This document discusses different types of validity in testing, including external validity, internal validity, population validity, and ecological validity. It defines validity as the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. The document also lists 11 potential problems that can threaten internal validity in experimental research, such as history effects, maturation effects, testing effects, instrumentation effects, and selection biases. Maintaining internal validity is important so that any differences observed are due to the independent variable rather than other confounding factors.
How can we better understand the creative process in advertising? Griffin and Morrison offer an overview of their latest research project in a presentation from the 2010 American Academy of Advertising Conference (AAA) in Minneapolis, MN.
jamovi is a compelling alternative to costly statistical products such as SPSS and SAS. jamovi is made by the scientific community, for the scientific community. This presentation explains the process of computing the confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis with the use of the jamovi software.
Academic success and promotion in medicine largely depends on the quality and quantity of received grants. Grant money brings prestige and notoriety to the writer and his institution. However, writing a grant proposal can be a challenging task especially for the inexperienced researcher. As research budgets are being reduced by many funding agencies and more researches are competing for it, it is becoming increasingly important to be able to write a grant proposal of high quality.
The purpose of this article is to give the reader guidance on how to organize a research proposal in order maximize chances to obtain the desired funding. Key aspects will be highlighted and practical tips emphasized. This article will primarily focus on writing a grant for a clinical study.
Notion of plagiarism in scholarship, facets of plagiarism, legalities concerning plagiarism, some cases, tools and techniques for detecting plagiarism, educating which calls for librarians' role, issues, means and ways to avoid plagiarism.
How can we better understand the creative process in advertising? Griffin and Morrison offer an overview of their latest research project in a presentation from the 2010 American Academy of Advertising Conference (AAA) in Minneapolis, MN.
jamovi is a compelling alternative to costly statistical products such as SPSS and SAS. jamovi is made by the scientific community, for the scientific community. This presentation explains the process of computing the confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis with the use of the jamovi software.
Academic success and promotion in medicine largely depends on the quality and quantity of received grants. Grant money brings prestige and notoriety to the writer and his institution. However, writing a grant proposal can be a challenging task especially for the inexperienced researcher. As research budgets are being reduced by many funding agencies and more researches are competing for it, it is becoming increasingly important to be able to write a grant proposal of high quality.
The purpose of this article is to give the reader guidance on how to organize a research proposal in order maximize chances to obtain the desired funding. Key aspects will be highlighted and practical tips emphasized. This article will primarily focus on writing a grant for a clinical study.
Notion of plagiarism in scholarship, facets of plagiarism, legalities concerning plagiarism, some cases, tools and techniques for detecting plagiarism, educating which calls for librarians' role, issues, means and ways to avoid plagiarism.
Workshop Part 2: Publication Ethics for Biomedical Researchers (BioMed Centra...balaram_biomedcentral
The second presentation in the 2015 BioMed Central author workshop presented at institutions in Brazil.
In this segment, Dr. Maria Kowalczuk, Biology Editor, shares information on research ethics and publication ethics, drawing from her experience as a member of the BioMed Central Research Integrity Group.
Presentation given at Organization for Human Brain Mapping Annual Meeting in Singapore 2018
Video recording: https://www.pathlms.com/ohbm/courses/8246/sections/12538/video_presentations/116214
The learning outcome-based curriculum (LOCF) approach establishes a framework for the learning outcomes and academic standards that students are expected to meet.
https://www.iitms.co.in/blog/guide-to-learning-outcome-based-curriculum-framework-locf-part-1.html
Redundant, Duplicate and Repetitive publications are the most important concerns in the scientific research/literature writing. The occurrence of redundancy affects the concepts of science/literature and carries with it sanctions of consequences. To define this issue is much challenging because of the many varieties in which one can slice, reformat, or reproduce material from an already published study. This issue also goes beyond the duplication of a single study because it might possible that the same or similar data can be published in the early, middle, and later stages of an on-going study. This may have a damaging impact on the scientific study/literature base. Similar to slicing a cake, there are so many ways of representing a study or a set of data/information. We can slice a cake into different shapes like squares, triangles, rounds, or layers. Which of these might be the best way to slice a cake? Unfortunately, this may be the wrong question. The point is that the cake that is being referred to, the data/ information set or the study/findings, should not be sliced at all. Instead, the study should be presented as a whole to the readership to ensure the integrity of science/technology because of the impact that may have on patients who will be affected by the information contained in the literature/findings. Redundant, duplicate, or repetitive publications occur when there is representation of two or more studies, data sets, or publications in either electronic or print media. The publications can overlap partially or completely, such that a similar portion, major component(s), or complete representation of a previously/simultaneous ly or future published study is duplicated.
