A research design is a plan or blueprint that guides how research will be conducted, including what data will be collected and how it will be analyzed. It aims to address the research question in an efficient way. A good research design facilitates the research process, makes it more effective and efficient, and yields useful results with minimal time and costs. It helps control for unwanted variables and errors to obtain valid and objective conclusions about the relationship between variables. The key components of a research design include sampling, observations, statistics, and operational aspects.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Meaning, Need, Features, Concept relating to Research Design, Types of Research Design, Sampling – Meaning, Steps in Sampling, Sampling Methods (Probability and Non-Probability Methods)
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
Exploratory Research Design - Meaning and MethodsSundar B N
This ppt contains Exploratory Research Design which covers Introduction to Exploratory Research, Meaning of Exploratory Research, Techniques of Exploratory Research, Examples of Exploratory Research, Methods of Designing Exploratory Research
Meaning, Need, Features, Concept relating to Research Design, Types of Research Design, Sampling – Meaning, Steps in Sampling, Sampling Methods (Probability and Non-Probability Methods)
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
Exploratory Research Design - Meaning and MethodsSundar B N
This ppt contains Exploratory Research Design which covers Introduction to Exploratory Research, Meaning of Exploratory Research, Techniques of Exploratory Research, Examples of Exploratory Research, Methods of Designing Exploratory Research
The research approach indicates the basic procedure for conducting research.
Research approach is the technique which the researcher uses to structure a study in order to gather and analyze information relevant to the research question .
: A Research design is a logical and systemic plan prepared for directing research. It specifies the objectives of the study, the methodology and techniques to be adopted for achieving the objectives. It constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. It is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions. A research design is the program that guides the investigator in the process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting observations.
Diabetes triad, physiology, role of physical activity, effects of exercise, clinical implications, potential adverse effect of exercise, evaluation, types of physical activity, peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, summary
What is biofeedback therapy and who can benefit? Biofeedback therapy is a non-drug treatment in which patients learn to control bodily processes that are normally involuntary, such as muscle tension, blood pressure, or heart rate........
Rehabilitation psychology, definition, scope and methods. Functions of rehabilitation psychology, work setting of rehabilitation psychologists
Psychological approach to rehabilitation: assessment, diagnosis, treatment and certification
Role of psychologist in disability rehabilitation.
Overview of Sullivan interpersonal theory, biography, tensions, dynamisms, personifications, levels of cognition, stages of development, psychological disorders, psychotherapy, salience, critique of Sullivan
Overview of Fromm humanistic Psychoanalysis, biography, assumptions, human needs, the burden of freedom, character orientations, personality disorders, psychotherapy, methods of investigation, related research, critique, concept of humanity
Definition of forensic Psychology
History of forensic Psychology
Forensic Psychology in court
Subfields of forensic Psychology
Difference in the function of forensic and clinical psychology
Difference in forensic and clinical assessment
Roles of forensic Psychology
Ethical considerations
Mood and affect
Feeling and emotion
Normal emotional reactions
Classification of emotion
Abnormal emotional reactions
Abnormal expression of emotion
Abnormal predispositions
Morbid expression of emotion
Disorder of emotion
What is consciousness
Characteristics of consciousness
Dimension of consciousness
Disturbance of consciousness
Active and passive consciousness
Distractibility
Dream like change of Consciousness
Unconsciousness
Memory : immediate memory, short term memory, long term memory
Autobiographical memory
Organic impairment of memory
Psychogenic amnesia
Organic amnesias
Other amnesias
Organic impairment of memory
Various disturbances of memory
Confabulation
Screen memory
Subjective motor Disorders
Objective motor Disorders
Disorders of adaptive movements
Disorders of reactive movements
Disorders of goal directed movements
Disorders of non adaptive movements
Sterotype
Parakinesia
Involuntary movements
Tremors, chorea, athetosis, spasmodic torticollis
Abnormal induced movements
Motor speech disturbances
Disorders of posture
Abnormal complex patterns of behaviour
Movement Disorders associated with antipsychotic medication
Affect and Mood
Describing affect: Type / quality, Range / variability, Degree / intensity, Stability / reactivity, Congruence, Appearance
Affect has three functions
Describing mood: Type / quality, Stability, Pattern of mood disturbance
Emotion, Classification of emotion, Normal emotional reactions, Abnormal emotional reactions, Abnormal reaction of emotion, Morbid expression of emotion, Communication of mood, Categories of emotion, Pathological changes in mood, Feeling of loss, Anhedonia, Feeling of impending disaster, Ecstasy, Feelings attached with the perception of objects, Feelings directed towards people, Free floating emotion, Experience and expression of emotion, Vital feelings, Religious feelings, Manic Depressive mood, Suicidal thoughts, Depersonalization, Internal restlessness, Cyclothymia and related conditions, Depression and loss, Grief, Helplessness and hopelessness, Mania, Manic thoughts
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2. “A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and
analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the
research purpose with economy in procedure.”
Research design is needed because it facilitates the smooth sailing of the
various research operations, thereby making research as efficient as
possible yielding maximal information with minimal expenditure of
effort, time and money. Just as for better.
Defining Research Designs
3. A research design is a basic plan that guides the data
collection and analysis phases of the research project. It
provides the framework that specifies the type of
information to be collected, its sources and collection
procedure (Kinnear & Taylor, 1996; Churchill & Iacobucci
2005) define research design: “it is the blueprint that is
followed to complete the study” and it “ensures that the study
is relevant to the problem and will use economical
procedure”.
