
32. Research methods may be understood as all those methods that
are used for conduction of research.
In other words, all those methods which are used by the
researcher during the course of studying his research problem
are termed as research methods.
It can be put into the following three groups:
In the first group we include those methods which are
concerned with the collection of data. These methods will be
used where the data already available are not sufficient to
arrive at the required solution;
The second group consists of those statistical techniques
which are used for establishing relationships between the
data and the unknowns;
The third group consists of those methods which are used to
evaluate the accuracy of the results obtained.
32
33. Field study method:-
in this method subject are observed under their usual
environmental condition of life rather than under
laboratory conditions. The subject may or may not be
aware of being observed. Often interviews are used in
this method.
Experimental methods:-
in which variables being studied are controlled by the
investigator. In other words, the effect of one variable
is observed while other relevant variables are held
constant.
33
34. Survey methods:-
in which a systematic study of a particular community
or a group or an institution is made for analyzing the
problem/ issue/ event.
Case study method:-
in which phenomena is studied through thorough/
intensive/in-depth analysis of the cases, i.e. an
individual, group, community, episode or any other
unit of social life. Variety of facts is related to a single
case.
34
35. Statistical method:-
in which data is collected quantitatively or by
statistics. A statistics may be a measure of central
tendency of dispersion of correlation of difference
between two samples.
Historical method:-
in which information is collected about the past
from written records of all types, reports,
documents, newspapers, diaries, travelers’
accounts etc.
35
36. Evolutionary method:-
in which changes is studied in stages through time
from earlier and generally simpler forms through a
long series of small changes. Each changes results in
minor modification but the cumulative effect of many
changes over a long period of time in the emergence of
more complex forms.
Non-participant direct observation method: in this
method researcher observe the phenomena but not
participate in the phenomena. For example:
Observational behavioral scales, use of score cards,
etc.
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37. Participant observation method: in this method
researcher observe the phenomena with participating
in the phenomena. . For example: Interactional
recording, possible use of tape recorders, photo
graphic techniques etc.
There are other various methods used in social
sciences like mass observation, mail questionnaire,
opinionnaire, personal interview, focused interview,
group interview etc.
The selection of methods broadly depends on nature
of research and universe.
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39. Research process consists of a number of closely
related activities.
These activities overlap continuously rather than
following a strictly prescribed sequence. At times, the
first step determines the nature of the last step to be
undertaken.
One should remember that the various steps involved
in a research process are not mutually exclusive; nor
are they separate and distinct. They do not necessarily
follow each other in any specific order and the
researcher has to be constantly anticipating at each
step in the research process the requirements of the
subsequent steps.
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40. VARIOUS STEPS OF RESEARCH PROCESS
Defining research problem
Reviewing the literature
Identifying the universe
and unit of study
Formulating hypothesis
and identifying variables
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41. Selection of research
techniques and methods
Standardization of
research
Pilot study/ use of statistical
and other methods
collecting data
Analyzing data
Interpretation and report writing
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42. The first step is to select and clearly define the
problem to be researched. You need to find the
problem and formulate it so that it can be subjected to
research.
Specifying the problem/ topic to be studied on the
basis of one’s interest and idea of research. The idea
might come from a theory, a sponsored research or
one’s own interest in specific field.
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43. Give as much emphasis to the area of research as
the topic. To some extent, the choice of the area
determines the success of your research.
For instance, a study on communal relations
cannot be carried out in tribal village.
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44. A good researcher needs to be fully aware of the limits
of your resources and also clearly define the time
frame while designing your research. Unless you draw
up a schedule of the different steps of your research, it
is likely to become a long drawn process, which is bad
for both quality and relevance.
Ex. Cholera epidemics….
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45. But in social sciences unless we not get
liberal time in our research, it will fail
because we cannot subject social
realities to overnight machine test in
the laboratory to obtain quick results.
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46. The purpose of reviewing the existing literature on
your research theme is to help you assess the
feasibility of the project but also to formulate an
effective methodology. You would need to consult
academic journals, conferences, government report,
books, internet, etc.
