This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, scientific process for discovering new knowledge. The objectives of research are described as gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, accurately portraying characteristics of a situation, determining frequency of occurrences, and testing hypotheses. The main types of social research discussed are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, and qualitative. Research methods are grouped into those for data collection, establishing relationships between data and variables, and evaluating results. Key aspects of research methodology include explaining the logic and reasons for the methods used to study a problem.

1. RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
By: Amanpreet

2. MEANING OF RESEARCH
 Research in common refers to search for knowledge. One can also define research as a scientific
and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. In fact, research is an art of
scientific investigation.
 Re+search=Research (Re means again and again and search means to find something.)
 Research is an attempt to know new things, facts, information etc. in a scientific manner.
 Its main purpose is to diffuse knowledge and establish theories on the basis of the believable facts.
Definitions :
 L.V. Redman and A.V. Mory, “Systematised effort to gain new knowledge we call research.”
 According to F.A. Ogg, “ Research may or may not come to success; it may or may not add
anything to what is already known it is sufficient that its objectives be new knowledge or at last a
new mode or orientation of knowledge.”

3. WHAT IS SOCIAL RESEARCH ?
Social research may be defined as a scientific undertaking which means logical and systematized
techniques, aims to:
 Discover new facts or verify and test old facts.
 Analyze their sequences, interrelationships ,and causal explanations which were derived within an appropriate
theoretical frame of reference .
 Develop new scientific tools, concepts, and theories which would facilitate reliable and valid study of human
behavior .
In simple words, social research is a systematic method of exploring , analyzing and conceptualizing social
life in order to extend, correct, verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aid in the construction of a theory or in
the practice of an art.

4. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific
procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been
discovered yet. Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may think of research
objectives as falling into a number of following broad groupings:
 1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with this object
in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies);
 2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (studies
with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies);
 3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with
something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research studies);
 4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known as
hypothesis-testing research studies).

5. TYPES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
 Descriptive: The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists
at present.
 Analytical research: In the analytical research the researcher has to use facts or information already
available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
 Applied research: It aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing by a society or an
industrial/business organisation,
 Fundamental (to basic or pure) research is mainly concerned with generalisations and with the
formulation of a theory.
 Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is termed ‘pure’ or ‘basic’ research.
 Quantitative research is based on a larger number of sample of the universe.
 It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.
 Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or
involving quality
 This type of research aims at discovering the underlying motives and desires using in depth interviews
for the purpose.

6. RESEARCH METHODS
 Research methods may be understood as all those methods/techniques that are used for conducting a
research.
 Research methods or techniques, refer to the methods the researchers use in performing research
operations.
 Research methods can be put into the following three groups:
• In the first group we include those methods which are concerned with the collection of data. These
methods will be used where the data already available are not sufficient to arrive at the required solution;
• The second group consists of those statistical techniques which are used for establishing relationships
between the data and the unknowns;
• The third group consists of those methods which are used to evaluate the accuracy of the results obtained.

7. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem.
 When we talk of research methodology we not only talk of the research methods but also consider the logic behind the
methods we use in the context of our research study and explain why we are using a particular method or technique and
why we are not using others so that research results are capable of being evaluated either by the researcher himself or by
others.
 It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically.
 To study the various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic
behind them.
 It is necessary for the researcher to design his methodology for his problem as the same may differ from problem to
problem. For example, an architect, who designs a building, has to consciously evaluate the basis of his decisions, i.e., he
has to evaluate why and on what basis he selects particular size, number and location of doors, windows and ventilators,
uses particular materials and not others and the like. Similarly, in research the scientist has to expose the research decisions
to evaluation before they are implemented.
 Research methodology has many dimensions and research methods do constitute a part of the research methodology.

8. Cont…
 The scope of research methodology is wider than that of research methods. Thus, when we talk of research
methodology we not only talk of the research methods but also consider the logic behind the methods we
use in the context of our research study and explain why we are using a particular method or technique and
why we are not using others so that research results are capable of being evaluated either by the researcher
himself or by others.
 Why a research study has been undertaken, how the research problem has been defined, in what way and
why the hypothesis has been formulated, what data have been collected and what particular method has
been adopted, why particular technique of analysing data has been used and a host of similar other
questions are usually answered when we talk of research methodology concerning a research problem or
study.
 It is necessary for the researcher to know, not only the research methods/techniques, but also the
methodology.
 Researchers not only need to know how to develop certain tests, how to calculate the mean, the mode, the
median or the standard deviation or chi-square, how to apply particular research techniques, but they also
need to know which of these methods or techniques, are relevant and which are not, and what would they
mean and indicate and why.
 Researchers also need to understand the assumptions underlying various techniques and they need to know
the criteria by which they can decide that certain techniques and procedures will be applicable to certain
problems and others will not.

9. Thank you…