This document outlines the 7 step process of conducting research: 1. Define the research problem by thoroughly understanding it and expressing it clearly. 2. Conduct a literature review using manuals, records, journals and published data. 3. Formulate a hypothesis to guide the research and keep it focused. 4. Prepare a research design to efficiently collect relevant evidence. 5. Collect primary data through methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires. 6. Analyze the data both quantitatively and qualitatively which may include coding, editing and tabulation. 7. Interpret the findings and write a report on the research process and results.

1. Topic: Research and Its Process
The Islamia University of
Bahawalpur
Muhammad Khizer Hayat
Khaleel Ahmad
Session: 2016-18 (Spring)
Semester: 3rd
Supervised By: Dr.Fakhra Shamim

2. MEANING OF RESEARCH AND PROCESS
RESEARCH
“ A SYSTEMATIZED EFFORT TO GAIN NEW KNOWLEDGE”(RED MAN & MORY)
OR
“A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new
facts in any branch of knowledge”
PROCESS
PROCESS INCLUDES STEPS FOLLOWED TO DO A PARTICULAR RESEARCH.
Research Sources are mainly of two types
1. Primary Research
 It includes collection of data not previously existent
 Examples are Interviews ,Surveys ,Speeches or performances
2. Secondary Research
o It includes summary, collation
o Examples are Books, Journals

3. Step One: Define Research Problem
The research process begins with the recognition of a problem.
There are two types of research problem,
 relate to states of nature
 relationship between variables.
Two steps are involved in define research problem,
 understanding the problem thoroughly and
 express the same into meaningful terms
7 steps to conduct research

4. Step Two: Review of Literature
It is necessary for the researcher to conduct an
extensive survey connected with the problem.
For this purpose –
Manuals
Company Records
journals ,published data can be used.

5. Step Three: Formulate Hypothesis
 Formulate hypothesis is tentative
assumption made in order to draw out and
test its logical consequences. Hypothesis
should be very specific and limited to the
piece of research in hand because it has to
be tested.
The role of the hypothesis is to guide the
researcher by delimiting the area of research
and to keep him on the right track.

6. Step Four: Preparing the Research Design
 The function of research design is to provide
for the collection of relevant evidence with
minimal expenditure of effort, time and money.
 Research purpose may be grouped into four
categories,
(1) Exploration, (2) Description,
(3) Diagnosis, and (4) Experimentation.

7. Step Five: Data Collection
 Primary data can be collected through:
By Observation
Through Schedules
Through personal interview
Through telephone interview
By mailing of questionnaires

8. Step Six: Data Analysis
The Analyses of data can of two types:
 Quantitative analysis
 Qualitative analysis
The analysis of data requires a number of closely
related operations such as establishment of
categories. This stage mainly include :
1. Coding
2. Editing
3. Tabulation

9. Step Seven: Interpretation and Report Writing
Researcher has to prepare the report of what
has been done by him.
Writing of report includes:
1. the preliminary pages;
2. the main text, and
3. the end matter.