Decisions regarding what, where,
when, how much, by what means
concerning an inquiry or a
research study constitute a
research design.
4. Research Designs
Different research designs can be conveniently categorized as:
• Research design in case of exploratory research studies;
• Research design in case of descriptive and diagnostic research
studies, and
• Research design in case of hypothesis-testing research studies.
5. One may split the overall research design into the following
parts :
• Sampling design
• Observational design
• Statistical design
• Operational design
Parts of a Research Design
6. The sampling design which deals with the method of
selecting items to be observed for the given study;
The observational design which relates to the conditions
under which the observations are to be made;
The statistical design which concerns with the question of
how many items are to be observed and how the
information and data gathered are to be analysed; and
The operational design which deals with the techniques by
which the procedures specified in the sampling, statistical
and observational designs can be carried out.
9. The Selection of any research design is based upon the purpose of the
investigation, types of the variables and the condition in which the
research is to be conducted.
Research Design is the detailed plan of the investigation. It is the blueprint
of the detailed procedures of testing the hypothesis and analyzing the
obtained data.
So, it maybe defined as the the sequence of those steps taken ahead of
time to ensure that the relevant data will be collected in a way that
permits objective analysis of the different hypothesis formulated with
respect to the research problems.
Thus ,the research design helps the researcher in testing the hypothesis by
reaching valid and objective conclusions regarding the relationship
between independent & dependent variable.
10. It is a plan that specifies the sources and types of information relevant
to the research problem.
It is a strategy specifying which approach will be used for gathering
and analyzing the data.
It also includes the time and cost budget since most studies are done
under these two constraints.
In brief, research design must , at-least, contain
a) A clear statement of the research problem.
b) Procedures and techniques to be used for gathering information.
c) The population to be studied.
d) Methods to be used in processing and analyzing data.
11. Research Design is needed because it facilitates the
smooth sailing of the various research operations
thereby, making research as effective & efficient as
possible, yielding maximal information with
minimal expenditure of effort ,time and money
12. The purpose of any research design is to provide a maximum amount of
information relevant to the problem under investigation at a minimum
cost.
Basically, a research design serves two functions :
First, it answers the research questions as objectively, validly and
economically as it is possible. This is an important function served by any
research design. The research problems are usually epitomized by the
hypothesis.
• It suggests to a researcher how to collect data for testing these
hypothesis , which variables should be treated as control variables.
• What methods of manipulation will be more adequate in a particular
context, what types of statistical analyses should be done and finally a
possible answer to the research problems.
• Thus a research design, after moving through the sequence of different
related steps ,enables the researcher to draw a valid and objective
answer to research problems.
13. Second, a researcher design also acts as a control mechanism. In other
words, it enables the researcher to control unwanted variances. In any
scientific investigation there are three types of common variances,
namely, the experimental variance, the extraneous variance and error
variance with which the researcher is directly concerned.
1.Experimental Variance
Experimental variance is produced in the dependent variable by the
manipulation of the experimental variables or the independent variables
by the experimenter.
Usually , the experimenter or the researcher wants to maximize the
experimental variances, so that he can get as valid and objective data as is
possible.
For maximizing the experimental variance, the investigator experiments
in a way that different experimental conditions become as different as
possible.
14. 2.Extraneous Variance or Control Variance
Extraneous variance or control variance is produced by the extraneous
variables or the relevant variables . An experimenter always tries to
control the relevant variables and thus , also wants to eliminate the
variances produced by these variables. For elimination of extraneous
variance it is essential that the extraneous variables be properly
controlled.
15. 3.Error variance
The third function of a research design is to minimize the error variance.
The error variance is defined as those variances or variability's in the
measure which occur as a function of the factors not controllable by the
experimenter.
Such factors may be related to the individual differences among the subjects
themselves , such as their attitudes , motivation , need , ability , etc., or they
may be related to what is commonly called the errors of measurement ,
such as the difference in trials , differences in conditions of experiment ,
temporary emotional state of the subject , fatigability , etc.
16. Whatever the source of error variance , it has three distinct features :
i) Error variance is self compensating because sometimes the variability
is positive and sometimes the variability is negative
ii) Since error variance is both positive and negative , it tends to cancel
out in several repeated measurements. Hence, it can be said that in
several repeated measurements the mean of the error variance will be
zero.
iii) Error variance is unpredictable probably because it is based on
random errors. In this way , the error variance is distinct from
systematic variance because the latter is predictable and based upon
systematic errors.
17. The minimization of error variance basically serves two purposes :
First, it improves the variability of measure so that the generalization can be
more dependable and accurate.
Thus, it strengthens the external validity of the experiment .
Second, it gives the systematic variance a chance to show its significance, if
it really is significant.
If the error variances ( in ANOVA usually the within the group variance ) is
large , the systematic variance ( or between variance ) will not be
significant.
The error variance can be usually minimized by controlling the conditions
of the experiment. If the different conditions of an experiment are fully
controlled , the occurrence of error variance is minimized to agreat extent.
In an experiment allowing many uncontrolled conditions , the error
variance accumulates to higher proportions.
Finally, it maybe added that one of the objectives of a good research is to
provide unambiguous results and to avoid “confounding”.