SALAMI SLICING: The slicing of research publication that would form one meaningful paper into several different papers is known as salami publication or salami slicing. Unlike duplicate publication, which involves reporting the exact same data in two or more publications, salami slicing involves breaking up or segmenting a large study into two or more publications. These segments are called slices of a study. As a general rule, as long as the slices of a broken-up study share the same hypotheses, population, and methods, this is not acceptable in general practice. The same slice should never be published more than once at all. According to the United States Office of Research Integrity (USORI), salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature/findings by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each salami slice (journal article) is derived from a different subject sample/source. Somehow this practice not only skews the scientific database but it creates repetition to waste reader's time as well as the time of editors and peer reviewers, who must also handle each paper separately.
Research Ethics :-
Ethics are norms of conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
Ethics are the principles and guidelines that help us to uphold things we value.
Meaning :-
Research ethics involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving scientific research.
Research ethics educates and monitors a scientist conducting a research to ensure a high ethical standards.
Basic Principles of Research Ethics :-
Honesty
Objectivity
Integrity
Carefulness
Openness
Respect for intellectual property
Confidentiality
Respect for Colleagues
Non discrimination
Social Responsibility
This is lesson 2 of the course on Research Methodology conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Workshop Part 2: Publication Ethics for Biomedical Researchers (BioMed Centra...balaram_biomedcentral
The second presentation in the 2015 BioMed Central author workshop presented at institutions in Brazil.
In this segment, Dr. Maria Kowalczuk, Biology Editor, shares information on research ethics and publication ethics, drawing from her experience as a member of the BioMed Central Research Integrity Group.
Presentation given at Organization for Human Brain Mapping Annual Meeting in Singapore 2018
Video recording: https://www.pathlms.com/ohbm/courses/8246/sections/12538/video_presentations/116214
The learning outcome-based curriculum (LOCF) approach establishes a framework for the learning outcomes and academic standards that students are expected to meet.
https://www.iitms.co.in/blog/guide-to-learning-outcome-based-curriculum-framework-locf-part-1.html
Redundant, Duplicate and Repetitive publications are the most important concerns in the scientific research/literature writing. The occurrence of redundancy affects the concepts of science/literature and carries with it sanctions of consequences. To define this issue is much challenging because of the many varieties in which one can slice, reformat, or reproduce material from an already published study. This issue also goes beyond the duplication of a single study because it might possible that the same or similar data can be published in the early, middle, and later stages of an on-going study. This may have a damaging impact on the scientific study/literature base. Similar to slicing a cake, there are so many ways of representing a study or a set of data/information. We can slice a cake into different shapes like squares, triangles, rounds, or layers. Which of these might be the best way to slice a cake? Unfortunately, this may be the wrong question. The point is that the cake that is being referred to, the data/ information set or the study/findings, should not be sliced at all. Instead, the study should be presented as a whole to the readership to ensure the integrity of science/technology because of the impact that may have on patients who will be affected by the information contained in the literature/findings. Redundant, duplicate, or repetitive publications occur when there is representation of two or more studies, data sets, or publications in either electronic or print media. The publications can overlap partially or completely, such that a similar portion, major component(s), or complete representation of a previously/simultaneous ly or future published study is duplicated.
SALAMI SLICING: The slicing of research publication that would form one meaningful paper into several different papers is known as salami publication or salami slicing. Unlike duplicate publication, which involves reporting the exact same data in two or more publications, salami slicing involves breaking up or segmenting a large study into two or more publications. These segments are called slices of a study. As a general rule, as long as the slices of a broken-up study share the same hypotheses, population, and methods, this is not acceptable in general practice. The same slice should never be published more than once at all. According to the United States Office of Research Integrity (USORI), salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature/findings by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each salami slice (journal article) is derived from a different subject sample/source. Somehow this practice not only skews the scientific database but it creates repetition to waste reader's time as well as the time of editors and peer reviewers, who must also handle each paper separately.
Research Ethics :-
Ethics are norms of conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
Ethics are the principles and guidelines that help us to uphold things we value.
Meaning :-
Research ethics involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving scientific research.
Research ethics educates and monitors a scientist conducting a research to ensure a high ethical standards.
Basic Principles of Research Ethics :-
Honesty
Objectivity
Integrity
Carefulness
Openness
Respect for intellectual property
Confidentiality
Respect for Colleagues
Non discrimination
Social Responsibility
This is lesson 2 of the course on Research Methodology conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Steps in conducting a RCT
1. Drawing up a protocol
2. Selecting Reference & Experimental population
3. Randomization
4. Manipulation or Intervention
5. Follow up
6. Assessment of outcome
1. Drawing up a protocol
Aims and objectives of the study
Questions to be answered
Criteria for the selection of study and control groups
Size of the sample & allocation of subjects in both groups
Treatment to be applied - when, where, how
Standardization of working procedures and
Schedules as well as responsibilities of persons involved in the trial up to the stage of evaluation of outcome of the study.
2. Selecting Reference and Experimental Populations
Reference or target population - Population to which the findings of the trial, if found successful, are expected to be applicable (Eg: drugs, vaccines, etc.)
Experimental or Study population
Derived from the Reference population
Has same characteristics as the Reference population
Actual population that participates in the experimental study
Must give informed consent - Should be qualified or eligible for the trial
3. Randomization
Heart of the control trial
Procedure:
Participants are allocated into study and control groups
Eliminates bias and allows comparability
By random allocation every individual gets an equal chance for being allocated in to either groups.