You may review two types of literature, literature
concerning the concepts and theories, and the
empirical literature consisting of studies made
earlier. You may come across even such studies that
contain both theoretical as well as substantive aspects
of your research. A more sophisticated and clearer
statement of specific research question is likely to
emerge after the literature review.
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47. The hypothesis is a tentative assumption made in
order to test its logical or empirical consequences.
You may define a hypothesis as a proposition or a
set of proposition set forth as an explanation for
the occurrence of some specified phenomena
either asserted merely as a provisional conjecture
to guide some investigation or accepted as highly
probable in the light of established facts.
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48. A hypothesis may have variables and it may be
looking for the nature of the relationship
between the variables.
Variables?
Dependent variables: the variable that you wish to
explain.
Independent variables: other variables expected
to explain the change in dependent variables
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50. We discussed earlier in methodology.
Our methodological and philosophical
orientations govern our choice of methods.
Methodological and theoretical basis of research
also help you identify appropriate methods and
techniques of data collection.
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51. Before starting with data collection you have to
identify the universe and the unit of study. The
identification of universe implies demarcation of the
physical area and social unit of study. The universe
consists of the population within a well-defined area
where the study is to be conducted. However such a
group is usually too large and not possible to be
covered by a single investigator.
Sample?
52. A pilot study is an exploratory study done before
the actual work starts in the field. It is a pre-testing
of your research methods and techniques
in order to perfect them. Pilot study will ensure
that right questions have been put in the
questionnaires for making the fieldwork fruitful.
It makes you aware of difficulties beforehand and
provides you an opportunity of modifying your
techniques to suit field condition.
53. A universe is often too large for an individual to
work upon. A sample is the smaller
representation of a larger whole. Sampling allows
the researcher to work scientifically and saves
time. A sampling frame includes all the elements
of a population from which the sample is drawn.
The determination of an error while sampling,
statistically, or qualitatively is known as sampling
error.
Therefore a sample must be a true representative
as well as being adequate in size.
54. Portion of a population or universe which represent
the characteristics of population is called sample
and the method of selection of such sample is
known as sampling.
On the basis of nature of research and population there
are different sampling methods:
1) Simple random sampling 2) Multi-stage sampling
3) Systematic sampling 4) Stratified random
sampling
5) Cluster sampling 6) Snow-ball sampling
7) Area sampling 8) Quota sampling
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55. Often in social research requires the study of the
‘other’ community and researchers need to make
extensive preparations to gain entry into the
society under study.
Debate:
Study on alien society or culture.
Or
Study on own society or culture.
56. There is several way of data collection:
1. Primary data: those data which are
collected by researcher himself.
2. Secondary data: data which we get by
secondary sources.
57. After data collection, you would turn to their analysis.
Analysis requires a number of closely related operation
such as establishing categories and their application to raw
data through coding, tabulation so that you can draw
statistical inferences.
Often the nature of data collected by you determines the
nature of analysis, yet at the stage of opting for certain
methods of data collection you would have some idea of
the analytical tools you are likely to employ.
Keep in mind the ethics of representation, especially if the
research deals with sensitive issues. While you seek to
unravel social reality, you cannot play with the privacy of
the peoplewho are more than just the subject of research.
58. Whatever may be the types of research works and
studies, one thing that is important is that they all
meet on the common ground of scientific method
employed by them. One expects scientific research to
satisfy the following criteria:
The purpose of the research should be clearly defined
and common concepts be used.
The research procedure used should be described in
sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat
the research for further advancement, keeping the
continuity of what has already been attained.
The procedural design of the research should be
carefully planned to yield results that areas objective as
possible.
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59. The researcher should report with complete
frankness, flaws in procedural design and estimate
their effects upon the findings.
The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate
to reveal its significance and the methods of
analysis used should be appropriate. The validity
and reliability of the data should be checked
carefully.
Conclusions should be confined to those justified
by the data of the research and limited to those for
which the data provide an adequate basis.
Greater confidence in research is warranted if the
researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in
research and is a person of integrity.
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