4. Manipulation/ Intervention
Having formed the study and control group, the next step is to intervene or manipulate the study (experimental) group by deliberate application or withdrawal or reduction of a suspected causal factor
Eg: Drug, Vaccine, Dietary component, a habit
5. Follow up
Implies examination of the experimental and control group subjects at defined intervals of time in a standard manner, with equal intensity, under the same given circumstances in the same time frame till final assessment of outcome.
Attrition:
Inevitable losses to follow up (death, migration, loss of interest)
6. Assessment
a. Positive results:
Reduced incidence or severity of disease
Reduced cost to health service
Appropriate outcome in the study
b. Negative results:
Increased severity or frequency of side effects
Complications
Deaths
BIAS:
Any systematic error in the determination of association and outcome.
Bias may arise from errors of assessment of outcome due to human element
Subjective bias
Observer bias
Evaluation bias
1. Subjective Bias:
Participants, subjectively feel better or report improvement if they knew they were receiving a new form of treatment. This is known as “Subject variation”.
2. Observer Bias:
Investigator measuring the outcome of a therapeutic trial may be influenced if he knows beforehand the particular procedure or therapy to which the patient has been subjected.
3. Evaluation Bias:
Investigator may subconsciously give a favorable report of the outcome of the trial.
Blinding:
1. Single Blind Trial: Participant
2. Double Blind: Partcipant + Investigator
3. Triple Blind: Participant + Investigator + Data Analyzer
Randomization – From The Technical FrontClinosolIndia
Randomization is a fundamental concept in clinical research that refers to the process of randomly assigning participants to different study groups. Randomization is a crucial tool for reducing bias and ensuring that study results are unbiased and statistically valid.
Randomization involves assigning participants to study groups in a way that is not influenced by any factors that could potentially affect the outcome of the study. This is typically done using a computer-generated randomization sequence or a random number table.
There are several benefits to using randomization in clinical research. First, it helps to ensure that the study groups are comparable in terms of baseline characteristics, such as age, sex, and disease severity. This reduces the risk of bias and confounding factors that could impact study results.
Second, randomization helps to ensure that any observed differences between the study groups are due to the intervention being tested, rather than other factors. This is critical for establishing causality and determining whether a particular intervention is effective.
Finally, randomization helps to ensure that the results of the study are statistically valid. By randomly assigning participants to study groups, researchers can calculate the probability of obtaining the observed results by chance alone, which helps to determine the significance of the findings.
In summary, randomization is a critical tool for ensuring the validity and reliability of clinical research results. By reducing bias and ensuring that study groups are comparable, randomization helps to establish causality and determine the effectiveness of medical interventions.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
1. Topic: Validity of Problems
The Islamia University of
Bahawalpur
Muhammad Khizer Hayat
Khaleel Ahmad
Session: 2016-18 (Spring)
Semester: 3rd
Supervised By: Dr.Fakhra Shamim
2. Def:
“Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to
measure. It is vital for a test to be valid in order for the results to
be accurately applied and interpreted.”
Types of Validity:
External Validity:
It is the extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized to
different situations, different groups of people, different settings, different
conditions, etc.
Internal Validity:
It is basically the extent to which a study is free from flaws and that any
differences in a measurement are due to an independent variable and
nothing else.
Population Validity:
It refers to the extent to which the findings can be generalized to other
populations of people.
Ecological Validity:
It refers to the extent to which the findings can be generalized beyond the
present situation.
3. • Problems:
•
• 1. History:- events that occur besides the treatment (events in the
environment).
• 2. Maturation:- physical or psychological changes in the participants.
• 3. Testing:-effect of experience with the pretest - - become test wise.
• 4. Instrumentation:- learning gain might be observed from pre to posttest
simply due to nature of the instrument. Particularly a problem in
observation studies when observers more likely to give ratings based on
expectations (conscious or subconscious).
• 5. Statistical Regression:-Tendency for participants whose scores fall at
either extreme on a variable to score nearer the mean when measured a
second time.
• 6. Differential Selection:-Effect of treatment confounded with other factors
because of differential selection of participants, problem in non random
samples.
• 7. Experimental Mortality:-participants lost from the study, attrition.
4. 8. Selection-maturation Interaction:- similar to differential selection,
except maturation is the confounding variable.
9. Experimental Treatment Diffusion:-Treatment is perceived as highly
desirable and members of control group seek access.
10. Compensatory Rivalry by Control Group:- (John Henry Effect) - - control
group performs beyond expectations because they perceive they are in
competition with experimental group.
11. Compensatory Equalization of Treatments:- occurs when experimental
group received goods or services perceived as desirable and control group is
given similar goods and services on compensate. Not comparing treatment with
no treatment but one treatment with another.
12. Resentful Demoralization of Control Group:- Control group becomes
discouraged because they perceive experimental group is receiving a desirable
treatment that is being withheld from them.